Part 25

=A. virens= (green). An inferior variety of _A. eburneum_.

=ANGULAR.= Having angles, or forming angles.

=ANGULOA= (commemorative of Angulo, a Spanish naturalist). ORD. _Orchidaceæ_. A small genus containing about six species. The flowers, which are large and beautiful, are borne singly on scapes from 12in. to 16in. high, several of which are produced from the ripened pseudo-bulbs of the preceding year's growth. Pseudo-bulbs from 5in. to 8in. high, as thick as a man's wrist, bearing two to three erect, broad, lanceolate leaves, 2ft. to 4ft. long. Temperature, summer, day (maximum), 70deg.; night (minimum), 60deg. Winter, day (maximum), 60deg.; night (minimum), 45deg. These are bold growing cool-house plants, best grown in rough fibrous peat, with good drainage. They delight in an abundant supply of water both to the roots and foliage when growing, and require to be kept in a somewhat dark or heavily-shaded place. During the season of rest, and until young shoots commence growth, they should be kept rather dry. They are propagated by dividing the pseudo-bulbs, just before they commence to grow. The flowering season is summer.

=A. Clowesii= (Clowes's).* _fl._ fragrant; sepals and petals concave, clear golden yellow; lip pure white; whole conformation globular, or tulip-like. Columbia (at 5000ft. to 6000ft. elevation), 1842. This is the largest growing species, of which there are one or two rare varieties.

=A. eburnea= (ivory-flowered).* _fl._, sepals and petals of the purest white; lip spotted with pink. New Grenada. In other respects similar to above, but is very rare.

=A. Ruckeri= (Rucker's).* _fl._, sepals and petals yellow, with crimson spots; lip deep crimson. Columbia, 1845. Not so large a grower as either of the foregoing, but with same sized flowers.

=A. R. sanguinea= (bloody).* This variety has flowers of a deep blood red colour, but is rare.

=A. superba= (superb).* Synonymous with _Acineta Humboldtii_.

=A. uniflora= (one-flowered).* _fl._ sub-globose, pure white, sometimes freckled with brown, spotted profusely with pink inside. Columbia, 1844. One of the best in cultivation.

=ANGURIA= (one of the Greek names for the cucumber). ORD. _Cucurbitaceæ_. A stove genus of evergreen climbers allied to _Momordica_. Flowers monœcious; corolla joined to the calyx, ventricose, red, with a five-parted spreading border. Fruit somewhat tetragonal. Several species have been introduced from time to time, but they are rarely seen in our gardens. Some of them are handsome plants, and well worthy of cultivation.

=ANHALONIUM.= _See_ =Mammillaria=.

=ANIGOZANTHUS= (from _anoigo_, to expand, and _anthos_, a flower; in reference to the branching expansion of the flower stalks). SYN. _Schwægrichenia_. ORD. _Hæmodoraceæ_. Greenhouse or half-hardy perennial herbs. Flowers large, racemose or corymbose; perianth tubular, elongated, woolly. Leaves linear ensiform. The species thrive in a turfy compost of peat and loam, three parts of the former to one of the latter; the whole intermixed with sand to make it porous. In the growing season they must be kept well watered, and somewhat dry during their period of rest in winter. They are very easily propagated by dividing the roots in spring.

=A. coccineus= (scarlet).* _fl._ scarlet; perianth swelling towards the summit, hairy, segments a little reflexed; disposed in dichotomously-forked panicles; pedicels rather long. June. _l._ lanceolate, deep green. Stem ciliated. _h._ 5ft. Swan River, 1837.

=A. flavidus= (yellowish-green-flowered).* _fl._ yellowish green, panicled; scapes long. May. _l._ lanceolate, smooth, as is also the stem; down of branches deciduous. _h._ 3ft. New Holland, 1808. There is a scarlet and green-flowered variety of this species. See Fig. 103.

=A. Manglesii= (Mangle's). _fl._ green; stigma capitate, projecting beyond the tube, in a short terminal spiked raceme. May. Stem erect, clothed with short thick crimson persistent velvety down. _h._ 3ft. Swan River, 1833.

=A. pulcherrimus= (beautiful).* _fl._ yellow; panicles much branched, clothed with rufous bristles. May. _l._ equitant, linear falcate, covered with stellate tomentum. _h._ 3ft. Swan River, 1844.

=A. tyrianthinus= (purple).* _fl._ purple and white; panicle clothed with purple tomentum. May. _l._ linear, stiff, straight, glabrous. Stem tall, ternate, panicled, clothed with hoary tomentum below. _h._ 3ft. Swan River, 1844.

=ANIL.= _See_ =Indigofera Anil=.

=ANIME RESIN.= _See_ =Hymenæa Courbaril=.

=ANIMATED OAT.= _See_ =Avena sterilis=.

=ANISANTHUS.= _See_ =Antholyza=.

=ANISE= (_Pimpinella Anisum_). A hardy annual, occasionally used for garnishing or seasoning. Sow seed, in ordinary garden soil, on a warm sunny border, in May, where it is intended for the plants to remain.

=ANISEED TREE.= _See_ =Illicium=.

=ANISOCHILUS= (from _anisos_, unequal, and _cheilos_, a lip; in reference to the inequality of both lips of calyx and corolla). ORD. _Labiatæ_. A very ornamental genus of stove perennials or biennials. Whorls of flowers densely imbricate into oblong cylindrical spikes; corolla with an exserted, defracted tube, inflated throat, and bilabiate limb. They thrive in any light rich soil. Cuttings will root in a sandy soil under a bell glass, in heat; seeds may be sown in February in heat.

=A. carnosum= (fleshy). _fl._ lilac; whorls densely imbricate into oblong cylindrical pedunculate spikes. June to September. _l._ petiolate, ovate-roundish, obtuse, crenated, cordate at the base, thick, fleshy, tomentose on both surfaces. Stem erect. _h._ 2ft. East Indies, 1788.

=ANISOMELES= (from _anisos_, unequal, and _melos_, a member; in reference to the anthers of the longer stamens being halved). ORD. _Labiatæ_. Ornamental greenhouse or evergreen stove shrubs, herbaceous perennials, or annuals. Whorls sometimes densely many-flowered, at others few, and loose; corolla with upper lip erect, oblong, entire; lower lip larger, spreading, and lateral lobes ovate, obtuse. They are of very easy culture in light rich soil; young cuttings strike freely in spring, in heat, under a bell glass. _A. furcata_ requires little or no artificial heat, but the protection of a bell glass is beneficial. Seeds of _A. ovata_ may be sown in spring, in heat, and, after due hardening off, the seedlings may be planted outside in May.

=A. furcata= (forked).* _fl._ small, elegantly variegated with white, red, and purple, in loose many-flowered racemose cymes. July. _l._ petiolate, ovate, acuminated, crenated, cordate at the base, hispid on both surfaces. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Nepaul, 1824.

=A. malabarica= (Malabar). _fl._ purplish; whorls distant, many-flowered, dense. July. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, 2in. to 4in. in length, obtuse, serrately crenated in the upper part, quite entire at the base. _h._ 2ft. to 5ft. Tropical Asia, in humid places, 1817. Shrub.

=A. ovata= (ovate-leaved).* _fl._ purple; lower lip of a deeper colour; whorls many-flowered, lower ones distant, upper ones interruptedly spicate. August. _l._ ovate, obtuse, broadly crenated. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Nepaul, 1823. An annual. Habitat similar to last.

=ANISOMEROUS.= Unequally-parted; unsymmetrical.

=ANISOPETALUM.= _See_ =Bulbophyllum=.

=ANNUALS.= All plants which spring from the seed, flower, and die within the course of a year. A number of things, however, which are not strictly of annual duration, but which are sown every year in preference to housing the roots before they are killed by late autumn or winter frosts, are generally classed, for the sake of convenience, under the head of Annuals. Hardy Annuals are those which require no artificial aid to enable them to develop, but grow and flower freely in the open air. These are best sown in the spots where they are intended to remain during March and April, and care must subsequently be taken to keep the ground clear of weeds, and also to thin out the seedlings, allowing each sufficient room to develop and exhibit its true character. If allowed to remain too crowded, the plants, as a matter of course, suffer, and the size and number of the flowers and the general effect are considerably decreased. Successional sowings of a good many of the showy species will be found to prolong their flowering season. In well-kept establishments, where Annuals are duly appreciated, several sowings are made in pots at intervals of a few weeks. As the previously-sown clumps begin to get shabby, they are removed, and replaced by others which have still to flower. By this means a continual sheet of blossom can be maintained for a long time. It is much better to trust to plants grown in pots in order to carry out the plan just sketched, as these receive no check when placed in their new quarters; whilst transplanted clumps frequently fail, and many species do not transplant at all readily from an open border. In order to secure, in early spring, a fine show of such plants as several of the _Silenes_, _Myosotis_, _Saponaria_, and a number of others, it is best to sow the seeds in an open, sheltered border, about the end of July or beginning of August, taking care to keep a small reserve stock in a cold frame, in case very severe weather kills the unprotected plants. Half-hardy Annuals are those for which our climate is not sufficiently warm, or, rather, our summer is not, as a rule, either hot enough or long enough, to allow them to grow, flower well, and ripen seeds, if sown in the open air. Many of these are amongst the showiest of garden plants, so it is worth while to give them the shelter of a warm frame during their earlier stages, and gradually harden them off, planting out at the end of May or beginning of June, when danger resulting from severe weather is passed. After germination, the seedlings should have plenty of light and air, or a weak, spindly growth, and, as a consequence, poor flowers, will result. The most satisfactory method of watering very tiny seeds is to place a piece of fine muslin over the seed-pot, through which the water will be easily conveyed to the seeds, and thus prevent disturbance. Tender Annuals require the same treatment as the half-hardy ones, except that they need throughout their existence the protection of a glass structure. All, or nearly all, garden Annuals delight in full sunlight and plenty of air. In the open, these requirements, as a rule, obtain, but sometimes mistakes are made under glass by keeping the plants too close and over much shaded, as well as too great a distance from the glass.

=ANNULAR.= Having a ring-like form.

=ANNULATE.= With the appearance of rings.

=ANŒCTOCHILUS= (from _anoiktos_, open, and _cheilos_, a lip; in reference to the spreading apex of the lip). SYNS. _Anecochilus_, _Chrysobaphus_. ORD. _Orchideæ_. Stove terrestrial orchids, the radical leaves of which are the chief attraction, being amongst the most beautiful and delicate objects in the vegetable kingdom. The flowers, which should be pinched off so soon as they appear, are, as a rule, small and unattractive. Few of the species exceed 6in. in height, with leaves from 2in. to 6in. long, including the fleshy petioles. They require a good deal of attention. To one part of silver sand, thoroughly washed twice or three times, add two of sphagnum, which should also be well washed and picked over, when it should be chopped into minute particles, in order that it may freely amalgamate with the sand; mix a little loam and peat with the whole. In the pots, when well drained by first placing a large piece of potsherd over the bottom and nearly half filling up with pieces broken small and of uniform size, place a thin layer of crude sphagnum, afterwards filling firmly with the mixture above mentioned, and bringing it up more or less in the form of a cone above the rim of the pot, into which the plants should be firmly fixed. Plants which have been propagated by division should be carefully transferred to 32-sized pots. About five separate pieces might be placed evenly over the surface. Make holes with a neat dibble, and into these drop the roots their entire length, pressing the soil firmly with the dibble. Fix them so that they may grow inwardly, and not out over the rim of the pots, pegging each creeping root needing such attention firmly down upon the surface of the soil afterwards; after a good soaking, they may be replaced in any warm, shady situation. For propagating, a strong plant is necessary; it may be cut into pieces just below the first joint, each piece having a root. The bottom piece should have two eyes--one to root from, and the other to push into a shoot. The "bottom," or plant which has been cut, should be replaced in its pot, and then put under a bell glass. It will soon throw up a young shoot; this ought to be left on until well rooted, when it may be separated and treated similarly to the portion first removed, still leaving the old part in the pot. These plants must be grown in glass cases, or under bell glasses, but they should always have a little air, for, as Mr. Williams says, when too much confined, they grow up spindly, and damp off in the stem; the latter, being fleshy, requires more substance and sturdiness. Air should be admitted through a space of about 1in. or 2in. The following ranges of temperature are advised: Winter, night, 55deg. to 60deg.; day, 65deg. to 70deg. during March, April, and May; night, 60deg. to 70deg.; and, afterwards, a few degrees higher, with a maximum day temperature of 80deg. Bottom heat should not be given, as it induces a weak, fast growth. Great care will be needed to prevent ravages of insects. The most suitable month for repotting is March, just before growth commences, when the plants will need plenty of water up to October, excepting when it is desirous to utilise them as drawing-room ornaments, in which case they should be kept rather dry for a short time previous. _See also_ =Dossinia=, =Goodyera=, =Hæmeria=, =Macodes=, =Physurus=, and =Zeuxine=.

=A. argenteus pictus= (silvery-painted). A synonym of _Physurus pictus_.

=A. argyroneurus= (silvery-veined).* _l._ light green, dark mottled; veins forming a beautiful silvery network. Java.

=A. Boylei= (Boyle's).* _l._ ovate, acuminate, 2in. long and broad, olive-green, netted and pencilled with gold. India.

=A. Bullenii= (Bullen's).* _l._ 2-1/2 in. long, ground colour bronzy green, with three broad distinct lines of coppery-red, or golden stripes running the entire length. Borneo, 1861.

=A. concinnus= (neat). _l._ ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, dark olive-green, netted and striped with shining coppery-red. Assam.

=A. Dawsonianus= (Dawson's).* _l._ ovate, of a dark velvety, rich olive-green, traversed by about seven longitudinal copper-coloured veins; the space on each side of the midrib being filled with fine reticulations of the same colour. Malay Archipelago, 1868. The proper name of this plant is _Hæmeria discolor Dawsoniana_.

=A. Dayi= (Day's). A synonym of _Dossinia marmorata Dayi_.

=A. Dominii= (Dominy's). _l._ dark olive-green, streaked down the centre with pale coppery-yellow, the main ribs marked by pale lines. Hybrid between _Goodyera discolor_ and _A. Friderici Augusti_.

=A. Eldorado= (Eldorado). _l._ dark green, with small tracery of a lighter colour, deciduous. Central America.

=A. Friderici-Augusti= (Frederick Augustus').* _l._ 2-1/2in. long, and 1-1/2in. broad, dark velvety green, with broad orange and green stripes down the centre, covered with a beautiful golden network. _h._ 5in. Very distinct. See Fig. 104. SYN. _A. xanthophyllus_.

=A. Heriotii= (Heriot's). _l._ 3-1/2in. long, 2-1/2in. broad, dark mahogany-colour, golden-reticulated, and with shadowy network. India.

=A. hieroglyphicus= (hieroglyphic-marked). _l._ small, dark green, with hieroglyphic-like, silvery-grey blotches. Assam.

=A. intermedius= (intermediate).* _l._ 2-1/2in. long, and 1-1/2in. broad, with a silky surface, dark olive, striped and veined with gold. _h._ 3in. Will succeed with a glass covering, in a stove, if shaded.

=A. javanicus= (Java). _fl._ pink, small, spicate; scape 9in. high. _l._ 2in. long, 1-1/2in. broad, dark olive-green, with lighter blotches and faint golden reticulation, pinkish beneath. Java.

=A. latimaculatus= (broad-spotted).* _l._ dark green, with silvery markings. Borneo. A distinct and free-growing kind.

=A. Lowii= (Low's).* _l._ 4in. to 5in. long, 3in. broad, dark velvety-green, shading to orange-brown, lined from base to apex with deep golden veins, crossed by lines of the same hue. _h._ 6in. Borneo. The correct name of this plant is _Dossinia marmorata_.

=A. L. virescens= (greenish).* _l._ brighter green, with brighter markings over the whole surface.

=A. Ordianus= (Ordi's).* _l._ shape and habit of _A. Dawsonianus_, but the colour is a vivid green, and lined with golden veins. Java, 1869. The proper name of this plant is _Hæmeria discolor Ordiana_.

=A. pictus= (painted). A synonym of _Physurus pictus_.

=A. querceticola= (forest-dwelling). A synonym of _Physurus querceticolus_.

=A. regalis= (royal).* King Plant. _l._ 2in. long, 1-1/2in. broad; surface a beautiful velvety green, veined in regular lines, and covered with a network of gold. _h._ 4in. Java, 1836. If examined with a lens in sunshine, the beauty of the network will be plainly seen. SYN. _A. setaceus_ (of gardens). There are several varieties, the best of which are:

=A. r. cordatus= (heart-shaped). _l._ rounder, and gold markings broader. Very rare.

=A. r. grandifolius= (large-leaved).* _l._ light green, beautifully laced and banded with a network of gold. Also rare.

=A. r. inornatus= (unadorned). _l._ dark rich velvety, with a few slight markings, destitute of the golden reticulation. Java.

=A. Reinwardtii= (Reinwardt's).* _l._ rich, deep velvety-bronze, intersected with bright golden lines. Java.

=A. Roxburghii= (Roxburgh's).* _l._ 2-1/2in. long, 1-1/2in. broad, dark velvety-green, striated with well-defined lines of silver. _h._ 3in. India. The true species is very rare; several are sold as such.

=A. Ruckerii= (Rucker's).* _l._ broadly ovate-bronzy-green, with six rows of distinct spots running from base to apex. Borneo, 1861.

=A. setaceus= (bristly). A garden synonym of _A. regalis_.

=A. striatus= (striated). A synonym of _Zeuxine regia_.

=A. Turneri= (Turner's).* _l._ large, rich bronze, freely golden-reticulated. One of the handsomest; a very free grower.

=A. Veitchii= (Veitch's). A synonym of _Macodes Petola_.

=A. xanthophyllus= (yellow-leaved). A synonym of _A. Friderici-Augusti_.

=A. zebrinus= (striped).* _l._ ovate-lanceolate, deep olive green, with copper-coloured veins. India, 1863. Dwarf and elegant.

=ANOMATHECA= (from _anomos_, singular, and _theca_, a capsule, or seed-pod). ORD. _Irideæ_. Very pretty little bulbous perennials. Perianth hypocrateriform; tube triquetrous, constricted at the throat. The species are hardy when planted in warm sunny situations in the open border. Their dwarf stature, brilliance, profusion of flowers, and habit of blossoming continuously over a long period, render them very popular subjects amongst growers of hardy perennials. Although generally credited with being hardy, when cultivated out of doors they should be lifted and stored in frost-proof quarters before winter commences, until the following March. They are excellent as window garden plants, and also for pot culture. If grown in pots, they should be shaken out, and repotted in February or March. They multiply very rapidly, and may be divided in patches, not by single bulbs, once yearly. Light sandy loam, mixed with a little leaf mould, is the best compost. Anomathecas are sometimes increased by seed, which may be sown so soon as ripe, very thinly, in seed pans. Thin out the seedlings if growing very close together; the next season they may be put out four or five in a pot. When they become crowded, shift into a much larger pot, but do not disturb the ball. The young seedlings will probably produce flowers the second season.

=A. cruenta= (bloody).* _fl._ rich carmine-crimson; perianth segments elliptical, three lower ones broader than the others, with a dark blotch at the base; tube long, whitish; scapes secund, bearing about five or six flowers. Summer and autumn. _l._ two-ranked, about 1/2in. broad, sword-shape, somewhat tapering. Bulb ovate, rather large. _h._ 6in. to 12in. Cape of Good Hope, 1830.

=A. juncea= (rushy). _fl._ very bright pink, with a dark spot at the base, produced in profusion. The leaves are narrower than those of the foregoing. Cape of Good Hope, 1791. A rare species.

=ANONA= (_Anona_ is the name applied to these plants in St. Domingo). Custard Apple. ORD. _Anonaceæ_. Stove evergreen shrubs, with fragrant leaves. Petals six, in two rows. Carpels indefinite, joined into one fleshy, many-celled, edible, roundish fruit, with a muricated, scaly, or reticulated skin. Anonas thrive best in rich loamy soil, mixed with a little peat. Ripened cuttings, with leaves intact, will root if inserted in sand and placed under a hand glass, in a moist heat. When seeds are procurable, they should be sown in pots, and plunged into a hotbed.

=A. Cherimolia= (The Cherimoyer). _fl._ outer petals somewhat concave, linear-oblong, brown on the outside, each marked with a dark spot at the base; peduncles opposite the leaves, solitary. July. _fr._ somewhat globose and scaly, dark purple; esteemed by the Peruvians as one of their most delicate, and as being not inferior to any fruit in the world. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, not dotted; under surface silky tomentose, strong scented. _h._ 20ft. Peru, 1739.

=A. glabra= (smooth-fruited).* _fl._ outer petals ovate, obtuse, brown; calyx leathery, large; peduncles opposite the leaves, two-flowered. July. _fr._ greenish-yellow, conoid, blunt, smooth. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, smooth. _h._ 10ft. West Indies, 1774.

=A. longifolia= (long-leaved). _fl._ purplish; outer petals concave, thick, all acute, large, axillary, solitary, stalked. May. _fr._ ovate-globose, dotted, and reticulated, flesh-coloured. _l._ oblong, acuminated, mucronate, smooth. _h._ 20ft. Guiana, 1820.

=A. muricata= (muricated-fruited).* The Sour Sop. _fl._ outer petals cordate, concave, thick, acuminated, green on the outside, yellow inside, and spotted; peduncles solitary, one-flowered, sweet-scented. _fr._ muricated, with fleshy points, green. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, smooth, shining. _h._ 15ft. West Indies, 1656.

=A. palustris= (marsh). Alligator Apple; Cork-wood. _fl._ yellow; petals all acute. _fr._ rather areolate, large, heart-shaped, sweet-scented. _l._ ovate-oblong, leathery, quite smooth. _h._ 10ft. to 20ft. South America, 1788.

=A. reticulata= (netted). The Custard Apple, or Bullock's Heart. _fl._ outer petals oblong-lanceolate, acute, somewhat concave at the base, brownish on the outside, whitish-yellow on the inside, marked with dark purple spots. _fr._ ovate-globose, reticulate, as large as a tennis ball, with yellowish soft flesh; it is much esteemed by some people. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth, somewhat dotted. _h._ 15ft. to 25ft. Brazil, 1690.