Part 26

=A. squamosa= (scaly). Sweet Sop. _fl._, outer petals linear-oblong, somewhat concave at the base, nearly closing, greenish-yellow. _fr._ egg-shaped, scaly. _l._ oblong, bluntish, smooth, full of pellucid dots, rather glaucous beneath. _h._ 20ft. South America, 1739.

=ANONACEÆ.= An order of trees or shrubs, mostly tropical, with axillary peduncles, lateral or opposite the leaves, and with alternate, simple, entire or hardly toothed leaves, without stipules. _Anona_ is the typical genus.

=ANONYMO.= A synonym of =Saururus= (which _see_).

=ANONYMOS BRACTEATA.= _See_ =Zornia tetraphylla=.

=ANOPLANTHUS= (in part). A synonym of =Phelipæa= (which _see_).

=ANOPLOPHYTUM.= _See_ =Schlumbergeria= and =Tillandsia=.

=ANOPTERUS= (from _ano_, upwards, and _pteron_, a wing; in reference to the seeds, which are winged at the apex). ORD. _Saxifrageæ_. A very handsome greenhouse evergreen shrub, having a free branching habit, large dark shining green leaves, and long panicles of salver-shaped flowers. It would probably prove quite hardy in the south and west of England, and parts of Scotland, provided it had a slight winter protection. It grows well in sandy loam and peat. When grown in pots, it requires plenty of room and water. Half-ripened cuttings root freely under a bell glass in a cool house or frame in summer.

=A. glandulosa= (glandular).* _fl._ white, rose tinted, large; racemes erect, simple, terminal. April, May. _l._ alternate, rarely nearly opposite, ovate-oblong, attenuated at both ends, nearly sessile, leathery, toothed. _h._ 3ft. Van Diemen's Land, 1823.

=ANSELLIA= (named after Mr. Ansell, the botanical collector who accompanied the ill-fated Niger Expedition). ORD. _Orchidaceæ_. Strong growing, free flowering stove epiphytal orchids. Best grown in large pots, as they produce a quantity of roots. They require a compost of turfy peat, with moderate drainage. An ample supply of water during the growing season is needed; but care must be taken not to let any remain in the heart of the plants, as they are very likely to rot. During the season of rest, little or no water, but a damp atmosphere, are the chief requirements. Propagated by divisions of the bulbs just after flowering.

=A. africana= (African).* _fl._, sepals and petals nearly 2in. long, greenish yellow, spotted with brownish red; lip small, yellow; spikes large, drooping, branched, each sometimes bearing nearly a hundred blooms. Stems 3ft. to 4ft. high, with light evergreen foliage. Fernando Po, 1844. Lasts two months in perfection.

=A. a. gigantea= (gigantic).* _fl._ on upright spikes from the top of the pseudo-bulbs, but smaller, of a light yellow tint, with very few narrow, transverse, brown bars, and a deep yellow lip, without warts of any kind on its middle lobe, and with more or less crenulated keels. Natal, 1847. The perfume is very peculiar. Very rare.

=A. a. lutea= (yellow). Not so strong a grower; producing clusters of light yellow flowers from the top of the pseudo-bulbs. Natal.

=A. a. nilotica= (Nile district).* As a garden plant this is much superior to the type. The habit is dwarfer, the colours of the flowers brighter and more distinctly defined. The sepals and petals, too, are more spreading. Eastern Africa.

=ANSERINA.= _See_ =Potentilla anserina=.

=ANTENNÆ.= Two movable, articulated organs attached to the heads of insects and crustacea, commonly called "horns" or "feelers." They are variable in form and length. Antennæ seem to serve for touch, and, perhaps, for smell and hearing.

=ANTENNARIA= (from _antennæ_; in reference to the similarity which exists between the seed down of the plant and the antennæ, or feelers, of an insect). ORD. _Compositæ_. Hardy herbaceous perennials, distinguished by the dry, coloured, chaffy scales encircling each head of flowers, of which the stamens and pistils are on different plants. These are charming little alpine plants, admirably adapted for rockwork, pots, edgings, or borders, in any light soil. Propagated by divisions of the roots in spring, and seeds; the latter should be sown in spring in a cold frame. Grown chiefly for their leaves.

=A. dioica= (diœcious).* _fl.-heads_ pink, in crowded corymbs, 3in. to 4in. high. June. _l._ radical ones spathulate, woolly chiefly beneath; upper ones lanceolate. Stems simple; shoots procumbent. Britain. The two or three varieties of this pretty species exceed the type in beauty. SYN. _Gnaphalium dioicum_.

=A. d. hyperborea= (northern). _l._ woolly on both surfaces.

=A. d. minima= (smallest).* A very small growing variety.

=A. margaritacea= (pearly).* _fl.-heads_ white, corymbose. August. _l._ linear-lanceolate, acute, alternate, cottony, especially beneath. Stems branched above. _h._ 2ft. Naturalised in England and on the Continent. Said to have been introduced from America about the sixteenth century. The prettier but much rarer _A. triplinervis_, from Nepaul, comes close to this species. See Fig. 105.

=A. tomentosa= (downy).* _fl.-heads_ corymbose. Summer. One of the dwarfest and best of silvery-leaved plants, either as an edging for small beds or for covering the higher portions of rockwork; it is much used in carpet bedding. It scarcely grows more than 1in. high, and forms a dense carpet in a short space of time. It should be grown separate from other plants. It is frequently known under the name of _A. candida_.

=ANTERIOR.= Placed in front, or outwards.

=ANTHEMIS= (from _anthemon_, a flower; referring to their general floriferous character). Camomile. ORD. _Compositæ_. Receptacle convex, chaffy. Involucre hemispherical or nearly flat; scales imbricated, membranaceous at the margin. Pappus none; ray florets ligulate; disk tubular. This is a large genus, principally of medicinal value, and contains very few species worth the cultivator's trouble. Of easy culture in any ordinary soil. Propagated by divisions.

=A. Aizoon= (Aizoon).* _fl.-heads_ resembling a white Daisy; florets of the ray fourteen to eighteen, trifid, twice as long as the breadth of the disk. Summer. _l._ lanceolate, or broadly so, acutely and deeply serrated, narrowed towards the base, covered with white down; lower ones crowded; stem-leaves rather acute, gradually lessening in size. _h._ 2in. to 4in. Northern Greece. Free grower, dwarf, and compact.

=A. Biebersteinii= (Bieberstein's).* _fl.-heads_ yellow. Summer. _l._ pinnately divided into linear three-lobed segments, which are covered with white silky pubescence. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Caucasus.

=A. Chamomilla fl. pl.= _See_ =Matricaria=.

=A. nobilis= (noble). Common Chamomile. _fl.-heads_ solitary; disk yellow; ray white; scales of the receptacle membranaceous, scarcely longer than the disk. _l._ bipinnate, segments linear-subulate, a little downy. Stem procumbent, and much branched. England. A very strong smelling plant, of great medicinal value. For culture, _see_ =Chamomile=.

=A. tinctoria= (dyer's). _fl._ bright yellow, in large heads. July and August. _l._ bipinnatifid, serrate, downy beneath. Stem angular. _h._ 1-1/2ft. England. A very pretty plant.

=ANTHER.= The male part of a flower containing the pollen.

=ANTHERICUM= (from _anthos_, a flower and _kerkos_, a hedge; in reference to the tall flower stems). SYN. _Phalangium_. ORD. _Liliaceæ_. A large genus, belonging to the capsular group of the order, and inhabiting, for the most part, the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers white, racemose or panicled, scapose; perianth segments either spreading from near the base or campanulately united; stamens short, with naked or bearded filaments. Leaves radical, filiform or linear. The hardy varieties are now extensively grown, and are among the most ornamental of border plants. They thrive best in rich light soil, and are excellent subjects for pot culture; for which purpose use a compost of fibrous loam, leaf mould, or well-decayed manure, and coarse sand. The pots should be about 12in. across, well drained, and the plants potted just previous to, or so soon as, growth commences. During activity, plenty of water is needed, until the plants have finished flowering, when the quantity may be lessened; but never allow them to get dry. Propagated by division of the roots or seeds, sowing the latter, as early as possible after they are ripe, in a cold frame.

=A. graminifolium= (grass-leaved). A garden name of _A. ramosum_.

=A. Hookeri= (Hooker's). _See_ =Chrysobactron Hookeri=.

=A. Liliago= (Liliago).* St. Bernard's Lily. _fl._ pure white, 1in. to 1-1/2in. across; perianth segments spreading; style curved. May to August. _l._ tufted, narrow, channelled, 12in. to 18in. high. South Europe, 1596. A very free flowering species, of which there is a _major_ variety in gardens. SYNS. _Phalangium_ and _Watsonia Liliago_.

=A. Liliastrum= (Liliaster).* St. Bruno's Lily. _fl._ much larger than the last, 2in. long, and as much across, fragrant, of a transparent whiteness, with a delicate green spot on the point of each segment, campanulate, arranged in loose spikes. Early summer. _l._ long, narrow, six or eight to each plant, about 1ft. to 2ft. long, _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. South Europe, 1629. SYNS. _Czackia Liliastrum_ and _Paradisia Liliastrum_ (this is the correct name). See Fig. 106.

=A. L. major= (greater). _fl._ about 1in. larger than the type. _h._ about 6ft. A very desirable border plant.

=A. ramosum= (branched).* _fl._ white, rather smaller than those of _A. Liliago_; perianth segments narrow and spreading; style straight; flower stems much branched. June. _l._ long, narrow, channelled, grass-like. _h._ 2ft. South Europe, 1570. A rapid grower. SYN. _A. graminifolium_ (of gardens).

=A. serotinum= (late-flowering). _See_ =Lloydia=.

=A. variegatum= (variegated). _l._ keeled, grass-like, striped and margined with white. South Africa, 1875. Half hardy. The proper name of this plant is _Chlorophytum elatum variegatum_. SYNS. _A. Williamsii_ and _Phalangium argenteo-lineare_.

=A. Williamsii= (Williams'). Synonymous with _A. variegatum_.

=ANTHERIDIA.= The reproductive organs in cryptogamic plants, analogous to anthers in flowering plants.

=ANTHERIFEROUS.= Bearing anthers.

=ANTHESIS.= The opening period of flowers.

=ANTHOCARPOUS.= Bearing a fruit resulting from many flowers.

=ANTHOCERCIS= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _kerkis_, a ray; in reference to the radiated corolla). ORD. _Solanaceæ_. Handsome greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with alternate leaves, attenuated into the petioles or base, thick, sometimes glandularly dotted. Flowers axillary, generally solitary; corolla campanulate. Cuttings strike freely in sand under a bell glass, with a mild bottom heat. So soon as they have well rooted, pot off into very small pots in two-thirds good loam and one of peat. After having made a little headway, the leading shoots should be pinched off, to induce a lateral growth; they may be transferred to pots a size larger when the roots have filled the first pot. Continue growing throughout the summer in frames or in the greenhouse, near the glass, allowing plenty of air. Vigorous growth should be checked; thus encouraging bushy plants.

=A. albicans= (whitish-leaved).* _fl._ white, streaked with bluish-purple inside the tube, fragrant; petals longer than the tube. April. _l._ oblong, obtuse, densely tomentose on both surfaces, as well as the branches. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. New South Wales, 1824.

=A. floribunda= (many-flowered). _fl._ white. _h._ 3ft. New South Wales.

=A. ilicifolia= (Holly-leaved). _fl._ yellowish green. June. _h._ 6ft. Swan River, 1843.

=A. littorea= (shore). _fl._ white. June. _h._ 3ft. New Holland, 1803.

=A. viscosa= (clammy).* _fl._ large, white. May. _l._ obovate, glandularly dotted with scabrous margins; young leaves and branches clothed with fine down. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. New Holland, 1822.

=ANTHOLOMA= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _loma_, a fringe; in allusion to the fringed or crenulated limb of the corolla). ORD. _Tiliaceæ_. A very fine greenhouse evergreen tree; it thrives best in a light loamy soil, mixed with a little peat. Cuttings of ripened wood will strike root in sand, under a hand glass.

=A. montana= (mountain).* _fl._ white; corolla ovately cylindrical, with a crenate, rather toothed margin; racemes axillary, somewhat umbellate, reflexed. May. _l._ elliptical-oblong, leathery, stalked, scattered at the top of the branchlets. _h._ 20ft. New Caledonia, 1810.

=ANTHOLYZA= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _lyssa_, rage; in reference to the opening of the flowers, which resemble the mouth of an enraged animal). SYN. _Petamenes_. Including _Anisanthus_. ORD. _Irideæ_. A very pretty genus of bulbous plants from the Cape of Good Hope, having narrow, erect, Iris-like leaves, and flower-spikes that over-top the foliage, bearing numerous bright-coloured flowers. Perianth tubular, six-cleft, unequal, the upper segments longest; stamens three. The species may be grown in a greenhouse, or planted out in a frame. They also thrive excellently out of doors, and should be planted 8in. or 9in. deep for fear of frost, or have a winter protection of several inches of cocoa-nut fibre refuse or litter. The safer plan is to raise the roots, winter them in some dry part of the greenhouse; but, previous to storing, divide the clumps, clean them, and re-plant or pot in February, or early in March. A mixture of equal parts peat, sandy loam, and leaf soil is most suitable for their culture. Just previous to flowering, if in pots, frequent doses of weak manure water will be found beneficial. They may be propagated by offsets, which are produced in abundance, at almost any time. Seeds are sometimes procured, which should be sown so soon as ripe, in light soil, in a cool house, where they will germinate the following spring, and will be fit to plant out in the summer of the same year. With the exception of _A. Cunonia_, they all much resemble each other. Only four or five species of this genus are worth cultivating.

=A. æthiopica= (Æthiopian).* _fl._ scarlet and green. June. _h._ 3ft. 1759. SYNS. _A. floribunda_, _A. præalta_.

=A. æ. ringens= (gaping). _fl._ red and yellow, rather smaller than those of the type. SYN. _A. vittigera_.

=A. bicolor= (two-coloured). Synonymous with _A. Cunonia_.

=A. caffra= (Caffrarian).* _fl._ rich scarlet; spike distichous, many-flowered. June. _l._ long, linear, or linear-ensiform. _h._ 2ft. 1828. A very showy and pretty species, but rarely seen in our gardens. SYN. _Anisanthus splendens_.

=A. Cunonia= (Cunon's).* _fl._ scarlet and black, a combination of colours uncommon among bulbous plants; spikes secund. June. _h._ 2ft. 1756. SYN. _Anisanthus Cunonia_.

=A. floribunda= (much-flowered). A synonym of _A. æthiopica_.

=A. præalta= (very tall). Synonymous with _A. æthiopica_.

=A. vittigera= (glandular). Synonymous with _A. æ. ringens_.

=ANTHOMYIA.= _See_ =Beet Fly=, =Cabbage Fly=, and =Onion Fly=.

=ANTHONOMUS.= _See_ =Grubs=.

=ANTHOSPERMUM= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _sperma_, a seed). Amber Tree. ORD. _Rubiaceæ_. An ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrub from the Cape of Good Hope. It thrives in peat, loam, and sand, with a summer temperature of 50deg. to 65deg., and winter, 40deg. to 45deg. Increased by cuttings, in sand, under a bell glass. There are above twenty other species belonging to this genus.

=A. æthiopicum= (Æthiopian).* _fl._ diœcious, male brownish, and the female ones green, disposed in verticillate spikes. June. _l._ linear-lanceolate, three in a whorl, shining above, glabrous beneath, about 1/4in. long. Stem much branched, downy above. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. 1692.

=ANTHOTAXIS.= The arrangement of flowers on an inflorescence.

=ANTHOXANTHUM= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _xanthus_, yellow). Spring Grass. Calyx of two valves, glumaceous, one-flowered; corolla double, each of two valves: the exterior awned; the interior small, awnless; stamens two, not three, as is usually the case with grasses. ORD. _Gramineæ_. A pretty native hardy perennial, of easy culture in common garden soil.

=A. odoratum= (sweet). _fl._ panicle spiked, oblong, dense, becoming dullish yellow. _l._ short, pale green. _h._ 1ft. The pleasant smell of new-made Hay is chiefly owing to this plant, which in drying emits an odour similar to that of _Asperula odorata_. See Fig. 107.

=ANTHURIUM= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _oura_, a tail; referring to the inflorescence). ORD. _Aroideæ_. Flowers densely disposed on a cylindrical spadix, at the base of which is a large bract-like spathe, that ultimately bends backwards. Leaves of various shapes. This very large genus of handsome stove and greenhouse plants is remarkable both for the peculiar inflorescence and often noble leaves, and is distinguished in structure from all the European members of the order in the flowers being hermaphrodite. Fibry peat, loam, sphagnum, broken crocks, or charcoal, and silver sand, form the most suitable compost. In preparing the peat, it should be broken up into small lumps, and then have most of the earthy matter knocked out of it by giving it a few raps with a stick, or by shaking it about in a sieve. To this, after so treated, add about one-fourth its bulk of sphagnum, and about half its bulk of fibrous loam, and just a sprinkling of fresh broken crocks, or small pieces of charcoal and sharp silver sand. In placing them in the pots--—which must be well drained--—carefully spread out the roots and work the mixture among them, keeping the plant well up, so that when finished it stands clear above the rim of the pot at least 2in. or 3in., and forms a kind of mound or hillock. They must then be kept freely syringed or watered, and placed in a moist atmosphere, where they can enjoy a temperature ranging between 60deg. and 70deg., or a few degrees lower for the less tender species. Raising plants from seed requires patience. About a year elapses from the time the flowers are fertilised--—which should be done artificially--before the seed ripens, and often another to get up plants. Sow as soon as ripe in shallow, well-drained pans or pots, filled with the potting mixture, and cover slightly, and place in a close, moist propagating case, where a temperature of from 75deg. to 85deg. is maintained, or they may be covered with bell glasses. The principal thing is to keep the air about them constantly humid, and the material in which they are sown in a uniformly moist condition; if this is done, the young seedlings will make their appearance in due course. When these are of sufficient size to handle, they should be pricked off in the same sort of compost, and be kept close and moist till they get a start, after which gradually inure them to more air. January is the best month of the year wherein to propagate these plants by divisions. This is done by carefully turning them out of their pots and shaking out what soil they have amongst their roots, which must be tenderly dealt with, so as not to bruise or injure them. This done, they may then be pulled apart, and as many plants made as there are separate crowns, or the mass may be simply halved or quartered, according to the stock required. Treat now as recommended above for potting. They are all moisture-loving plants, and must have a copious supply of water at all times, although, of course, much less during the winter than spring and summer months. There is no season of the year when they can be handled for any purpose with less risk or check than January. A moderate moist stove heat is advisable for them generally. The species enumerated are selected from nearly 150, and will be found to be a very representative collection. _See also_ =Spathiphyllum=.

=A. acaule= (stemless).* _fl._, spadix blue in a young state, borne on long footstalks, sweetly scented. Spring. _l._ broad, oblong, acuminate, 1ft. to 3ft. in length, erect, arranged in a rosulate manner, dark shining green on the upper surface, somewhat paler beneath. West Indies, 1853. A noble species.

=A. Andreanum= (André's).* _fl._, spadix about 3in. long, yellowish, with a broad central band of white; spathe open, cordate-ovate, orange red, leathery, 3in. to 4in. across, and 6in. to 9in. long; surface irregularly corrugated. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, deeply cordate, green. Columbia, 1876. A very beautiful species. See Fig. 108.

=A. Bakeri= (Baker's).* _fl._, spathe small, green, reflexed; the spadix, wherein lies the plant's principal beauty, exhibits a lovely combination of pink and bright scarlet; the fleshy rachis being pink, and the pea-sized fruits bright scarlet. July. _l._ linear, leathery, green, with stout midribs. Costa Rica, 1872.

=A. cordifolium= (cordate-leaved).* _l._ 3ft. long and 20in. broad, heart-shaped, deep shining green on the upper surface, and paler below. _h._ 4ft. New Grenada. One of the best, and may be grown in a greenhouse or even in a sheltered spot of the sub-tropical garden during July and August. _A. Browni_, although quite distinct, comes close to this species.

=A. coriaceum= (leathery).* _l._ very thick, leathery, ovate, about 2ft. long; petioles stout, about the same length. Brazil. An admirable sub-tropical species.

=A. crystallinum= (crystalline).* _l._ large, ovate-cordate, acuminate, bright rich velvety green, principal veins elegantly banded with pure crystal white; when young, the leaves are violet colour; petioles terete. _h._ 2ft. Columbia. See Fig. 109.

=A. cuspidatum= (cuspidate). _fl._, spathe crimson, reflexed, shorter than the purplish spadix. _l._ ovate-oblong, acuminate, 10in. to 20in. long, green. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Columbia.

_A. ferrierense_ (Ferrières).* _fl._, spathe cordate, about 5in. long, and 4in. wide, bright red; spadix erect, about 4in. long, ivory white. _l._ large, cordate. A handsome hybrid between _A. ornatum_ and _A. Andreanum_.

=A. fissum= (cut-leaved). _fl._, spathe green, erect, narrowly lanceolate-acuminate. _l._ cut into four to seven elliptic oblong-acuminate segments, green; petioles longish, terete. _h._ 2ft. Columbia, 1868.

=A. Harrisii pulchrum= (beautiful).* _fl._, spathe linear-lanceolate, creamy white, deflexed, and pinkish at top; spadix erect, deep crimson; scape about 1ft. long, pale green. _l._ lanceolate, rounded at the base, pale green, with confluent white markings intermixed with dark green. Stem short. Brazil, 1882. A beautiful variegated plant. The typical _A. Harrisii_ is extremely rare.

=A. Hookeri= (Hooker's). _fl._, spathe green; spadix green or violet. _l._ obovate-spathulate, narrowed to a wedge-shaped base, and shortly stalked, shining, about 30in. long and 8in. broad. _h._ 3ft. Tropical America, 1840. SYNS. _A. Huegelii_, _Pothos acaulis_.

=A. Huegelii= (Huegel's). A synonym of _A. Hookeri_.

=A. insigne= (showy).* _l._ three-lobed, middle lobe lanceolate, the two lateral ones are nearly ovate, and have from three to five longitudinal ribs; when young, the leaves have a bronzy tinge; petioles terete, slightly sheathing at the base. Columbia, 1881. A very handsome species.