Part 1

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THE

ILLUSTRATED

DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,

A PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC

_Encyclopædia + of + Horticulture_

FOR

GARDENERS AND BOTANISTS.

EDITED BY

GEORGE NICHOLSON, _Of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew_.

ASSISTED BY PROFESSOR J. W. H. TRAIL, A.M., M.D., F.L.S., IN THE PARTS RELATING TO INSECTS AND FUNGI; AND J. GARRETT IN THE FRUIT, VEGETABLE, AND GENERAL GARDEN WORK PORTIONS.

DIVISION I.--A TO CAR.

PUBLISHED BY L. UPCOTT GILL, 170, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

SOLE AGENT FOR THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, JAMES PENMAN, NEW YORK.

1887.

LONDON: PRINTED BY A. BRADLEY, 170, STRAND.

PREFACE.

THE ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF GARDENING aims at being the best and most complete Work on Gardening and Garden Plants hitherto published. The aim is, indeed, a high one; but the Publisher, whose taste for Flowers has rendered the production a labour of love, has, on his part, spared no expense that the Typography and Illustrations should be of a very high class. It is to be hoped that earnest efforts to attain accuracy, by consulting the best Authorities, combined with no small amount of original research, have contributed to render the _matter_ of the Work not unworthy of the _form_ in which it is presented to the reader. The large number of Illustrations is an important feature; and it is believed that the figures quoted, and the references given to various works--in which more detailed information is contained than is desirable, or, indeed, possible, in these pages, on account of space--will greatly add to the interest and value of the work. Considerable trouble has been taken in revising the tangled synonymy of many genera, and clearing up, as much as possible, the confusion that exists in garden literature in connection with so many plants, popular and otherwise. In the matter of generic names, Bentham and Hooker's recently-completed "Genera Plantarum" has, with few exceptions, been followed; that work being the one which will, for a long time to come, undoubtedly remain the standard authority on all that relates to generic limitation. With regard to the nomenclature of species, I have endeavoured to consult the latest and most trustworthy Monographs and Floras, and to adopt the names in accordance with them. Now and then, certain plants are described under their common garden names; but they will, in such cases, be also found mentioned under the genus to which they really belong. A case in point may be cited: _Anœctochilus Lowii_ is given under _Anœctochilus_, but the name it must now bear is _Dossinia_, and a reference to that genus will explain matters pretty fully, as far as the present state of knowledge goes.

I am greatly indebted to Professor J. W. H. TRAIL, M.D., F.L.S., &c., for his valuable contributions on Insects, Fungi, and Diseases of Plants, branches of science in which he has long been specially interested, and in which he is an undoubted authority.

Mr. J. GARRETT, of the Royal Gardens, Kew, late of the Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens, is responsible for Fruit and Vegetable Culture, for most of what appertains to Florists' Flowers, and for General Gardening Work. For information on many special subjects--Begonias may be cited as an example--I am obliged for much assistance to Mr. W. WATSON, also of the Royal Gardens, Kew; in fact, the article _Begonia_, in its entirety, was written by him. Mr. W. B. HEMSLEY, A.L.S., has, throughout, given me aid and advice; and I have to acknowledge constant help from several other colleagues.

The Rev. PERCY W. MYLES, M.A., has taken no little trouble in working out the correct derivations of very many of the Generic Names; unfortunately, in a number of instances, lack of time prevented me from obtaining the benefit of his knowledge. I have to record my gratitude for help in so difficult a task, this special study being one to which Mr. MYLES has paid much attention.

GEORGE NICHOLSON.

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

REFERENCE TO ILLUSTRATIONS OF PLANTS OTHER THAN THOSE FIGURED IN THIS WORK.

It has been suggested, by an eminent Authority, that many readers would be glad to be informed where reliable Illustrations could be found of those Plants which are not figured in this Work. To meet this want, references to the figures in Standard Authorities have been given, the titles of the Works referred to being, for economy of space, abbreviated as follows:

A. B. R. Andrews (H. C.). Botanist's Repository. London, 1799-1811. 10 vols. 4to.

A. E. Andrews (H. C.). Coloured Engravings of Heaths. London, 1802-30. 4 vols. 4to.

A. F. B. Loudon (J. C.). Arboretum et fruticetum britannicum.... London, 1838. 8 vols. 8vo.

A. F. P. Allioni (C.). Flora pedemontana. Aug. Taur., 1785. 3 vols. Fol.

A. G. Aublet (J. B. C. F.). Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Française. Londres, 1775. 4 vols. 4to.

A. H. Andrews (H. C.). The Heathery. London, 1804-12. 4 vols. 4to.

B. Maund (B.). The Botanist.... London, 1839. 8 vols. 4to.

B. F. F. Brandis (D.). Forest Flora of ... India. London, 1876, 8vo. Atlas, 4to.

B. F. S. Beddome (R. H.). Flora sylvatica. Madras [1869-73]. 2 vols. 4to.

B. H. La Belgique Horticole.... Ghent, 1850, &c.*

B. M. Botanical Magazine. London, 1787, &c. 8vo.*

B. M. Pl. Bentley (R.) and Trimen (H.). Medicinal Plants. London, 1875-80. 8vo.

B. O. Bateman (James). A Monograph of Odontoglossum. London, 1874. Fol.

B. R. Botanical Register. London, 1815-47. 33 vols. 8vo.

B. Z. Botanische Zeitung. Berlin, vols. i.-xiii. (1843-55). 8vo. Leipzig, vol. xiv. (1856).*

C. H. P. Cathcart's Illustrations of Himalayan Plants. London, 1855. Fol.

Enc. T. & S. Loudon (J. C.). Encyclopædia of Trees and Shrubs.... London, 1842. 8vo.

E. T. S. M. _See_ T. S. M.

F. A. O. Fitzgerald (R. D.). Australian Orchids. Sydney, 1876. Fol.*

F. D. Flora Danica--usually quoted as the title of the work, Icones plantarum ... Daniæ et Norvegiæ.... Havniæ. 1761 to 1883. Fol.

F. d. S. La Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l'Europe. 1845-82. 23 vols. 8vo.

Fl. Ment. Moggridge (J. T.). Contributions to the Flora of Mentone.... London, 1864-8.

Flora Flora oder allgemeine botanische Zeitung. 1818-42. 25 vols. 8vo. [New Series] 1843, &c.*

F. M. Floral Magazine. London, 1861-71, 8vo. 1872-81, 4to.

F. & P. Florist and Pomologist. London, 1868-84. 8vo.

G. C. The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette. London, 1841-65. Fol.

G. C. n. s. The Gardeners' Chronicle. New Series, 1866, &c. Fol.*

G. G. Gray (A.). Genera floræ Americæ.... Boston, 1848-9. 2 vols. 8vo.

G. M. The Gardeners' Magazine. Conducted by Shirley Hibberd. London.

G. M. B. The Gardeners' Magazine of Botany.... London, 1850-1. 3 vols. 8vo.

Gn. The Garden. London, 1871, &c. 4to.*

G. W. F. A. Goodale (G. L.). Wild Flowers of America. Boston, 1877. 4to.

H. B. F. Hooker (W. J.). The British Ferns.

H. E. F. Hooker (W. J.). Exotic Flora. Edinburgh, 1823-7. 3 vols. 8vo.

H. F. B. A. Hooker (W. J.). Flora boreali-americana.... London, 1833-40. 2 vols. 4to.

H. F. T. Hooker (J. D.). Flora Tasmaniæ. London, 1860. 2 vols. 4to. This is Part 3 of "The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships _Erebus_ and _Terror_, in the years 1839-43."

H. G. F. Hooker (W. J.). Garden Ferns. London, 1862. 8vo.

H. S. F. Hooker (W. J.). Species Filicum.

I. H. L'Illustration horticole. Gand, 1850, &c. 8vo.*

I. H. Pl. _See_ C. H. P.

J. B. Journal of Botany.... London, 1863. 8vo.*

J. F. A. Jacquin (N. J.). Floræ austriacæ.... icones.... Viennæ, 1773-8. 5 vols. Fol.

J. H. Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener. Conducted by Dr. Robert Hogg. London.

J. H. S. Journal of the Horticultural Society. London, 1846. 8vo.*

K. E. E. Kotschy. Die Eiche Europas und des Orients.

L. B. C. Loddiges (C.). Botanical Cabinet. London, 1812-33. 20 vols. 4to.

L. C. B. Lindley (J.). Collectanea botanica.... London, 1821. Fol.

L. E. M. La Marck (J. B. P. A. de M. de). Encyclopédie methodique ... Botanique. Paris, 1783-1817. 13 vols. 4to.

L. J. F. Lemaire (C.). Le Jardin fleuriste. Gand, 1851-4. 4 vols. 8vo.

L. R. Lindley (J.). Rosarum Monographia. London, 1820. 8vo.

L. S. O. Lindley (J.). Sertum Orchidaceum.... London, 1838. Fol.

L. & P. F. G. Lindley (J.) and Paxton (J.). Flower Garden.... London.... 1851-3. 3 vols. 4to.

M. A. S. Salm-Dyck. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi. Bonnæ, 1836-63. 4to.

N. Burbidge (F. W.). The Narcissus: Its History and Culture. With a Scientific Review of the Genus by J. G. Baker, F.L.S. London, 1875. 8vo.

N. S. Nuttall (T.). North American Sylva.... Philadelphia, 1865. 3 vols. 8vo.

P. F. G. _See_ L. & P. F. G.

P. M. B. Paxton (J). Magazine of Botany. London, 1834-49. 16 vols. 8vo.

Ref. B. Saunders (W. W.) Refugium botanicum.... London, 1869-72. 8vo.

R. G. Regel (E.). Gartenflora. 1852, &c.*

R. H. Revue Horticole.... Paris, 1852.*

R. S. H. Hooker (J. D.). The Rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya. London, 1849-51. Fol.

R. X. O. Reichenbach, _fil._ (H. G.). Xenia orchidacea. Leipzig, 1858. 4to.*

S. B. F. G. Sweet (R.). British Flower Garden. London, 1823-9. 3 vols. 8vo. Second Series. London, 1831-8. 4 vols. 8vo.

S. C. Sweet (R.). Cistineæ. London, 1825-30. 8vo.

S. E. B. Smith (J. E.). Exotic Botany.... London, 1804-5. 2 vols. 8vo.

S. F. A. Sweet (R.). Flora australasica.... London, 1827-8. 8vo.

S. F. d. J. Siebold (P. F. de) and Vriese (W. H. de). Flore des Jardins du Royaume des Pays-Bas. Leide, 1858-62. 5 vols. 8vo.

S. F. G. Sibthorp (J.). Flora græca.... London, 1806-40. 10 vols. Fol.

S. H. Ivy Hibberd (Shirley). The Ivy: a Monograph. London, 1872. 8vo.

Sw. Ger. Sweet (Robert). Geraniaceæ, the natural order of Gerania. 1828-1830.

Sy. En. B. Syme (J. T. B.), _now_ Boswell. English Botany.... Ed. 3. London, 1863-85. 12 vols. 8vo.

S. Z. F. J. Siebold (P. F. von) and Zuccarini (J. G.). Flora Japonica.... Lugd. Bat., 1835-44. Fol.

T. H. S. Transactions of the Horticultural Society. London, 1805-29. 7 vols. 4to.

T. L. S. Transactions of the Linnæan Society. London, 1791-1875. 30 vols. 4to.*

T. S. M. Emerson (G. B.). Trees and Shrubs ... of Massachusetts. Boston, Ed. 2, 1875. 2 vols. 8vo.

W. D. B. Watson (P. W.). Dendrologia Britannica. London. 1825. 2 vols. 8vo.

W. F. A. _See_ G. W. F. A.

W. O. A. Warner (R.) and Williams (B. S.). The Orchid Album. London, 1882. 4to.*

W. S. O. Warner (R.). Select Orchidaceous Plants. London, Series i, 1862-65. Fol. Series ii, 1865-75. Fol.

W. & F. Woods and Forests. 1883-4. 1 vol. 4to.

* Is still in course of publication.

THE

DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,

An Encyclopædia of Horticulture.

The following are the Abbreviations used:--_fl._ flowers; _fr._ fruit; _l._ leaves; _h._ height; _deg._ degrees; _rhiz._ rhizomes; _cau._ caudex; _sti._ stipes.

The Asterisks (*) indicate plants that are especially good or distinct.

=A.= In compound words from the Greek the initial _a_ has usually a privative meaning; as _aphyllus_, without leaves; _acaulis_, without a stem, &c.

=AARON'S BEARD.= _See_ =Hypericum calycinum= and =Saxifraga sarmentosa=.

=AARON'S ROD.= _See_ =Verbascum Thapsus=.

=ABELE TREE.= White Poplar. _See_ =Populus alba=.

=ABELIA= (named after Dr. Clarke Abel, Physician to Lord Amherst's Embassy to China, in 1817, and author of a "Narrative of a Journey to China" (1818); died 1826). ORD. _Caprifoliaceæ_. Very ornamental shrubs. Corolla tubular, funnel-shaped, five-lobed. Leaves petiolate, dentately crenated. Well suited for the cold greenhouse, either as trellis or pot plants; free-flowering when well grown, and of easy culture. May be treated in sheltered and warm climates as hardy; and can be grown out of doors during summer in less favoured spots. They thrive in a compost of peat and loam in equal parts, to which a small quantity of silver sand may be added. Increased by cuttings in summer, and by layers in spring, under a frame. Only two species, _floribunda_ and _rupestris_, are much grown in England.

=A. floribunda= (many-flowered).* _fl._ rosy-purple, about 2in. long, in axillary clusters. March. _l._ opposite, oblong. _h._ 3ft. Mexico, 1842. The best and freest flowering evergreen species.

=A. rupestris= (rock).* _fl._ sweet-scented, small, pink, in pairs at the ends of the branches; sepals of leafy texture, with a reddish tinge. September. _l._ small, oblong. _h._ 5ft. China, 1844. A deciduous, branching, hairy shrub.

=A. serrata= (serrate-leaved). _fl._ pretty pale red, sweet-scented, very large, in one-flowered terminal peduncles; sepals leafy. March. _h._ 3ft. China, 1844. A fine evergreen species.

=A. triflora= (three-flowered).* _fl._ pale yellow, tinged with pink, small, arranged in threes at the ends of the branches; sepals long and linear, clothed with long hairs. September. _l._ small, lanceolate. _h._ 5ft. Hindostan, 1847. A small evergreen branching shrub.

=ABERRANT.= Deviating from the natural or direct way; applied, in natural history, to species or genera that deviate from the usual characters of their allies.

=ABIES= (from _abeo_, to rise; alluding to the aspiring habit of growth of the tree; or, according to some, from _apios_, a Pear-tree, in allusion to the form of the fruit). Spruce Fir. The synonymy of this genus is much confused, plants belonging to several genera being frequently referred to _Abies_ in nurserymen's catalogues and gardening periodicals. ORD. _Coniferæ_. A genus of about twenty-five species, widely distributed over the mountainous regions of the Northern hemisphere. Cones cylindrical, or but slightly tapering, erect; catkins generally solitary; the carpels not thickened at the tip; and the leaves solitary, partially scattered in insertion, and more or less two-ranked in direction. Scales deciduous, falling off as soon as the seed is ripe, leaving the axis on the tree. All the species bear seeds at a comparatively early age; most are hardy. For culture, _see_ =Pinus=.

=A. amabilis= (lovely).* _shoots_ rather rigid, furrowed with elongated cushions, covered with numerous small dark hairs. _l._ scattered, crowded, 1-1/2in. to 2in. long; linear obtuse, dark green above, silvery beneath. The cones are described as cylindrical, and about 6in. long. _h._ 180ft. California, 1831. A magnificent conifer, very massive in appearance.

=A. baborensis.=* _l._ linear, dark green, silvery on the under surface, very numerous, those of the larger branches shortly pointed, and those of the branchlets more obtuse and pointless, 1/2in. to 1in. long. _cones_ erect, cylindrical, usually in clusters of four or five, 5in. to 8in. long, and about 2in. in diameter; scales reniform, greyish-brown, inclosing a thin, dry, and shrivelled bract. _h._ 40ft. to 60ft. Algiers, 1864. This is a very beautiful medium-sized tree. SYN. _A. Numidica_.

=A. balsamea= (Balm of Gilead or Balsam Fir).* _l._ silvery beneath, apex emarginate or entire, somewhat recurved and spreading, 3/4in. long. _cones_ cylindrical, violet-coloured, pointing upwards, 4in. to 5in. long, and 1/2in. broad; scales 3/4in. broad, and the same in length. _h._ 40ft. to 60ft. United States and Canada, &c., 1696. A medium-sized slender tree.

=A. bifida= (bifid). Identical with _A. firma_.

=A. brachyphylla= (short-leaved).* _l._ linear, spirally inserted round the branchlets, but pointing laterally in two directions, 3/4in. to 1-1/2in. in length; lower ones longest, obtusely pointed or emarginate, bright green above, with two silvery lines beneath. _cones_ 3in. to 4in. long, purple. _h._ 120ft. Japan, 1870. A recently introduced magnificent fir, with an erect stem, regularly whorled horizontal branches.

=A. bracteata= (bracted).* _l._ rigid, linear, flat, distichous, 2in. to 3in. long, bright glossy green above, and glaucous beneath. _cones_ about 4in. long, with the bracts developed into long rigid leaf-like linear spines, 2in. long, and slightly curved inwards. _h._ 25ft. Southern California, 1853. A very handsome tall slender tree, but, owing to its very early growth of new shoots, it is much injured by the spring frosts.

=A. Brunoniana= (Brown's). Synonymous with _Tsuga Brunoniana_.

=A. canadensis= (Canadian). A synonym of _Tsuga canadensis_.

=A. cephalonica= (Cephalonian).* _l._ subulate, flat, dark green above, and silvery beneath, acute. _cones_ erect, cylindrical, green when young, afterwards reddish, and brown when ripe, 5in. to 6in. in length, and about 1-1/2in. in diameter; scales broad, thin, and rounded, shorter than the bracts. _h._ 50ft. to 60ft. Mountains of Greece, 1824. A very desirable tree for growing in exposed situations.

=A. cilicica= (Cilician). _l._ linear, slightly curved or straight, 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, dark green above, and glaucous beneath, crowded, in two ranks. _cones_ cylindrical, 6in. to 8in. long; scales broad, thin, entire, coriaceous. _h._ 40ft. to 60ft. Mount Taurus, in Asia Minor. This species seldom produces a good specimen tree in England, and cannot, therefore, be recommended for general cultivation.

=A. concolor= (one-coloured).* _l._ linear, flat, obtuse, glaucous green, distichously arranged in double rows, those in the lower rows 2in. to 3in. long, upper ones shorter, channelled above. _cones_ cylindrical, obtuse both at base and top, 3in. to 5in. long, 2in. to 2-1/2in. in diameter; scales numerous, imbricated, larger than the bracts. _h._ 80ft. to 150ft. California, &c., 1851. A very beautiful species, with yellow bark on the young branches. SYNS. _A. lasiocarpa_ and _A. Parsonii_.

=A. Douglasii= (Douglas'). A synonym of _Pseudotsuga Douglasii_.

=A. dumosa= (short-leaved). Synonymous with _Tsuga Brunoniana_.

=A. excelsa= (tall). A synonym of _Picea excelsa_.

=A. firma= (solid).* _l._ rigid, coriaceous, spirally arranged around the branchlets, but point laterally in two directions, 1in. to 1-1/4in. long, very variable in young and old trees. _cones_ cylindrical, obtuse at both ends, 3in. to 6in. long; scales imbricated, bearing protruding keeled bracts. _h._ 100ft. Japan, 1861. An erect tree, of great beauty.

=A. Fortunei= (Fortune's). It is said that in its native country, its aspect is peculiar rather than handsome, and that but one living representative is believed to be in existence in this country--at Veitch's Nursery. SYN. _Keteleeria Fortunei_.

=A. Fraseri= (Fraser's). Double Balsam Spruce Fir. _l._ linear, emarginate, silvery beneath. _cones_ oblong, squarrose, somewhat leafy, obcordate, mucronate, half exserted, reflexed. _h._ 30ft. to 40ft. North Carolina, 1811. This species closely resembles _A. balsamea_, from which it differs in having shorter and more erect leaves, and smaller cones.

=A. grandis= (splendid).* _l._ in double rows, on each side of the branchlets, flat, obtuse, emarginate, pectinate, silvery beneath, from 3/4in. to 1in. long. _cones_ lateral, solitary, cylindrical, obtuse at base and apex, 4in. to. 5in. long, 2in. wide; bracts ovate, acuminate, irregularly dentate, very short. _h._ 100ft. California, 1831. A handsome tree of symmetrical habit, and rapid growth.

=A. lasiocarpa= (woolly-coned). Synonymous with _A. concolor_.

=A. magnifica= (magnificent).* _l._ densely crowded, two-rowed, 1in. to nearly 2in. long, olive green, very glaucous on the upper surface when young, becoming duller with age, and marked with two silvery lines beneath. _cones_ 6in. to 7in. long, 2-1/2in. to 3in. in diameter; scales, outer edge incurved. _h._ 200ft. North California, 1851. A very tall and stately species, with, at successive intervals, whorls of horizontal branches.

=A. Mariesii= (Maries'). _l._ erect, evenly disposed around the stem, linear-oblong, obtuse; apex notched, 1/3in. to not quite 1in. long; bracts ovate, oblong, retuse. _cones_ erect, cylindrical, 3-1/2in. to 5-1/2in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. wide, narrowed at the base and apex, blackish purple; scales entire, nearly 1in. wide, not quite so long as wide. Japan, 1879. A tall, pyramidal tree.

=A. Mertensiana= (Merten's). Synonymous with _Tsuga Mertensiana_.

=A. miniata= (vermilion). Synonymous with _Picea eremita_.

=A. Morinda= (Morinda). Synonymous with _Picea Morinda_.

=A. nobilis= (noble).* _l._ linear, mostly on one side of the branches, falcate, short, acute, silvery beneath, 1-3/4in. long. _cones_ cylindrical, erect, sessile, 6-1/2in. long, 2-3/4in. broad, brownish; scales triangular, without the bractea, 1-1/4in. long, and the same in breadth; bractea spathulate, imbricated backwards, 5/8in. long. _h._ 200ft. to 300ft. California, 1831. A majestic tree.

=A. Nordmanniana= (Nordmann's).* _l._ linear, rigid, flat, and minutely bifid at the apex, on young trees spreading in two rows, with a half-twist at the base, 1in. long. _cones_ erect, slightly ovoid, pedunculate, 4in. to 6in. long, and 2-1/4in. to 2-3/4in. wide; bracts large, coriaceous, three-lobed, fringed, greatly exceeding the scales. _h._ 80ft. to 100ft. Crimea, &c., 1848. A magnificent and stately tree, of regular growth.

=A. Numidica= (Numidian). Synonymous with _A. baborensis_.

=A. obovata= (reversed-egg-coned). A synonym of _Picea obovata_.

=A. orientalis= (eastern). Synonymous with _Picea orientalis_.

=A. Parsonii= (Parson's). Synonymous with _A. concolor_.