Part 22

=A. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ very variable, but intense blue and deep vermilion red are predominant. May to autumn. _h._ 4in. Habit very compact and neat, and very floriferous. There are several varieties. Annual.

=A. indica= (Indian). _fl._ deep blue, small. July. _h._ 1ft. Nepaul, 1824. Annual; trailing.

=A. linifolia= (flax-leaved).* _fl._ brilliant blue, large, about 1/2in. in diameter. July. _l._ opposite. _h._ 9in. to 12in. Portugal, 1796. Perennial. There are many varieties, the best of which are the following. SYN. _A. Monelli_. See Fig. 84.

=A. l. Brewerii= (Brewer's).* _fl._ red. June. _h._ 9in. Known also as _Phillipsii_.

=A. l. Eugenie= (Eugenie's).* _fl._ blue, margined with white.

=A. l. lilacina= (lilac-flowered). _fl._ lilac. May. _h._ 1ft.

=A. l. Napoleon III.= (Napoleon's).* _fl._ crimson maroon, distinct and pretty.

=A. l. Parksii= (Parks'). _fl._ red, large.

=A. l. phœnicea= (Phœnician).* _fl._ scarlet. May. Morocco, 1803.

=A. l. sanguinea= (bloody). _fl._ bright ruby colour.

=A. l. Wilmoreana= (Wilmore's).* _fl._ bright blue purple, with yellow eye. _h._ 6in.

=A. Monelli= (Monell's). A synonym of _A. linifolia_.

=A. tenella= (delicate).* _fl._ delicate pink, with deeper veins; corolla bell-shaped. Summer. _l._ roundish, very small, opposite. A beautiful little native bog trailer, and one of the prettiest in the whole genus. Requires a boggy and wet soil.

=A. Webbiana= (Webb's). _fl._ blue; petals with their tops slightly denticulated. June to August. _l._ several, verticillate. _h._ 4in. Portugal, 1828.

=ANAGYRIS= (from _ana_, backwards, and _gyros_, a circle; the pods are curved backwards at their extremities). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. An ornamental greenhouse or half-hardy shrub, having the two stipules placed opposite the leaves. It thrives in a mixture of loam, sand, and peat in equal proportions. Young cuttings should be planted in July in a pot of sand, and placed under a hand glass.

=A. fœtida= (fœtid). _fl._ yellow, hairy, like those of the Laburnum; racemes short. May. _l._ trifoliate; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. South Europe, 1750. This shrub is fœtid in every part when bruised.

=ANALOGY.= Resembling a thing in form but not in function; or _vice versâ_. Corresponding with a thing in many points, but differing in more, or in points of more importance.

=ANANAS= (from _nanas_, the South American name for the Pine Apple). SYN. _Ananassa_. Pine Apple. ORD. _Bromeliaceæ_. Stove herbaceous perennials, having the berries collected with the bracts into a compound fruit. Leaves rigid; edges spiny. The variegated form is a useful plant for decorative purposes, and may be employed without the usual harmful consequences attending stove plants generally, but it must not be subjected to cold draughts. The soil should consist of two parts fibrous loam, one of peat, one of dung and leaf mould, and another of sand. Those propagated from suckers, which should be laid by a day or two and then inserted in a strong heat, have, as a rule, longer and lighter-coloured leaves. Offsets are often produced at the base of the fruit, and make stout plants, with high-coloured foliage. When the plants are potted in spring, plunge them in bottom heat, to hasten their growth; but this is not absolutely necessary. Should it be desired to fruit the variegated form, the plants may be submitted to the same process of culture as detailed under =Pine Apple= (which _see_).

=A. bracamorensis= (Bracamora). Brazil, 1879.

=A. bracteata= (bracted). _fl._ crimson. April. _h._ 3ft. Brazil, 1820.

=A. lucida= (shining). _fl._ pink. April. _h._ 3ft. South America, 1820.

=A. macrodonta= (large-toothed).* _fl._ reddish, tinted buff; spike elongate-ovoid, with imbricating dentate bracts. _fr._ conical, about 8in. long and 4in. wide, with conspicuous bracts, and highly perfumed. _l._ with conspicuous teeth. 1878. SYN. _Bromelia undulata_.

=A. Mordilona= (Mordilona; native name). _fr._ large, with a fine aroma. _l._ distinguished in being without spines. Columbia, 1869.

=A. Porteana= (Porter's).* _l._ armed on the margins with sharp spines, deep olive green, with a broad band of pale yellow running down the centre from base to apex. This species has a somewhat erect habit of growth. Philippines, 1866.

=A. sativa= (cultivated). Pine Apple. For culture, _see_ =Pine Apple=.

=A. s. variegata= (variegated).* _l._ rosulate, finely arched, 2ft. or 3ft. long, serrated on the edges; centre bright green, sometimes with a few lines of white, broadly margined with rich creamy-yellow, tinged with red towards the margins. A very elegant variegated plant for vases, &c.

=ANANASSA.= _See_ =Ananas=.

=ANANTHERIX= (from _a_, without, and _antherix_, an awn; there are no horn-formed processes from the base of the leaflets of the corona, as in _Asclepias_, to which it is closely allied). ORD. _Asclepiadeæ_. A small genus of pretty, hardy herbs. _A. viridis_ is of easy culture in an open situation, and light soil. Increased by division of the root; or by seeds, which ripen in abundance.

=A. viridis= (green). _fl._ purplish-green, large; corolla sub-campanulate, five-cleft; umbels proceeding from the stem, sub-panicled, few-flowered. August. _l._ opposite, sessile, obovate-oblong, pointed, smoothish. _h._ 1ft. North America, 1812.

=ANAPELTIS.= Included under _Polypodium_.

=ANARRHINUM= (from _a_, without, and _rhin_, a snout; the corolla being without a spur, or furnished with a very short one). ORD. _Scrophularineæ_. Elegant little half-hardy biennials or perennials allied to _Antirrhinum_. Flowers small, drooping, in long spike-formed, twiggy, and interrupted racemes. Radical leaves usually in a rosette; stem and branch leaves palmate-parted, or toothed at the apex; superior ones quite entire. They are of easy culture in ordinary garden soil; seed may be sown outside in spring, or they can be increased by growing cuttings, but they require protection during severe weather.

=A. bellidifolium= (Daisy-leaved).* _fl._ white, or pale blue; racemes slender, elongated. June. _l._ radical ones spathulate or obovate-lanceolate, deeply toothed; branch leaves deeply three to seven-parted. _h._ 2ft. South Europe, 1629.

=A. Duriminium= (Douro). A synonym of _A. hirsutum_.

=A. fruticosum= (shrubby). _fl._ white, without a spur. July. _l._ lower ones mostly tridentate at the apex; superior ones oblong, quite entire. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. South Europe, 1826. Shrubby.

=A. hirsutum= (hairy). _fl._ whitish, a little larger than those of _A. bellidifolium_, of which it is, perhaps, only a downy variety. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Portugal, 1818. SYN. _A. Duriminium_.

=ANASTATICA= (from _anastasis_, resurrection; plant recovering its original form, however dry it may be, on immersion in water). ORD. _Cruciferæ_. A very curious and interesting little annual, the leaves of which fall off from the plant after flowering, the branches and branchlets then become dry, hard, and ligneous, and rise upwards and bend inwards at their points. This plant has the remarkable property of resuming vitality on being placed in water, after being kept in a dry state for many years. Seeds should be sown in heat, in the spring, and the plants afterwards potted off and plunged again in heat to hasten their growth, which cannot otherwise be fully developed with our precarious and sunless summers.

=A. Hierochuntina.= Rose of Jericho. _fl._ small, white, sessile, disposed in spikes along the branches; petals obovate. July. _fr._, or silicle, ventricose, with the valves bearing each an appendage on the outer side at the end. _l._ obovate, with stellate hairs; lower ones entire, upper ones slightly toothed. Branches crowded lattice-wise into a globular form. _h._ 6in. Syria, &c., 1597. Supposed by some commentators to be the "_rolling thing_ before the whirlwind" mentioned by Isaiah. See Figs. 85 and 86.

=ANASTOMOSE.= Branching of one vein into another.

=ANBURY.= _See_ =Ambury=.

=ANCEPS.= Two-edged; as the stem of an Iris.

=ANCHIETEA= (named in honour of P. Anchietea, a celebrated Brazilian writer on plants). SYNS. _Lucinæa_, _Noisettia_. ORD. _Violarieæ_. An ornamental, stove, evergreen climber. Petals five, very unequal, two upper ones smallest, two intermediate ones longer, lowest one largest, with a spur at the base. The species thrives in a mixture of loam, sand, and peat. Young cuttings root freely under a bell glass if planted in sand, and placed in a moderate heat.

=A. pyrifolia= (pear-leaved). _fl._ whitish, veined with red at the base, in axillary fascicles; lower petal obovate. July. _l._ alternate, stalked, stipulate, ovate, acute, crenated. Brazil, 1826.

=ANCHOMANES= (name of doubtful origin). ORD. _Aroideæ_. A remarkable and beautiful stove tuberous-rooted perennial aroid, allied to _Amorphophallus_, and requiring somewhat similar treatment. As soon as the leaves die down, the plants should be repotted in rich sandy loam and leaf mould, with ample drainage. They will need scarce any water or attention until growth commences the following spring, when they must have an abundance of water, and a moist atmosphere. Summer temperature, 60deg. to 85deg.; winter, 55deg. to 60deg. Propagated by seeds and offsets.

=A. Hookeri= (Hooker's).* _fl._, spathe pale purple, appearing before the leaf, much expanded; spadix whitish; scape prickly, shorter than the petiole. June. _l._, petiole slender, prickly, bearing on its summit the horizontal blade, about 3ft. in diameter; this is divided into three primary divisions, which are again cut up into several leaflets, the largest of these being toothed. _h._ 3ft. Fernando Po, 1832. There is a variety with a paler coloured spathe. SYN. _Caladium petiolatum_.

=ANCHOVY PEAR.= _See_ =Grias cauliflora=.

=ANCHUSA= (from _anchousa_, paint for the skin; use of some species). ORD. _Boraginaceæ_. Very pretty hardy annuals, biennials, or perennials. Flowers in scorpoid racemes; corolla funnel-shaped; throat closed by erect, obtuse processes; nuts four, one-celled, inversely conical, with a contraction towards the point, fixed to the bottom of the calyx, perforated and concave at the base. Of easy culture, in ordinary soils, and preferring a sunny situation. Propagated by seeds, which should be sown in early spring in pots of sandy soil, when most of them will germinate in three or four weeks, some less. The honey-bee is very partial to this genus.

=A. Agardhii= (Agardh's). _fl._ purple, on short pedicels, distant, disposed in terminal racemes, which are generally conjugate. July. _l._ linear-lanceolate, tubercled, strigose. _h._ 1ft. Siberia, 1820. Perennial. Rare.

=A. azurea= (blue). Synonymous with _A. italica_.

=A. Barrelieri= (Barrelier's). _fl._ blue, with a white tube and yellow throat; racemes conjugate, panicled, bracteate. May. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, denticulated, hispid. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. South Europe, 1820. Perennial. SYNS. _Buglossum Barrelieri_, _Myosotis obtusum_.

=A. capensis= (Cape).* _fl._ blue; racemes terminal, panicled. July. _l._ linear lanceolate, hispid. Stem simple, hairy. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1800. Requires greenhouse protection in winter. Biennial. See Fig. 87.

=A. italica= (Italian). _fl._ bright blue or purple, in panicled racemes. Summer. _l._ lanceolate, entire, shining; radical ones sometimes 2ft. long. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Caucasus, &c., 1810. One of the best. SYNS. _A. azurea_, _A. paniculata_. See Fig. 88.

=A. latifolia= (broad-leaved). Synonymous with _Nonnea rosea_.

=A. myosotidiflora= (Myosotideum-flowered). _fl._ fine blue; throat yellow; raceme terminal, panicled, bractless. July. _l._ large, radical ones on long petioles, reniformly cordate; those of the stem sessile, ovate, hairy. _h._ 1ft. Siberia, 1825. A pretty plant. SYN. _Myosotis macrophylla_.

=A. officinalis= (officinal). _fl._ blue or purple, sessile, imbricate; spikes joined by pairs, terminal. June to October. _l._ lanceolate, hispid; radical ones tufted. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Britain, naturalised here and there.

=A. o. incarnata= is a variety with flesh coloured flowers.

=A. paniculata= (panicled). Synonymous with _A. italica_.

=A. sempervirens= (evergreen). _fl._ rich blue, in short axillary spikes, generally leafy at the base. May. _l._ broadly ovate, lower ones upon long stalks. Stem erect. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. Perennial; here and there naturalised in Britain. See Fig. 89.

=A. tinctoria= (dyers'). Alkanet. _fl._ deep blue; tube blood-colour; racemes usually twin, terminal, many-flowered. June. _l._ oblong, hispid. _h._ 6in. South Europe, 1596. A diffuse perennial.

=ANCYCLOGYNE.= A synonym of =Sanchezia= (which _see_).

=ANDERSONIA= (in honour of Messrs. Anderson, surgeons, great promoters of botany). ORD. _Epacridaceæ_. Elegant and delicate little greenhouse shrubs. Flowers terminal, solitary, or spicate; corolla sub-campanulate, hypocrateriform, five-lobed. The undermentioned, which is the only species yet introduced, grows freely in a sandy peat with perfect drainage, which latter is most essential. Cuttings from the tips of young shoots may be made in autumn, winter, or spring, and planted in sand in a gentle heat, with a bell glass placed over them.

=A. sprengelioides= (Sprengelia-like).* _fl._ pink, furnished with two small bracteas, spicate. March. _l._ spreading, bases curved inwards, so as to resemble a hood, ending in a flat point. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. New Holland, 1803. Evergreen squarrose shrub. SYN. _Sprengelia Andersoni_.

=ANDIRA= (its Brazilian name). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. Large ornamental stove evergreen trees, nearly allied to =Geoffroya= (which _see_ for cultivation). Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles. Pod drupaceous. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate.

=A. inermis= (unarmed). _fl._ purple, on short pedicels; panicles terminal. _l._ impari-pinnate; leaflets thirteen to fifteen, ovate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous on both surfaces. _h._ 20ft. to 30ft. Jamaica, 1773. Known as the Cabbage Tree.

=A. racemosa= (branchy). _fl._ purple, in panicled racemes. _l._ impari-pinnate; leaflets thirteen, ovate-oblong, acuminated, glabrous on both surfaces. _h._ 20ft. to 60ft. Brazil, 1818.

=ANDROCYMBIUM= (from _aner_, a man, and _cymbos_, a cavity; the stamens are enclosed in a hollow formed by the folding of the limb of the petals). ORD. _Liliaceæ_. A peculiar greenhouse bulbous plant, requiring a light sandy soil, dry atmosphere, no shade, and a season of rest; during the latter period, scarcely any water is required. Propagated by seeds and offsets.

=A. punctatum= (dotted). _fl._ whitish, few, in a dense sessile umbel, surrounded by about four spreading lanceolate, acuminate leaves, which are 5in. to 6in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad above the base, channelled down the centre from base to tip. South Africa, 1874.

=ANDRœCIUM.= The male organ of the flower.

=ANDROGYNOUS.= Producing male and female flowers on the same spike.

=ANDROLEPIS= (from _aner_, a man, and _lepis_, a scale; referring to the scaly stamens). ORD. _Bromeliaceæ_. Stove evergreen epiphyte. For culture, _see_ =Æchmea=.

=A. Skinneri= (Skinner's). _fl._ white. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Guatemala, 1850. SYN. _Billbergia Skinneri_.

=ANDROMEDA= (named after the daughter of Cepheus, who was rescued from the sea monster by Perseus). ORD. _Ericaceæ_. A dwarf, hardy shrub, found in peaty bogs in the temperate and Arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. Sow seeds as soon as ripe in pots or pans, very thinly, in sandy peat soil, and place in a cool frame, giving plenty of air. Place the young plants out in spring. Layers, pegged carefully down during September, will generally take twelve months to make sufficient roots to allow of their being separated, and thus become independent plants. For other species often included under this genus in catalogues, _see_ =Cassandra=, =Cassiope=, =Leucothoë=, =Lyonia=, =Oxydendrum=, =Pieris=, and =Zenobia=.

=A. polifolia= (Polium-leaved). Wild Rosemary. _fl._ pinky white, drooping, sometimes tipped with red; corolla ovate, furnished with ovate, rather leafy imbricated bracteas, terminal, umbellate. June. _l._ linear-lanceolate, mucronulate, with the margins more or less revolute, quite entire, glaucous beneath, with an elevated rib, and reticulated veins. _h._ 1ft. The numerous varieties of this very beautiful native shrub principally differ in the colouring of the flowers.

=ANDROPOGON= (from _aner_, a man, and _pogon_, a beard; tufts of hair on flowers). ORD. _Gramineæ_. A large genus of grasses with polygamous flowers. The majority of species are of no horticultural value; several, however, are very ornamental subjects, and thrive well in a rich, deep soil. Easily propagated by seeds or by division of the roots. The South European kinds succeed in the open air if planted in a warm dry border.

=A. citratum= (Citrus-leaved). Synonymous with _A. Schœnanthus_.

=A. Schœnanthus.= Lemon Grass. _fl._ in threes; spikes imbricate, conjugate, panicled. A handsome species, the leaves of which emit a very fragrant odour when bruised. _h._ 2ft. India, 1786. Stove species. SYN. _A. citratum_.

Other species worth growing are _furcatus_, _halepensis_, _muricatus_, _pubescens_, _scoparius_, _squarrosus_, and _strictus_.

=ANDROSACE= (from _aner_, a man, and _sakos_, buckler; in reference to the resemblance of the anther to an ancient buckler). Including _Aretia_. ORD. _Primulaceæ_. Dwarf annuals or perennials, entirely alpine, agreeing in most characters with _Primula_, but having the tube of the corolla narrowed at the mouth. An airy, well-drained, and partially sunny position is essential in their culture. They thrive well between fissures of rocks or stones with a rich sandy peat soil. Drought and a sour soil are alike fatal, and both will be greatly obviated if small pieces of sandstone are mixed with the soil. The woolly species are best arranged beneath a jutting ledge of the rockery, which will afford them protection from the hottest sunshine, and from excessive wet in winter; additional comfort will be provided from the latter ill if a piece of glass is placed over them during the autumn and winter months. They can also be well grown, and make charming little specimens, in pots, with rich sandy soil and thorough drainage. Sprinkle sand among the small rosettes of leaves. They are increased by divisions, cuttings, or seed; the latter should be sown as early as possible, and raised in a frame.

=A. alpina= (alpine). _fl._ purplish rose; throat and tube yellow, solitary; peduncles about 1/2in. long. June. _l._ crowded, small, tongue-shaped, in small rosettes. _h._ 2in. to 3in. Switzerland, 1775. This species requires a rather shady aspect, and to be planted almost perpendicularly in a soil composed of leaf mould, peat, fibrous loam, and sharp sand. SYN. _A. glacialis_.

=A. Aretia= (Aretius'). Synonymous with _A. helvetica_.

=A. aretioides= (Aretia-like). Synonymous with _A. obtusifolia_.

=A. argentea= (silvery).* _fl._ white, sessile, very numerous. June. _l._ densely imbricated, lanceolate, oblong, covered with short hairs, forming very pretty silvery-grey rosettes. _h._ about 2in. Switzerland, 1826. This requires a well drained, sunny fissure. SYN. _A. imbricata_.

=A. carnea= (flesh-coloured).* _fl._ pink or rose, with a yellow eye, three to seven, on hairy stalked umbels. July. _l._ awl-shaped, smooth, acuminated, not forming rosettes. Stem somewhat elongated. _h._ 3in. or 4in. Switzerland, 1768. This forms charming little cushions if allowed to remain undisturbed; it is easily increased. SYNS. _A. Lachenalii_, _A. puberula_.

=A. c. eximia= (select).* Larger and more robust than the typical species, and a more rapid grower. Forms compact tufts of dense rosettes, bearing heads of rosy-crimson yellow-eyed flowers, on stems 2in. or 3in. high. Auvergne Alps, 1871. It requires moist sunny ledges and fissures of rockwork in peat, loam, and sand.

=A. Chamæjasme= (rock jasmine).* _fl._ blush, ultimately deep pink, with a yellow eye, umbellate. June. _l._ lanceolate, tapering to a point towards the base, in comparatively large, not dense, rosettes. _h._ about 2in. to 4in. Austria, &c., 1768. A very free flowering species, growing freely when established, ultimately forming large tufts. It thrives best in a deep, well drained and rich loam soil.

=A. ciliata= (ciliated). _fl._ deep carmine red, on stems double as long as the leaves. June. _l._ lanceolate-oblong, smooth on both surfaces, with ciliated margins, imbricated. _h._ 2in. to 3in., forming dense cushions. Pyrenees.

=A. coronopifolia= (buckhorn-leaved).* _fl._ pure white, on slender pedicels, umbellate on peduncles, about 6in. high. April to June. _l._ lanceolate, distantly serrated, smooth, in flattish rosettes. Russia, 1755. This is a charming little biennial, well worthy of a place on the rockery. A colony of it is extremely pretty; it seeds freely, and a batch of young plants almost invariably takes the place of the old ones. SYN. _A. septentrionalis_.

=A. glacialis= (glacial). Synonymous with _A. alpina_.

=A. helvetica= (Swiss).* _fl._ white, nearly sessile, with a yellow eye, larger than the little rosettes of leaves on the stalk from which they spring. May. _l._ lanceolate, obtuse, closely imbricated, small, ciliated. _h._ 1in., forming dense cushions. Switzerland, 1775. A rare little gem, requiring a partially shaded position, and very sandy soil. SYN. _A. Aretia_.

=A. imbricata= (imbricated). Synonymous with _A. argentea_.

=A. Lachenalii= (Lachenal's). Synonymous with _A. carnea_.

=A. lactea= (milk-white).* _fl._ pure white, with yellow throat, large, on long graceful stalks, umbellate. June. _l._ linear, or nearly so, in rosettes, sometimes scattered on the elongated branches. _h._ about 4in. Austria, 1752. Very floriferous and strong growing. Should have an eastern or western aspect, and be propagated from seeds. SYN. _A. pauciflora_.

=A. Laggeri= (Lagger's).* _fl._ pink, sessile; when approaching maturity the stem becomes elongated, and bears a tuft of stalked flowers. March. _l._ awl-shaped, sharply pointed, in tiny rosettes. _h._ 3in. Pyrenees, &c., 1879. Very like _A. carnea_, but more delicate, earlier, and more abundant flowering, with deeper green foliage. It suffers from exposure to the sun, and therefore requires a partially shady position. Should be propagated from seeds or cuttings, which latter strike freely. See Fig. 90.