CHAPTER XVIII

"New occasions," sang a great American poet of freedom and of progress, "new occasions teach new duties"; and splendidly was the truth exemplified in Cuba in the era of which we have been writing in this volume. There befell the island at the beginning of the Nineteenth Century a new occasion, the greatest thus far in all its history since the landfall of Columbus. It was perhaps only partially realized at first, and it took many years for the complete realization to dawn upon the universal popular mind. But even before the realization came, the Cuban people, not yet cognizant of the tremendous force which was working within them, began to rise to meet the new occasion, the new opportunity which was opening before them, with a triumphant spiritual puissance which has not often been rivalled in the annals of the nations.

FELIPE POEY

One of Cuba's greatest natural scientists, Felipe Poey, was born in Havana on May 26, 1799, and was educated at the San Carlos Seminary and in France. He became a lawyer in Madrid, but in 1822 left that city because of political conditions and returned to Cuba to devote himself to ichthyology and entomology. He published a monumental work on "Cuban Ichthyology," and others on "Cuban Lepidopteres," "Cuban Mineralogy," the "Geography of Cuba," and the "Natural History of Cuba." He was for many years professor of zoology at the University of Havana and Dean of the Faculty of Sciences. He died in 1891.

Writing of that very period, in his essay on Jean Paul Richter, and referring to the British domination of the sea which Nelson had achieved, to the mastery of the lands of Europe which Napoleon had won, and to the intellectual primacy which Germany--though beaten to the dust in war--was then enjoying, Carlyle observed that "Providence has given to the French the empire of the land, to the English that of the sea, to the Germans that of--the air!" It was a fine conception, as true then as it would be untrue to-day. In a significant sense the same shrewd observation is apt to the situation of Cuba a hundred years ago. Spain held control of the material interests of the island, on sea and on land, but she could not restrain the Cubans from self-control, which meant immeasurable progress, in the air--that is, in the intellectual life. It was thus intellectually, in the only way as yet within their power, that the people of the island met the new and transcendent occasion.

It was, as we have seen, a period of revolution and of counter-revolution, a time of flux, throughout the greater part of the world. The mighty liberal impulse of the French Revolution, following in the wake of the American revolution, was by no means annihilated by the infatuated imperialism of Napoleon or by the reactionary movement which prevailed for a time after his fall. It was felt, and it prevailed, in North and Central and South America, from the Golden Gate to the Strait of Magellan; and in the islands of the Caribbean and the Gulf. In Cuba, as we have seen, there seemed to be at first no response, for reasons which also we have hitherto considered. But all unconsciously the Cuban people received and felt the impulse, and answered it.

Periods of revolution are usually periods of intellectual activity, and such was the case in Cuba. While there was in the first quarter of the century little thought of a revolt against Spain, or of independence, the revolutionary spirit which was in the air inspired the minds of Cubans, not only with activity but also, largely, with thoughts and aspirations of freedom. There was indeed in particular a striking likeness between Cuba and the Thirteen Colonies in North America just before the Revolution in that country. It will be recalled that down to a few months, perhaps even weeks, before the Declaration of Independence in 1776, very few American leaders contemplated independence. The war which they had begun at Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill was not a war of secession, but a civil war intended merely to secure for British subjects in the colonies the same rights and privileges that British subjects in the British Isles enjoyed. But a little later it was seen that this would not suffice, and that complete separation and independence must be achieved. Precisely so did some of the foremost Cuban minds at the time of which we are writing, and indeed in much later years, incline toward reforms and autonomous freedom under the Spanish crown.

ANTONIO BACHILLER

Patriot, economist and man of letters, Antonio Bachiller y Morales was born in Havana on June 7, 1812, and was educated for the bar. He wrote several volumes of poems and plays, but gave his best attention to valuable treatises on Cuban history, industry, agriculture, economics, administration, and law. He was one of the foremost authorities and writers on Cuban and Antillean archaeology. He was professor of philosophy in the University of Havana, held various public offices, and was a patriotic orator of great power. He died on January 10, 1889.

These men saw with exultation the enkindling of a spirit of liberty in the Iberian Peninsula. They saw the revolt of Spain against Joseph Bonaparte. They saw the Spanish people dictate to their Bourbon king that Constitution of 1812 which had it been triumphantly enforced would have marked an epoch in the history of the rights of man. They sympathized with and exulted in these things, and hoped for their extension in Cuba. It was only when they sadly realized that these things, even if gained for Spain, were not for Cuba, and that Liberal Spain was as illiberal toward Cuba as ever despotic Spain had been, that they turned from autonomy to independence. Then the intellectual activities which had been directed to the achievements of the Peninsula, were turned to the interests of the island.

The most striking exemplar of the pro-Spanish attitude of which we have been speaking, as well as perhaps the greatest of all Cuban poets, was José Maria Heredia; of whom the world too often thinks as a Spanish rather than as a Cuban genius. He was born in Cuba in 1803, the son of parents who had fled from Santo Domingo to escape the fury of the revolution of Toussaint l'Ouverture. His father had formerly been a Chief Justice of the Venezuelan court at Caracas, under the Spanish government, and was loyal to Spain, though he detested and protested against her tyrannies and corruption and imbued his son with a passionate love of liberty. The younger Heredia established himself in the city of Matanzas, as a successful lawyer. But already he had written many poems, chiefly of freedom. They were in praise of Spain, and of the Spanish aspirations for liberty which were manifested in the Constitution of 1812. Indeed, never did Heredia commit himself against Spain, harshly as he was treated by her. But the poems which he had written in glorification of the Peninsular struggles for liberty against Napoleon and against the Bourbons were recognized by his countrymen to be equally applicable to the Cuban struggle against Spain, which was already impending, and they were consequently taken up throughout the island in that sense and for that purpose. This circumstance, though unintended by him, subjected him to grave suspicion; and he was presently charged with complicity in an insurrectionary movement in 1823, and was banished from Cuba for life. After a brief visit to the United States he went to Mexico, became a government official, married, and spent the rest of his life there, with the exception of a few weeks in 1836, when the Spanish authorities permitted him to revisit Cuba, though their espionage made his visit anything but pleasant. He died in 1839.

Heredia, who has been called the Byron of Spanish literature, and who is claimed by Spain as one of the glories of her letters, is known in Cuba largely by his patriotic poems, and his poems on nature. In the United States, where because of his exile from Cuba his poems were first printed, he is chiefly known by three great compositions, two of which were translated into English by William Cullen Bryant. These are his "Ode to Niagara," Which ranks among the greatest poems ever written by any poet on that theme; his "Ode to the Hurricane"; and a sonnet addressed to his wife. It is with his political and patriotic poems, however, that we are now most concerned, and of them it may be said that seldom have the aspirations of a people for freedom been expressed with more passionate eloquence. His first important poem, "The Star of Cuba," written while he was yet in his teens, expressed a readiness to die, if need be, for Cuba, leaving his head upon the scaffold as a token of the brutality of Spain. Years afterward, in exile, he apostrophized Cuba as the "land of light and beauty," and then thus prophesied:

My Cuba! Thou shalt one day rise From 'neath the despot's hand, Free as the air beneath thy skies Or waves which kiss thy strand. In vain the traitor's noxious plots, The tyrant's wrath is vain; Since roll the surges of the sea Between thy shores and Spain!

FELIX VARELA

One of Cuba's greatest philosophers and churchmen, Felix Varela, was born in Havana on November 20, 1788, was educated at San Carlos, and became a priest and teacher. After several years of service at San Carlos as Professor of Philosophy, in 1823 he was compelled to flee to New York as a political exile. In that city he spent the rest of his life, editing several periodicals, translating many works, and writing much on religious and philosophical subjects. He became rector of the Church of the Transfiguration, and in 1845 was chosen Vicar-General of New York. A few years later he went to Florida on account of his health, and died at St. Augustine in 1853.

Though Heredia took little active part in the physical revolt of Cuba against Spain, his poems exerted during his lifetime a potent influence in aid of revolution, and that influence steadily increased until, nearly three score years after his death, his prophecy of Cuban freedom was splendidly fulfilled. He was the first great voice of Cuban freedom, the first great pioneer in that extraordinary intellectual development which made Cuban history memorable in the Nineteenth Century. Truly did the Spanish critic Menendez say of him that if his political activity did not equal that of other conspirators against Spain, and though he took no part in armed struggles, his intellectual influence was constant and supremely effective, since he surpassed in talents all his countrymen.

But men might fall a little short--if indeed they did so--of Heredia's singular genius, and yet be noteworthy figures in the intellectual world. Well comparable with Heredia in influence, though exerted far differently, was the brilliant Professor of Latin, philosophy and science in the University of Havana, Felix Varela y Morales. It used to be said, and not without reason, that it was he who first taught the Cuban people to think as Cubans. He was sent to Spain as a Cuban Deputy to that historic Cortes which met at Cadiz in 1823 and was dispersed by Ferdinand VII because of its Liberalism. Varela was among its most conspicuous members, and was among those whose arrest was ordered by the reactionary Bourbons. He fortunately found asylum under the British flag at Gibraltar, whence he made his way to the United States. There, at Philadelphia, he published during the remainder of his life, a weekly journal, _El Habanero_, which had a large though chiefly surreptitious circulation in Cuba, and which exerted an inestimable influence for the encouragement of patriotic endeavors. He died in Florida in 1853, and his remains rested there for nearly half a century, when, after the achievement of Cuban independence, they were transferred to his native land.

JOSÉ AGUSTIN CABALLERO

One of the greatest ecclesiastics of Cuba, Father José Agustin Caballero, uncle and preceptor of José de la Luz, was born in Havana in February, 1771, and for many years was Director of the San Carlos Seminary. He was a leading member of the Patriotic Society, wrote much for the press, was the author of a number of educational and historical works, and preached a memorable sermon over the remains of Columbus when they were placed in the Cathedral at Havana. He died in 1835.

A name which we are not inclined to rank below any other in intellectual significance and influence in Nineteenth Century Cuba is that of the illustrious José de la Luz y Caballero, who was born in 1800 and died in 1862, too soon to see the beginning of that Ten Years' War to which his teachings had powerfully contributed. "The Father of the Cuban Revolution" the Spaniards called him, and more perhaps than any other man did he deserve that honorable distinction. It was as an educator of youth that this great man's great work was done. In the world-shaking revolution year of 1848, after O'Donnell has drowned the Cuban slave revolts in blood, and when Narciso Lopez was just preparing for his descents upon the island, Luz y Caballero opened in Cuba a high school for boys. It was not a political school; certainly not seditious, unless truth and virtue were seditious. Hundreds of Cuban patriots, including many of the leaders in the Ten Years' War and the War of Independence, have testified that it was his teaching that made them the aggressive, resolute, militant patriots that they were. Yet they have all been equally insistent that "Don Pepe" as they called him was never a political propagandist. He never incited them to revolt, never prejudiced them against Spain. Yet, said his Spanish critics and enemies, he prepared his pupils to conspire and to be garrotted!

Both accounts of his teaching were true, and together they formed the severest possible indictment of the Spanish régime. The burden of his teaching was manhood. He and his assistants gave much attention to the ordinary academic studies, in science and the humanities. But constantly he impressed upon them the duty of being manly. That meant that they were to be true, pure, resolute against injustice, respecting themselves and respecting others as themselves, and ready if need should be to sacrifice themselves for the sake of duty. It was the highest and best form of practical ethical teaching. He might, it is true, have added at the end of each of his weekly discourses to his boys the words of Patrick Henry, "If this be treason, make the most of it." The Spaniards did regard it as treason, and it did certainly incite and foment insurrection against Spain. But so much the worse for Spain, if such teaching was incompatible with her rule in Cuba.

DOMINGO DEL MONTE

One of the greatest patrons of Cuban letters, Domingo del Monte, was born in Venezuela on August 4, 1804, was brought to Cuba in 1810, and was educated at the University of Havana. He travelled much in America and Europe, and then settled in Havana, where he was secretary of the Royal Economic Society. He edited a dictionary of Cuban provincialisms, and published a volume of "American Rhymes." He made his house the rendezvous of Cuban men of letters and gave to many of them invaluable encouragement and aid; and was also active in promoting public education throughout the island. He died at Madrid, Spain, in 1853.

An important literary influence was exerted in Cuba, beginning in the latter part of the Eighteenth century, and reaching its height in the first third of the Nineteenth, by the society called "Friends of Peace," of which Domingo del Monte was the leading spirit. It was this organization which gave Varela his professorship in the University of Havana. It was it that gave a prize for the best poem on the birth of the princess who was to become Isabella II of Spain; a prize which was won by a lad of sixteen. This was Jose Antonio Echeverria, who afterward edited a literary journal called _El Plantel_, and still later became one of the leaders of the strife for independence. Another protégé of Del Monte's--for he was a wealthy patron of letters, at Havana--was Ramon Velez y Herrera, who was born in 1808 and died in 1886. He devoted his attention chiefly to depicting in poetry the life, manners and customs of the common people of Cuba, and particularly of the peasantry. Still another was José Jacinto Milanes, who was born in 1814 and died in 1863. He was preeminently the poet of "local color" in nature. No other has quite so richly and so perfectly embodied Cuban landscapes in verse. But both these poets also wrote in behalf of Cuban freedom.

Domingo del Monte himself wrote some poetry, but much more in prose, and he had the distinction of being practically the founder of political tract and pamphlet writing, an art which was largely practised with powerful results. He wrote in 1836 a notable criticism of the despotic administration of Tacon, and an analysis of the condition in which Cuba found herself under such government. This opened the way for a veritable flood of political tracts.

JOSÉ JACINTO MILANES

Born in Matanzas on August 16, 1814, and because of poverty chiefly self-educated, José Jacinto Milanes became a noted linguist and graceful poet. Most of his writings were translated into German, and some into English and French, and he gained international repute as a man of letters. Mental derangement and failing physical health afflicted him in 1843, and he died in 1863.

Conspicuous among them were the writings of José Antonio Saco, who was born in 1797 and died in 1879. He was both a rival and a friend of Varela, and was the latter's successor in his professorship when Varela went to Cadiz and then fled to America. After Varela's arrival in the United States, Saco formed a literary and patriotic partnership with him, and together they edited the _Cuban Review_, a literary and critical journal of high rank, which commanded international attention. The American historian and literary critic, George Ticknor, said of it that perusal of it greatly impressed him with the amount of literary talent that existed in Cuba. The _Review_, he declared, far surpassed anything of the kind in any other of the Spanish or former Spanish colonies, and indeed "a review of such spirit, variety and power has never been attempted even in Madrid." Of course, Saco was exiled by Tacon, the immediate cause of offense being a pamphlet exposing and denouncing some of the more flagrant evils of the slave trade. The result was, however, that in exile Saco wrote one of the most elaborate and exhaustive histories of slavery in existence in any language, beside continuing his occasional political tracts. Nor did his influence end with his death and the laying down of his pen, for portions of his writings figured conspicuously and effectively in the literary propaganda which formed the prelude to the War of Independence.

Gabriel de la Conception Valdes was another of the protégés of Del Monte. He was born in 1809 and died in 1844. His father was a mulatto barber and his mother was a Spanish dancer, and he himself was permitted to remain illiterate in boyhood. While working as a maker of tortoise shell combs he was taught to read, and soon developed a passion for books. From reading he proceeded to the writing of poetry, adopting the pen name of "Placido" from the name of Placido Puentes, a druggist of Havana who encouraged his literary efforts to the extent of giving him pen and ink and paper, and a desk in his shop at which to sit and write whenever he felt inclined. Valdes was a voluminous writer, above most of his contemporaries, and while much that he wrote was mediocre, many of his poems were of high merit, and some of them deserve to rank among the best in Cuban literature; indeed, they would be noteworthy in the literature of any land. Especially meritorious are his poems about the slave trade and his apostrophes to Liberty. Because of these he was accused of complicity in an attempted negro uprising. He was hurried through a farcical trial, in which no real proof of his guilt was presented. Indeed, there is good reason for believing that he was entirely innocent. But he was found guilty, and was put to death; repeating aloud, as he walked to the place of execution, one of his poems on liberty.

JOSÉ MANUEL MESTRE

Advocate, philosopher, journalist and revolutionist, José Manuel Mestre was born in Havana in 1832. He was a professor of both law and philosophy in the University until he resigned because of governmental injustice to a colleague. For a time he taught on La Luz's school of El Salvador, and as a lawyer he defended Abad Torres who was charged with trying to murder the Archbishop of Santiago. During the Ten Years' War he was in New York, a member of the Cuban Junta, a diplomatic agent at Washington, and one of the editors of "El Nuevo Mundo." After the Treaty of Zanjon he returned to Cuba, and died in Havana in 1886.

Three more writers of note and of real merit must be mentioned as members of the company gathered about him by Domingo del Monte. These were Anselmo Suarez y Romero, who lived from 1818 to 1878, and who as a delineator of Cuban life and customs in fiction and essays ranks among the best Cuban writers of prose; Cirillo Villaverde, who lived from 1812 to 1894, and who also depicted in romances the life and manners of his countrymen, dealing much, moreover, with African slavery; and Ramon de Palma y Romay, who dates from 1812 to 1860, who assisted Echeverria in the editing of "El Plantel," and who was an accomplished writer of verse and of dramas, and who is said to have been the first native Cuban dramatist to have a play of his produced upon the stage. The work of his thus honored was "La Prueba o la Vuelta del Cruzado," in 1837. Palma also wrote some strongly patriotic poems, which excited the suspicion and enmity of the Spanish authorities, and in consequence in 1852 he was arrested and imprisoned for a time on charge of complicity in the revolutionary movements of that time. We may reckon him to have been the last of the earlier school of Cuban writers, who had been more or less unconsciously inspired by the revolutionary era of the beginning of the century. Next came a new school, of the writers of the final and triumphant revolution.

We may indeed regard José Antonio Saco, to whom we have already referred, as one of the writers and intellectual leaders of the final revolution. In his earlier years he was an advocate of reforms in the Spanish administration of the island which would make continued union acceptable. In 1848 he had written a strong pamphlet against incorporation of Cuba in the United States, largely on the ground that thus Cuban nationality and the individuality of the Cuban people would be extinguished. Three years later he wrote again on "The Cuban Situation and Its Remedy," in which he pointed out the necessity of Spain's granting fully the just demands of the Cuban people, the alternative being separation and independence; and he indicated pretty clearly that he regarded the latter course as all but inevitable.

Thereafter for some years there was comparatively little political literature put forth in Cuba, but other departments of letters greatly flourished. A noteworthy volume of poems by four authors was published in 1853 under the title of "Cuatro Laudes." One of the authors was Dr. Ramon Zambrana, a physician and scientist of high attainments, whose poems were chiefly metaphysical, speculative and imaginative. He was married to Dona Luisa Perez, perhaps the foremost of the women poets of Cuba; to whom he was attracted by the reading of her poems. Many critics rate her verses more highly than his, and they were certainly more popular.

LUISA PEREZ DE ZAMBRANA

One of Cuba's greatest poets, Luisa Perez, was born near El Cobre in 1837, and was married in 1858 to Dr. Ramon Zambrana, an eminent man of letters of Havana. She wrote much in youth, and published a volume of poems in 1856. In addition to her poems she wrote "Angelica and Estrella" and other novels, and translated much from the French and Italian. When Gertrudis Avellanda returned to Cuba, Luisa Perez was chosen to place upon her brow a golden laurel wreath.

The second of the four authors was José Gonzalo Roldan, whose best work was in poems of tender sentiment. The third, Rafael Maria de Mendive, devoted himself almost exclusively to poems of melancholy or at least pensive sentiment. He was a passionate admirer and to some extent a disciple if not an imitator of Byron and Moore, many of whose poems he translated into Spanish with much success. Beside his poetical work however, he cooperated with Quintiliano Garcia in founding and conducting _The Havana Review_, a meritorious fortnightly literary journal. His career in Cuba was cut short early in the Ten Years' War by banishment for treason. He was at that time the head of a boys' school, in Havana, and was suspected by the authorities of inculcating in his pupils forbidden ideas of freedom and democracy. One night in January, 1869, when there was much popular indignation against the Spanish government on account of a very drastic proclamation which had been issued against the insurgent patriots, a number of Cuban women marched to a theatre in Havana, wearing dresses of red, blue and white adorned with stars, obviously representing the colors of the revolutionary Cuban flag. Some of Mendive's boys were present, and they applauded and cheered the women so vigorously that a riot arose, in which the notorious Volunteers caused some bloodshed. For this Mendive was held responsible, and he was arrested and exiled to Spain for a term of four years. The influence of the American poet Longfellow and other literary men, however, procured his release, on condition that he would not reenter Cuba. He accordingly went to New York and there lived until the general amnesty after the Ten Years' War permitted his return to Cuba. While in New York he wrote much in behalf of the insurrection, and he cheerfully sent his son as a member of the ill-fated _Virginius_ expedition; writing a touching poem on that occasion:

"'Tis well that thou hast done, Most noble and most right, To answer honor's call, my son, For Fatherland to fight."

The fourth of the four poets of "Cuatro Laudes" was Felipe Lopez de Brinas, who drew his best themes from nature, and who addressed his best poems to his wife.

One of the most popular poets in the period just preceding and during the Ten Years' War was José Fornaris, who in his "Cantos de Siboney" related many legends of the Cuban aborigines, some of them actual traditions but most of them invented by himself. A contemporary who essayed similar themes with almost equal success was Juan Cristobal Napoles Fajardo. Another, Miguel Teurbe de Tolon, devoted himself to legends and ballads not of the aborigines but of the Cuban people of European ancestry. Tolon was an intense patriot, and for that cause suffered exile. For some years he lived in New York, where he was efficiently active as the secretary of the Cuban Revolutionary Junta in that city.

But perhaps above all others the poet--we might say, the Tyrtaeus--of the revolution was Joaquin Lorenzo Luaces, though he did not live to see the beginning of the war which he did so much to provoke. Luaces, who was born in 1826 and died in 1867, was a devoted Greek scholar, and took Greek poetry for his model. For that reason many have thought that his writings were somewhat academic and artificial. There is however in his poems an exquisite finish surpassed by no other Cuban writer, while many of them reach a height of inspiration which few others have equalled. There was in them, moreover, an irresistible call to Cuban patriotism, which had vast effect in rousing the nation for the Ten Years' War. One of his most stirring lyrics was on the Greek War of Independence, entitled "The Fall of Missolonghi":

To arms, ye Greeks! Missolonghi falls! And Ibrahim conquers her soldiers brave. But the Moslem finds within those walls Corpses of Greeks, but never one slave!

JOAQUIN LORENZO LUACES

Lyric, dramatic and patriotic poet, Joaquin Lorenzo Luaces was born in Havana in 1826, and was educated at the University of that city. His themes as a poet were largely those of the great events of the day, or of history, such as the Fall of Missolonghi, the Death of Lincoln, and the Laying of the Atlantic Cable. Many of his poems were patriotic appeals disguised in classic forms. He died in 1867.

This passionate call to patriots to do battle to the death against tyrants was addressed to the Greeks, thousands of miles away, and the tyrants against whom it raged were Moslem Turks, hated by all true Spaniards; wherefore the Spanish censor permitted it to be published freely in Cuba. But every Cuban patriot read in it "Cubans" for "Greeks" and "Spaniards" for "Moslems." Luaces was the author of a number of meritorious dramas.

We have spoken of Doña Louisa Perez as probably the foremost of Cuba's women poets. Her chief rival for that distinction was Doña Gertrudis Gomez de Avellanda, a woman of real genius. But she, although born in Camaguey, was for practically all her life so identified with Spain that she is commonly regarded as a Spaniard rather than a Cuban. Born in 1814, she went to Spain with her mother in 1836, and there remained until 1860. By that time she had gained world-wide reputation as a poet and dramatist, and also as a writer of prose fiction, and on her return to Cuba she was publicly greeted as though she were a queen or an empress. A few months later she hastened back to Spain and there spent the remainder of her life. Only a few of her writings were on Cuban themes, but they indicated that she retained in her voluntary exile a deep love for and sympathy with her native land.

The successor of Domingo Del Monte as a patron of Cuban letters was Nicolas Azcarate, a very wealthy lawyer of Havana, himself a writer and orator of great power, and an ardent patriot, though generally inclined toward reforms and autonomy rather than independence. He was the leader of that "Committee of Information" which went to Spain in 1865 to lay before the Spanish Minister for the Colonies, Canovas del Castillo, the grievances and the demands of Cuba; a mission which was quite fruitless, for it was quickly followed by the outbreak of the Ten Years' War. Azcarate also founded and conducted at his own cost a newspaper at Havana, _La Voz del Siglo_, to advocate reforms and autonomy. But he lost popularity with the Cubans, who were by this time almost unanimous for independence, while he could not command the favor of the Spaniards; and in consequence he lost his influence, his fortune and his place in society, and ended his life in obscurity and poverty.

Prominent among the poets of the Revolution was Juan Clemente Zenea, who was a martyr as well as a poet. He was born at Bayamo in 1832, his mother being the sister of the poet Fornaris already mentioned. He was one of the pupils of José de la Luz y Caballero, and before leaving school began to write patriotic poems and other articles. At the age of twenty he had to flee from Cuba to escape arrest and prosecution for his complicity in some revolutionary publications; whereupon he went to New York and there continued his revolutionary writings. So extreme were some of these that in December, 1853, a court martial at Havana condemned him to death. Under the amnesty of 1855 he returned to Cuba and became a teacher of modern languages and a writer for the press, and a few years later published a volume of charming poems. After ten years he left Cuba for New York and then for Mexico, and upon the outbreak of the Ten Years' War he joined the Cuban Junta in New York and became editor of its organ, _La Revolucion_. In 1870 the Spanish Minister at Washington, wishing to negotiate secretly with Cespedes, the leader of the Cuban revolutionists, gave Zenea a safe conduct to pass through the Spanish lines and convey a message to Cespedes. This errand was undertaken against the advice of his friends. It was accomplished in safety, however, until when, on his return trip, he was just about to pass beyond the limits of Spanish jurisdiction. Then he was seized by order of the Volunteers and imprisoned. The Spanish government at Madrid telegraphed orders to the Captain-General to honor the safe conduct and to release him at once. But that officer, the notorious Count Valmaseda, ignored these orders, kept Zenea in prison until there was a change of Ministry at Madrid, and then, on August 25, 1871, put him to death. The Spanish government disavowed this monstrous crime, and paid Zenea's widow an indemnity of $25,000, though it failed to punish Valmaseda according to his deserts.

Another pupil of Luz y Caballero, and a close friend of Zenea, was Enrique Piñeyro, a journalist, historian, essayist and lecturer, who, born in 1839, had the good fortune to survive until 1911 and thus to see the work of Cuban independence triumphantly completed. José Morales Lemus, born in 1808, established in Havana in 1863 the paper _El Siglo_, a powerful advocate of reforms and autonomy. He went with Saco and Azcarate on the Committee of Information to Madrid, and on his return from that bootless errand he went to Washington as the first Cuban Minister. He was the envoy of the Provisional Government of the Cubans in the Ten Years' War, and as such, though the Cuban Republic did not receive official recognition, he participated in formulating the plan of Cuban settlement which General Daniel E. Sickles, as a special American envoy, carried to Madrid to propose to the Spanish government. This plan provided that Spain should grant Cuban independence in return for a large indemnity to be paid by Cuba under the guarantee of the United States. It was not certain that the Cuban people would have approved that plan. Indeed, it is probable that they would not have done so. The Spanish government would not listen to it, however, and it was abandoned. A little later, in June, 1870, Lemus died.

ENRIQUE PIÑEYRO

The son of a University professor of literature and history, Enrique Piñeyro was born in Havana in 1839 and was educated at La Luz's school of El Salvador. He became a successful journalist, writer and teacher, and when the Ten Years' War began he went to New York and there edited "La Revolucion" and "El Nuevo Mundo," and wrote several notable histories and biographies. After the war he returned to Cuba for a short time, then went to Paris and remained there until his death in 1910.

One more Cuban writer demands attention, prior to the War of Independence; though there were indeed many others of merit whose names might well be recalled if a bibliography of the island were to be compiled. Rafael Merchan was born in 1844, and was thus a mere youth when the Ten Years' War began to be planned; yet we must reckon him to have been perhaps the foremost patriotic journalist of that struggle. It was he who suggested the name "Laborers" which was at first commonly applied to the Cuban revolutionists. It will be recalled that in Cuba affairs were directed by a "Labor Committee," that in the United States societies of "Cuban Laborers" were formed in many cities, and that periodicals called _El Laborante_ were published. Proscribed and sentenced to death by the Spanish authorities, he found asylum in New York, and there edited the Cuban revolutionary journal, _La Revolucion_. Thence a few years later he went to Bogota, Colombia, to engage in business and also to continue his literary career. It was his good fortune to be able to resume his patriotic writings in 1890, when the War of Independence began to loom upon the horizon, and to write in 1895 and later several pamphlets in support of that struggle, some of which had much influence in both America and Great Britain. He lived to see the Cuban Republic securely established, and to go abroad as its Minister to France and Spain in 1902. His service was brief, however, because of ill health, which soon brought him home to die.

It would be pleasant, and not lacking in profit, to dwell at greater length upon these and other intellectual leaders of the Cuban people. What we have said is, however, sufficient to show how greatly and how masterfully the intellectual side of Cuban life was developed during the century of political stress and fitful military strife which served as the stormy prelude to Cuba's achievement of her independent rank among the nations of the world. It was a development admirably comparable with any ever recorded of any other people, and one which splendidly vindicated the claim of the Cuban people to worth as a sovereign nation. Moreover, it was an unmistakable earnest of approaching independence. While for a century Cuba was purely a Spanish colony, her intellectual life was embryotic and inert. During the two centuries while she was more or less an object of international contention, she showed little activity. But in her fourth century, the era of revolution and of aspirations for independence, she showed the stuff that was in her sons and daughters. Her soldiers were valiant in battle. Her statesmen were wise in council. Her scholars and literati commanded distinguished attention in the most brilliant intellectual era of human history, and demonstrated that the Cuba that was about to be would be in the culture of the higher life a worthy member of the community of nations.

THE END OF VOLUME THREE

* * * * *

INDEX to Volumes 1 thru 4

Abarzuza, Sr. proposes reforms for Cuba, IV, 6.

Abreu. Marta and Rosalie, patriotism of, IV, 25.

Academy of Sciences, Havana, picture of, IV, 364.

Adams, John Quincy, enunciates American policy toward Cuba, II, 258; portrait, 259; on Cuban annexation, 327.

Aglona, Prince de. Governor, II, 363.

Agramonte, Aristide, in yellow fever campaign, IV, 172.

Agramonte, Enrique, in Cuban Junta, IV, 12.

Agramonte, Eugenio Sanchez, sketch and portrait, IV, 362.

Agramonte, Francisco, IV, 41.

Agramonte, Ignacio, portrait, facing. III, 258.

Agriculture, early attention to, I, 173, 224; progress, 234; II, 213; absentee landlords, 214; statistics, 223; discussed in periodicals, 250; rehabilitation of after War of Independence, IV, 147.

Aguayo, Geronimo de, I, 161.

Aguero, Joaquin de, organizes revolution, III, 72; final defeat, 87.

Aguiar, Luis de, II, 60.

Aguiera, Jose, I, 295.

Aguila, Negra, II, 346.

Aguilera, Francisco V., sketch and portrait, III, 173.

Aguirre, Jose Maria, filibuster, IV, 55; death, 85.

Albemarle, Earl of, expedition against Havana, II, 46; occupies Havana, 78; controversy with Bishop Morell, 83.

Alcala, Marcos, I, 310.

Aldama, Miguel de, sketch and portrait, III, 204.

Aleman, Manuel, French emissary, II, 305.

Algonquins, I, 7.

Allen, Robert, on "Importance of Havana," II, 81.

Almendares River, tapped for water supply, I, 266; view on, IV, 167.

Almendariz, Alfonso Enrique, Bishop, I, 277.

Alquiza, Sancho de, Governor, I, 277.

Altamarino, Governor, I, 105; post mortem trial of Velasquez, 107; attacked by the Guzmans, 109; removed, 110.

Altamirano, Juan C., Bishop, I, 273; seized by brigands, 274.

Alvarado, Luis de, I, 147.

Alvarado, Pedro de, in Mexico, I, 86.

Amadeus, King of Spain, III, 260.

America, relation of Cuba to, I, 1; II, 254. See UNITED STATES.

American Revolution, effect of upon Spain and her colonies, II, 138.

American Treaty, between Great Britain and Spain, I, 303.

Andrea, Juan de, II, 9.

Angulo, Francisco de, exiled, I, 193.

Angulo, Gonzales Perez de, Governor, I, 161; emancipation proclamation, 163; quarrel with Havana Council, 181; flight from Sores, 186; end of administration, 192.

Anners, Jean de Laet de, quoted, I, 353.

Annexation of Cuba to United States, first suggested, II, 257, 326; campaign for, 380; sought by United States, III, 132, 135; Marcy's policy, 141; Ostend Manifesto, 142; Buchanan's efforts, 143; not considered in War of Independence, IV, 19.

Antonelli, Juan Bautista, engineering works in Cuba, I, 261; creates water supply for Havana, 266.

Apezteguia. Marquis de, Autonomist leader, IV, 94.

Apodaca, Juan Ruiz, Governor, II, 311.

Arana, Martin de, warns Prado of British approach, II, 53.

Arana, Melchior Sarto de, commander of La Fuerza, I, 237.

Arana, Pedro de, royal accountant, I, 238.

Aranda, Esquival, I, 279.

Arango, Augustin, murder of, III, 188.

Arango, Napoleon, treason of, III, 226.

Arango y Pareño, Francisco, portrait, frontispiece, Vol. II; organizes Society of Progress, II, 178; leadership in Cuba, 191; attitude toward slavery, 208; his illustrious career, 305 et seq.

Aranguren, Nestor, revolutionist, IV, 85; death, 92.

Araoz, Juan, II, 181.

Arias, A. R., Governor, III, 314.

Arias, Gomez, I, 145.

Arignon, Villiet, quoted, II, 26, 94.

Armona, José de, II, 108.

Army, Cuban, organization of, III, 178; reorganized, 263; under Jose Miguel Gomez, IV, 301.

Army, Spanish, in Cuba, III, 181, 295.

Aroztegui, Martin de, II, 20.

Arrate, José Martin Felix, historian, II, 17, 179.

Arredondo, Nicolas, Governor at Santiago, II, 165.

Asbert, Gen. Ernesto, amnesty case, IV, 326.

"Assiento" compact on slavery, II, 2.

Assumption, Our Lady of the, I, 61.

Astor, John Jacob, aids War of Independence, IV, 14.

Asylums for Insane, II, 317.

Atares fortress, picture, II, 103.

Atkins, John, book on West Indies, II, 36.

Atrocities, committed by Spanish, III, 250; Cespedes's protest against, 254; "Book of Blood," 284; Spanish confession of, 286; war of destruction, 295; Weyler's "concentration" policy, IV, 85.

Attwood's Cay. See GUANAHANI.

Autonomist party, III, 305; IV, 34; attitude toward Campos in War of Independence, 59; Cabinet under Blanco, 94; earnest efforts for peace, 101; record of its government, 102.

Avellanda, Gertrudis Gomez de, III, 331; portrait, facing, 332.

Avila, Alfonso de, I, 154.

Avila, Juan de, Governor, I, 151; marries rich widow, 154; charges against him, 157; convicted and imprisoned, 158.

Avila. See DAVILA.

Aviles, Pedro Menendez de, See MENENDEZ.

Ayala, Francisco P. de, I, 291.

Ayilon, Lucas V. de, strives to make peace between Velasquez and Cortez, I, 98.

Azcarata, José Luis, Secretary of Justice, sketch and portrait, IV, 341.

Azcarate, Nicolas, sketch and portrait, III, 251, 332.

Azcarraga, Gen., Spanish Premier, IV, 88.

"Barbeque" sought by Columbus, I, 18.

Bachiller, Antonio, sketch and portrait, III, 317.

Bacon, Robert, Assistant Secretary of State of U. S., intervenes in revolution, IV, 272.

Bahia Honda, selected as U. S. naval station, IV, 256.

Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, I, 55, 91.

Bancroft, George, quoted, I, 269; II, 1, 24, 41, 117, 120, 159.

Banderas, Quintin, revolutionist, IV, 34; raid, 57; death, 84.

Baracoa, Columbus at, I, 18; Velasquez at, 60; picture, 60; first capital of Cuba, 61, 168.

Barreda, Baltazar, I, 201.

Barreiro, Juan Bautista, Secretary of Education, IV, 160.

Barrieres, Manuel Garcia, II, 165.

Barrionuevo, Juan Maldonado, Governor, I, 263.

Barsicourt, Juan Procopio. See SANTA CLARA, Conde.

Bayamo, founded by Velasquez, I, 68, 168; Cuban Republic organized there, III, 157.

Bayoa, Pedro de, I, 300.

Bay of Cortez, reached by Columbus, I, 25.

Bees, introduced by Bishop Morell, II, 104; increase of industry, 132.

"Beggars of the Sea," raid Cuban coasts, I, 208.

Bells, church, controversy over, II, 82.

Bembrilla, Alonzo, I, 111.

Benavides, Juan de, I, 280.

Berrea, Esteban S. de, II, 6.

Betancourt, Pedro, Civil Governor of Matanzas, IV, 179; loyal to Palma, 271.

Betancourt. See CISNEROS.

"Bimini," Island of, I, 139.

Bishops of Roman Catholic Church in Cuba, I, 122.

"Black Eagle," II, 346.

_Black Warrior_ affair, III, 138.

Blanchet, Emilio, historian, quoted, II, 9, 15, 24; on siege of Havana, 57, 87.

Blanco, Ramon, Governor, IV, 88; undertakes reforms, 89; plans Cuban autonomy, 93; on destruction of _Maine_, 99; resigns, 121.

Blue, Victor, observations at Santiago, IV, 110.

Bobadilla, F. de, I, 54.

Boca de la Yana, I, 18.

"Bohio" sought by Columbus, I, 18.

Bolivar, Simon, II, 333; portrait, 334; "Liberator," 334 et seq.; influence on Cuba, 341; "Soles de Bolivar," 341.

Bonel, Juan Bautista, II, 133.

"Book of Blood," III, 284.

Bourne, Edward Gaylord, quoted, on slavery, II, 209; on Spanish in America, 226.

Brinas, Felipe, III, 330.

British policy toward Spain and Cuba, I, 270; aggressions in West Indies, 293; slave trade, II, 2; war of 1639, 22; designs upon Cuba, 41; expedition against Havana, 1762, 46; conquest of Cuba, 78; relinquishment to Spain, 92. See GREAT BRITAIN.

Broa Bay, I, 22.

Brooke, Gen. John R., receives Spanish surrender of Cuba, IV, 122; proclamation to Cuban people, 145; retired, 157.

Brooks, Henry, revolutionist, IV, 30.

Buccaneers, origin of, I, 269.

Buccarelli, Antonio Maria, Governor, II, 110; retires, 115.

Buchanan, James, on U. S. relations to Cuba, II, 263; III, 135; Minister to Great Britain, 142; as President seeks annexation of Cuba to U. S., 143.

Bull-fighting, II, 233.

Burgos, Juan de, Bishop, I, 225.

Burtnett, Spanish spy against Lopez, III, 65.

Bustamente, Antonio Sanchez de, jurist, sketch and portrait, IV, 165.

Caballero, José Agustin, sketch and portrait, III, 321.

Caballo, Domingo, II, 173.

Cabanas, defences constructed, II, 58; Laurel Ditch, view, facing, 58.

Caballero, Diego de, I, 111.

Cabezas, Bishop, I, 277.

Cabrera, Diego de, I, 206.

Cabrera, Luis, I, 198.

Cabrera, Lorenzo de, Governor, I, 279; removed, 282.

Cabrera, Rafael, filibuster, IV, 70.

Cabrera, Raimundo, conspirator in New York, IV, 334; warned, 339.

Cadreyta, Marquis de, I, 279.

Cagigal, Juan Manuel de, Governor, II, 154; defence of Havana, 155; removed and imprisoned, 157.

Cagigal, Juan Manuel, Governor, II, 313; successful administration, 315.

Cagigal de la Vega, Francisco, defends Santiago, II, 29; Governor, 32; Viceroy of Mexico, 34.

Caguax, Cuban chief, I, 63.

Calderon, Gabriel, Bishop, I, 315.

Calderon, Garcia, quoted, II, 164, 172.

Calderon de la Barca, Spanish Minister, on _La Verdad_, III, 19; on colonial status, 21; negotiations with Soulé, 140.

Calhoun, John C., on Cuba, III, 132.

Calleja y Isisi, Emilio, Governor, III, 313; proclaims martial law, IV, 30; resigns, 35.

Camaguey. See PUERTO PRINCIPE, I, 168.

Campbell, John, description of Havana, II, 14.

Campillo, Jose de, II, 19.

Campos, Martinez de, Governor, III, 296; proclamations to Cuba, 297, 299; makes Treaty of Zanjon and ends Ten Years War, 299; in Spanish crisis, IV, 36; Governor again, 37; establishes Trocha, 44; defeated by Maceo, 46; conferences with party leaders, 59, 63; removed, 63.

Cancio, Leopoldo, Secretary of Treasury, IV, 161, 320.

Canizares, Santiago J., Minister of Interior, IV, 48.

Canning, George, policy toward Cuba, II, 257; portrait, 258.

Canoe, of Cuban origin, I, 10.

Canon, Rodrigo, I, 111.

Canovas del Castillo, Spanish Premier, IV, 36; assassinated, 88.

Cape Cruz, Columbus at, I, 20.

Cape Maysi, I, 4.

Cape of Palms, I, 17.

Capote, Domingo Menendez. Vice-President, IV, 90; Secretary of State, 146; President of Constitutional Convention. 189.

Carajaval, Lucas, defies Dutch, I, 290.

Cardenas, Lopez lands at, III, 49.

Caribs, I, 8.

Carillo, Francisco, filibuster, IV, 55.

Carleton, Sir Guy, at Havana, II, 47.

Carranza, Domingo Gonzales, book on West Indies, II, 37.

Carrascesa, Alfonso, II, 6.

Carreño, Francisco, Governor, I, 219; conditions at his accession, 228; dies in office, 229; work in rebuilding Havana, 231.

Carroll, James, in yellow fever campaign, IV, 172.

Casa de Beneficienca, founded, I, 335; II, 177.

Casa de Resorgiamento, founded, II, 31.

Casares, Alfonso, codifies municipal ordinances, I, 207.

Castellanos, Jovellar, last Spanish Governor of Cuba, IV, 121; surrenders Spanish sovereignty, 123.

Castillo, Demetrio, Civil Governor of Oriente, IV, 180.

Castillo, Ignacio Maria del, Governor, III, 314.

Castillo, Loinaz, revolutionist. IV, 269.

Castillo, Pedro del, Bishop, I, 226.

Castro, Hernando de, royal treasurer, I, 115.

Cathcart Lord, expedition to West Indies, II, 28.

Cathedral of Havana, picture, facing I, 36; begun, I, 310.

Cat Island. See GUANAHANI.

Cayo, San Juan de los Remedios del, removal of, I, 319.

Cazones, Gulf of, I, 21.

Cemi, Cuban worship of, I, 55.

Census, of Cuba, first taken, by Torre, II, 131; by Las Casas, 176; of slaves, 205; of 1775, 276; of 1791, 277; Humboldt on, 277; of 1811, 280; of 1817, 281; of 1827, 283; of 1846, 283; of 1899, IV, 154; of 1907, 287.

Cespedes, Carlos Manuel, III, 157; portrait, facing 158; in Spain, 158; leads Cuban revolution, 158; President of Republic, 158; proclamation, 168; negotiations with Spain, 187; removed from office, 275.

Cespedes, Carlos Manuel, filibuster, IV, 55.

Cespedes, Enrique, revolutionist, IV, 30.

Cervera, Admiral, brings Spanish fleet to Cuba, IV, 110; portrait, 110; surrenders, 114.

Chacon, José Bayoma, II, 13.

Chacon, Luis, I, 331, 333.

Chalons, Sr., Secretary of Public Works, IV, 297.

Chamber of Commerce founded, II, 307.

Charles I, King, I, 74; denounces oppression of Indians, 128.

Chaves, Antonio, Governor, I, 157; prosecutes Avila, 157; ruthless policy toward natives, 159; controversy with King, 160; dismissed from office, 161.

Chaves, Juan Baton de, I, 331.

Chilton, John, describes Havana, I, 349.

Chinchilla, José, Governor, III, 314.

Chinese, colonies in America, I, 7; laborers imported into Cuba, II, 295.

Chorrera, expected to be Drake's landing place, I, 248.

Chorrera River, dam built by Antonelli, I, 262.

Christianity, introduced into Cuba by Ojeda, I, 55; urged by King Ferdinand, 73.

Church, Roman Catholic, organized and influential in Cuba, I, 122; cathedral removed from Baracoa to Santiago, 123; conflict with civil power, 227; controversy with British during British occupation, II, 84; division of island into two dioceses, 173; attitude toward War of Independence, IV, 26; controversy over property, 294.

Cienfuegos, José, Governor, II, 311.

Cimmarones, "wild Indians," I, 126; revolt against De Soto, 148.

Cipango, Cuba identified with, by Columbus, I, 5.

Cisneros, Gaspar Betancourt, sketch and portrait, II, 379.

Cisneros, Pascal Jiminez de, II, 110, 127.

Cisneros, Salvador, III, 167; sketch and portrait, 276; President of Cuban Republic, 277; President of Council of Ministers, IV, 48; in Constitutional Convention, 190.

Civil Service, law, IV, 325; respected by President Menocal, 325.

Clay, Henry, policy toward Cuba, II, 261.

Clayton, John M., U. S. Secretary of State, issues proclamation against filibustering, III, 42.

Cleaveland, Samuel, controversy over church bells, II, 83.

Cleveland, Grover. President of United States, issues warning against breaches of neutrality, IV, 70; reference to Cuba in message of 1896, 79; its significance, 80.

Coat of Arms of Cuba, picture, IV, 251; significance, 251.

Cobre, copper mines, I, 173, 259.

"Cockfighting and Idleness" campaign, IV, 291.

Coffee, cultivation begun, II, 33, 113.

Coinage, reformed, II, 142; statistics of, 158.

Collazo, Enrique, filibuster, IV, 55.

Coloma, Antonio Lopez, revolutionist, IV, 30.

Colombia, designs upon Cuba, II, 262; III, 134; attitude toward Cuban revolution, 223.

Columbus, Bartholomew, recalled to Spain, I, 57.

Columbus, Christopher, portrait, frontispiece, Vol. I; discoverer of America, I; i; first landing in America, 2; monument on Watling's Island, picture, 3; arrival in Cuba, 11; question as to first landing place, 12; first impressions of Cuba and intercourse with natives, 14; exploration of north coast, 16; end of first visit, 18; second visit, 19; exploration of south coast, 21; at Bay of Cortez, 25; turns back from circumnavigation, 26; at Isle of Pines, 26; final departure from Cuba, 27; diary and narrative, 28 et seq.; death and burial, 33; tomb in Havana cathedral, 34; removal to Seville, 36; removal from Santo Domingo to Havana, II, 181; epitaph, 182.

Columbus, Diego, plans exploration and colonization of Cuba, I, 57; attempts mediation between Velasquez and Cortez, 97; replaces Velasquez with Zuazo, 100; rebuked by King, 100.

Comendador, Cacique, I, 55.

Commerce, begun by Velasquez, I, 68; rise of corporations, II, 19; after British occupation, 98; under Torre, 132; reduction of duties, 141; extension of trade, 163; Tribunal of Commerce founded, 177; Real Compania de Havana, 199; restrictive measures, 200; Chamber of Commerce founded, 307; commerce with United States, III, 2; during American occupation, IV, 184; present, 358.

Compostela, Diego E. de, Bishop, I, 318; death, 332.

Concepcion, Columbus's landing place, I, 3.

Concessions, forbidden under American occupation, IV, 153.

Concha, José Gutierrez de la, Governor, III, 62, 290.

Conchillos, royal secretary, I, 59.

Congress, Cuban, welcomed by Gen. Wood, IV, 246; turns against Palma, 269; friendly to Gomez, 303; hostile to Menocal, 323; protects the lottery, 324.

Constitution: Cuban Republic of 1868, III, 157; of 1895, IV, 47; call for Constitutional Convention, 185; meeting of Convention, 187; draft completed, 192; salient provisions, 193; Elihu Root's comments, 194; Convention discusses relations with United States, 197; Platt Amendment, 199; amendment adopted, 203; text of Constitution, 304 et seq.; The Nation, 205; Cubans, 205; Foreigners, 207; Individual Rights, 208; Suffrage, 211; Suspension of Guarantees, 212; Sovereignty, 213; Legislative Bodies, 214; Senate, 214; House of Representatives, 216; Congress, 218; Legislation, 221; Executive, 222; President, 222; Vice-President, 225; Secretaries of State, 226; Judiciary, 227; Supreme Court, 227; Administration of Justice, 228; Provincial Governments, 229; Provincial Councils, 230; Provincial Governors, 231; Municipal Government, 233; Municipal Councils, 233; Mayors, 235; National Treasury, 235; Amendments, 236; Transient Provisions, 237; Appendix (Platt Amendment), 238.

"Constitutional Army," IV, 268.

Contreras, Andres Manso de, I, 288.

Contreras, Damien, I, 278.

Convents, founded, I, 276; Nuns of Santa Clara, 286.

Conyedo, Juan de, Bishop, II, 35.

Copper, discovered near Santiago, I, 173; wealth of mines, 259; reopened, II, 13; exports, III, 3.

Corbalon, Francisco R., I, 286.

Cordova de Vega, Diego de, Governor, I, 239.

Cordova, Francisco H., expedition to Yucatan, I, 84.

Cordova Ponce de Leon, José Fernandez, Governor, I, 316.

Coreal, Francois, account of West Indies, quoted, I, 355.

Coronado, Manuel, gift for air planes, IV, 352.

Cortes, Spanish, Cuban representation in, II, 308; excluded, 351; lack of representation, III, 3; after Ten Years' War, 307.

Cortez, Hernando, Alcalde of Santiago de Cuba, I, 72; sent to Mexico by King, 74; agent of Velasquez, 86; early career, 90; portrait, 90; quarrel with Velasquez, 91; marriage, 92; commissioned by Velasquez to explore Mexico, 92; sails for Mexico, 94; final breach with Velasquez, 96; denounced as rebel, 97; escapes murder, 99.

Cosa, Juan de la, geographer, I, 6, 53.

Councillors, appointed for life, I, 111; conflict with Procurators, 113.

Creoles, origin of name, II, 204.

Crittenden, J. J., protests against European intervention in Cuba, III, 129.

Crittenden, William S., with Lopez, III, 96; captured, 101; death, 105.

Crombet, Flor, revolutionist, IV, 41, 42.

Crooked Island. See ISABELLA.

Crowder, Gen. Enoch H., head of Consulting Board, IV, 284.

Cuba: Relation to America, I, 1; Columbus's first landing, 3; identified with Mangi or Cathay, 4; with Cipango, 5; earliest maps, 6; physical history, 7, 37 et seq.; Columbus's discovery, 11 et seq.; named Juana, 13; other names, 14; Columbus's account of, 28; geological history, 37-42; topography, 42-51; climate, 51-52; first circumnavigation, 54; colonization, 54; Velasquez at Baracoa, 60; commerce begun, 68; government organized, 69; named Ferdinandina, 73; policy of Spain toward, 175; slow economic progress, 215; land legislation, 232; Spanish discrimination against, 266; divided into two districts, 275; British description in 1665, 306; various accounts, 346; turning point in history, 363; close of first era, 366; British conquest, II, 78; relinquished to Spain, 92; great changes effected, 94; economic condition, 98; reoccupied by Spain, 102; untouched by early revolutions, 165; effect of revolution in Santo Domingo, 190; first suggestion of annexation to United States, 257; "Ever Faithful Isle," 268; rise of independence, 268; censuses, 276 et seq.; representation in Cortes, 308; "Soles de Bolivar," 341; representatives rejected from Cortes, 351; transformation of popular spirit, 383; independence proclaimed, III, 145; Republic organized, 157; War of Independence, IV, 15; Spanish elections held during war, 67; Blanco's plan of autonomy, 93; sovereignty surrendered by Spain, 123; list of Spanish Governors, 123. See REPUBLIC OF CUBA.

Cuban Aborigines; I, 8; manners, customs and religion, 8 et seq.; Columbus's first intercourse, 15, 24; priest's address to Columbus, 26; Columbus's observations of them, 29; hostilities begun by Velasquez, 61; subjected to Repartimiento system, 70; practical slavery, 71; Key Indians, 125; Cimmarones, 126; new laws in their favor, 129; Rojas's endeavor to save them, 130; final doom, 133; efforts at reform, 153; oppression by Chaves, 159; Angulo's emancipation proclamation, 163.

"Cuba-nacan," I, 5.

"Cuba and the Cubans," quoted, II, 313.

"Cuba y Su Gobierno," quoted, II, 354.

Cuellar, Cristobal de, royal accountant, I, 59.

Cushing, Caleb, Minister to Spain, III, 291.

Custom House, first at Havana, I, 231.

Dady, Michael J., & Co., contract dispute, IV, 169.

Davila, Pedrarias, I, 140.

Davis, Jefferson, declines to join Lopez, III, 38.

Del Casal, Julian, sketch and portrait, IV, 6.

Del Cueta, José A., President of Supreme Court, portrait, IV, 359.

Delgado, Moru, Liberal leader, IV, 267.

Del Monte, Domingo, sketch, portrait, and work, II, 323.

Del Monte, Ricardo, sketch and portrait, IV, 2.

Demobilization of Cuban army, IV, 135.

Desvernine, Pablo, Secretary of Finance, IV, 146.

Diaz, Bernal, at Sancti Spiritus, I, 72; in Mexico, 86.

Diaz, Manuel, I, 239.

Diaz, Manuel Luciano, Secretary of Public Works, IV, 254.

Diaz, Modeste, III, 263.

Divino, Sr., Secretary of Justice, IV, 297.

Dockyard at Havana, established, II, 8.

Dolz, Eduardo, in Autonomist Cabinet, IV, 96.

Dominguez, Fermin V., Assistant Secretary of Foreign Affairs, IV, 50.

Dorst, J. H., mission to Pinar del Rio, IV, 107.

"Dragado" deal, IV, 310.

Drake, Sir Francis, menaces Havana, I, 243; in Hispaniola, 246; leaves Havana unassailed, 252; departs for Virginia, 255.

Duany, Joaquin Castillo, in Cuban Junta, IV, 12; Assistant Secretary of Treasury, 50; filibuster, 70.

Dubois, Carlos, Assistant Secretary of Interior, IV, 50.

Duero, Andres de, I, 93, 115.

Dulce y Garay, Domingo, Governor, III, 190, 194; decree of confiscation, 209; recalled, 213.

Dupuy de Lome, Sr., Spanish Minister at Washington, IV, 40; writes offensive letter, 98; recalled, 98.

Duque, Sr., Secretary of Sanitation and Charity, IV, 297.

Durango, Bishop, I, 225.

Dutch hostilities, I, 208, 279; activities in West Indies, 283 et seq.

Earthquakes, in 1765, I, 315; II, 114.

Echeverria, Esteban B., Superintendent of Schools, IV, 162.

Echeverria, José, Bishop, II, 113.

Echeverria, José Antonio, III, 324.

Echeverria, Juan Maria, Governor, II, 312.

Education, backward state of, II, 244; progress under American occupation, IV, 156; A. E. Frye, Superintendent, 156; reorganization of system, 162; Harvard University's entertainment of teachers, 163; achievements under President Menocal, 357.

Elections: for municipal officers under American occupation, IV, 180; law for regulation of, 180; result, 181; for Constitutional Convention, 186; for general officers, 240; result, 244; Presidential, 1906, 265; new law, 287; local elections under Second Intervention, 289; Presidential, 290; for Congress in 1908, 303; Presidential, 1912, 309; Presidential, 1916, disputed, 330, result confirmed, 341.

Enciso, Martin F. de, first Spanish writer about America, I, 54.

Epidemics: putrid fever, 1649, I, 290; vaccination introduced, II, 192; small pox and yellow fever, III, 313; at Santiago, IV, 142; Gen. Wood applies Dr. Finlay's theory of yellow fever, 171; success, 176; malaria, 177.

Escudero, Antonio, de, II, 10.

Espada, Juan José Diaz, portrait, facing II, 272.

Espagnola. See HISPANIOLA.

Espeleta, Joaquin de, Governor, II, 362.

Espinosa, Alonzo de Campos, Governor, I, 316.

Espoleto, José de, Governor, II, 169.

Estenoz, Negro insurgent, IV, 307.

Estevez, Luis, Secretary of Justice, IV, 160; Vice-President, 245.

Evangelista. See ISLE OF PINES.

Everett, Edward, policy toward Cuba, III, 130.

"Ever Faithful Isle," II, 268, 304.

Exquemeling, Alexander, author and pirate, I, 302.

"Family Pact," of Bourbons, effect upon Cuba, II, 42.

Felin, Antonio, Bishop, II, 172.

Fels, Cornelius, defeated by Spanish, I, 288.

Ferdinand, King, policy toward Cuba, I, 56; esteem for Velasquez, 73.

Ferdinandina, Columbus's landing place, I, 3; name for Cuba, 73.

Ferrara, Orestes, Liberal leader, IV, 260; revolutionist, 269; deprecates factional strife, 306; revolutionary conspirator in New York, 334; warned by U. S. Government, I, 239.

Ferrer, Juan de, commander of La Fuerza, I, 239.

Figueroa, Vasco Porcallo de, I, 72; De Soto's lieutenant, 142; returns from Florida in disgust, 145.

Figuerosa, Rojas de, captures Tortuga, I, 292.

Filarmonia, riot at ball, III, 119.

Filibustering, proclamation of United States against, III, 42; after Ten Years' War, 311, in War of Independence, IV, 20; expeditions intercepted, 52; many successful expeditions, 69; warnings, 70.

Fine Arts, II, 240.

Finlay, Carlos G., theory of yellow fever successfully applied under General Wood, IV, 171; portrait, facing, 172.

Fish, Hamilton, U. S. Secretary of State, prevents premature recognition of Cuban Republic, III, 203; protests against Rodas's decree, 216; on losses in Ten Years' War, 290; seeks British support, 292; states terms of proposed mediation, 293.

Fish market at Havana, founder for pirate, II, 357.

Fiske, John, historian, quoted, I, 270.

Flag, Cuban, first raised, III, 31; replaces American, IV, 249; picture, 250; history and significance, 250.

Flores y Aldama, Rodrigo de, Governor, I, 301.

Florida, attempted colonization by Ponce de Leon, I, 139; De Soto's expedition, 145. See MENENDEZ.

Fonseca, Juan Rodriguez de, Bishop of Seville, I, 59.

Fonts-Sterling, Ernesto, Secretary of Finance, IV, 90; urges resistance to revolution, 270.

Fornaris, José, III, 230.

Forestry, attention paid by Montalvo, I, 223; efforts to check waste, II, 166.

Foyo, Sr., Secretary of Agriculture, Commerce and Labor, IV, 297.

France, first foe of Spanish in Cuba, I, 177; "Family Pact," II, 42; interest in Cuban revolution, III, 126.

Franquinay, pirate, at Santiago, I, 310.

French refugees, in Cuba, II, 189; expelled, 302.

French Revolution, effects of, II, 184.

Freyre y Andrade, Fernando, filibuster, IV, 70; negotiations with Pino Guerra, 267.

Frye, Alexis, Superintendent of Schools, IV, 156; controversy with General Wood, 162.

Fuerza, La: picture, facing I, 146; building begun by De Soto, I, 147; scene of Lady Isabel's tragic vigil, 147, 179; planned and built by Sanchez, 194; work by Menendez, and Ribera, 209; slave labor sought, 211; bad construction, 222; Montalvo's recommendations, 223; Luzan-Arana quarrel, 237; practical completion, 240; decorated by Cagigal, II, 33.

Galvano, Antony, historian, quoted, I, 4.

Galvez, Bernardo, seeks Cuban aid for Pensacola, II, 146; Governor, 168; death, 170.

Galvez, José Maria, head of Autonomist Cabinet, IV, 95.

Garaondo, José, I, 317.

Garay, Francisco de, Governor of Jamaica, I, 102.

Garcia, Calixto, portrait, facing III, 268; President of Cuban Republic, III, 301; joins War of Independence, IV, 69; his notable career, 76 et seq.; joins with Shafter at Santiago, 111; death, 241.

Garcia, Carlos, revolutionist, IV, 269.

Garcia, Esequiel, Secretary of Education, IV, 320.

Garcia, Marcos, IV, 44.

Garcia, Quintiliano, III, 329.

Garvey, José N. P., II, 222.

Gastaneta, Antonio, II, 9.

Gelder, Francisco, Governor, I, 292.

Gener y Rincon, Miguel, Secretary of Justice, IV, 161.

Geraldini, Felipe, I, 310.

Germany, malicious course of in 1898, IV, 104; Cuba declares war against, 348; property in Cuba seized, 349; aid to Gomez, 350.

Gibson. Hugh S., U. S. Chargé d'Affaires, assaulted, IV, 308.

Giron. Garcia, Governor, I, 279.

Godoy, Captain, arrested at Santiago, and put to death, I, 203.

Godoy, Manuel, II, 172.

Goicouria, Domingo, sketch and portrait, III, 234.

Gold, Columbus's quest for, I, 19; Velasquez's search, 61; the "Spaniards' God," 62; early mining, 81; value of mines, 173.

Gomez, José Antonio, II, 18.

Gomez, José Miguel, Civil Governor of Santa Clara, IV, 179; aspires to Presidency, 260, 264; turns from Conservative to Liberal party, 265; compact with Zayas, 265; starts revolution, 269; elected President, 290; becomes President, 297; Cabinet, 297; sketch and portrait, 298; acts of his administration, 301; charged with corruption, 304; conflict with Veterans' Association, 304; quarrel with Zayas, 306; suppresses Negro revolt, 307; amnesty bill, 309; National Lottery, 310; "Dragado" deal, 310; railroad deal, 310; estimate of his administration, 311; double treason in 1916, 332; defeated and captured, 337; his orders for devastation, 337; aided by Germany, 350.

Gomez, Juan Gualberto, revolutionist, IV, 30; captured and imprisoned, 52; insurgent, 269.

Gomez, Maximo, III, 264; succeeds Gen. Agramonte, 275; makes Treaty of Zanjon with Campos, 299; in War of Independence, IV, 15; commander in chief, 16, 43; portrait, facing 44; plans great campaign of war, 53; controversy with Lacret, 84; opposed to American invasion, 109; appeals to Cubans to accept American occupation, 136; impeachment by National Assembly ignored, 137; influence during Government of Intervention, 149; considered by Constitutional Convention, 191; proposed for Presidency, 240; declines, 241.

Gonzalez, Aurelia Castillo de, author, sketch and portrait, IV, 192.

Gonzales, William E., U. S. Minister to Cuba, IV, 335; watches Gomez's insurrection, 336.

Gorgas, William C., work for sanitation, IV, 175.

Government of Cuba: organized by Velasquez, I, 69; developed at Santiago, 81; radical changes made, 111; revolution in political status of island, 138; codification of ordinances, 207; Ordinances of 1542, 317; land tenure, II, 12; reforms by Governor Guemez, 17; reorganization after British occupation, 104; great reforms by Torre, 132; budget and tax reforms, 197; authority of Captain-General, III, 11; administrative and judicial functions, 13 et seq.; military and naval command, 16; attempted reforms, 63; concessions after Ten Years' War, 310.

Governors of Cuba, Spanish, list of, IV, 123.

Govin, Antonio, in Autonomist Cabinet, IV, 95; sketch and portrait, 95.

Grammont, buccaneer, I, 311.

Gran Caico, I, 4.

Grand Turk Island. See GUANAHANI.

Grant, U. S., President of United States, III, 200; inclined to recognize Cuban Republic, 202; prevented by his Secretary of State, 203; comments in messages, 205, 292.

Great Britain, interest in Cuban revolution, III, 125; protection sought by Spain, 129; declines cooperation with United States, 294; requires return of fugitives, 310.

Great Exuma. See FERDINANDINA.

Great Inagua, I, 4.

Great War, Cuba enters, IV, 348; offers 10,000 troops, 348; German intrigues and propaganda, 349; attitude of Roman Catholic clergy, 349; ships seized, 350; cooperation with Food Commission, 351; military activities, 352; liberal subscriptions to loans, 352; Red Cross work, 352; Señora Menocal's inspiring leadership, 353.

Grijalva, Juan de, I, 65; expedition to Mexico, 66; names Mexico New Spain, 97; unjustly recalled and discredited, 88.

Guajaba Island, I, 18.

Guama, Cimmarron chief, I, 127.

Guanabacoa founded, II, 21.

Guanahani, Columbus's landing place, I, 2.

Guanajes Islands, source of slave trade, I, 83.

Guantanamo, Columbus at, I, 19; U. S. Naval Station, IV, 256.

Guardia, Cristobal de la, Secretary of Justice, IV, 320.

Guazo, Gregorio, de la Vega, Governor, I, 340; stops tobacco war, 341; warnings to Great Britain and France, 342; military activity and efficiency, II, 5.

Guemez y Horcasitas, Juan F., Governor, II, 17; reforms, 17; close of administration, 26.

Guerra, Amador, revolutionist, IV, 30.

Guerra, Benjamin, treasurer of Junta, IV, 3.

Guerro, Pino, starts insurrection, IV, 267, 269; commander of Cuban army, 301; attempt to assassinate him, 303.

Guevara, Francisco, III, 265.

Guiteras, Juan, physician and scientist, sketch and portrait, IV, 321.

Guiteras, Pedro J., quoted, I, 269; II, 6; 42; 207.

Guzman, Gonzalez de, mission from Velasquez to King Charles I, I, 85; vindicates Velasquez, 108; Governor of Cuba, 110; marries rich sister-in-law, 116; litigation over estate, 117; tremendous indictment by Vadillo, 120; appeals to King and Council for Indies, 120; seeks to oppress natives, 128; second time Governor, 137; makes more trouble, 148; trouble with French privateers, 178.

Guzman, Nuñez de, royal treasurer, I, 109; death and fortune, 115.

Guzman, Santos, spokesman of Constitutionalists, IV, 59.

Hammock, of Cuban origin, I, 10.

Hanebanilla, falls of, view, facing III, 110.

Harponville, Viscount Gustave, quoted, II, 189.

Harvard University, entertains Cuban teachers, IV, 163.

Hatuey, Cuban chief, leader against Spaniards, I, 62; death, 63.

Havana: founded by Narvaez, I, 69; De Soto's home and capital, 144; rise in importance, 166; Governor's permanent residence, 180; inadequate defences, 183; captured by Sores, 186; protected by Mazariegos, 194; sea wall proposed by Osorio, 202; fortified by Menendez, 209; "Key of the New World," 210; commercial metropolis of West Indies, 216; first hospital founded, 226; San Francisco church, picture, facing 226; building in Carreño's time, 231; custom house, 231; threatened by Drake, 243; preparations for defence, 250; officially called "city," 262; coat of arms, 202; primitive conditions, 264; first theatrical performance, 264; capital of western district, 275; great fire, 277; attacked by Pit Hein, 280; described by John Chilton, 349; first dockyard established, II, 8; attacked by British under Admiral Hosier, 9; University founded, 11; described by John Campbell, 14; British expedition against in 1762, 46; journal of siege, 54; American troops engaged, 66; surrender, 69; terms, 71; British occupation, 78; great changes, 94; description, 94; view from Cabanas, facing, 96; reoccupied by Spanish, 102; hurricane, 115; improvements in streets and buildings, 129; view in Old Havana, facing 130; street cleaning, and market, 169; slaughter house removed, 194; shopping, 242; cafés, 243; Tacon's public works, 365; view of old Presidential Palace, facing III, 14; view of the Prado, facing IV, 16; besieged in War of Independence, 62; view of bay and harbor, facing, 98; old City Wall, picture, 122; view of old and new buildings, facing 134; General Ludlow's administration, 146; Police reorganized, 150; view of University, facing 164; view of the new capitol, facing 204; view of the President's home, facing 268; view of the Academy of Arts and Crafts, facing 288; new railroad terminal, 311.

Hay, John, epigram on revolutions, IV, 343

Hayti. See HISPANIOLA.

Hein, Pit, Dutch raider, I, 279.

Henderson, John, on Lopez's expedition, III, 64.

_Herald_, New York, on Cuban revolution, III, 89.

Heredia, José Maria. II, 274; exiled, 344; life and works, III, 318; portrait, facing 318.

Hernani, Domingo, II, 170.

Herrera, historian, on Columbus's first landing, I, 12; on Hatuey, 62; description of West Indies, 345.

Herrera, Geronimo Bustamente de, I, 194.

Hevea, Aurelio, Secretary of Interior, IV, 320.

Hispaniola, Columbus at, I, 19; revolution in, II, 173; 186; effect upon Cuba, 189.

Hobson, Richmond P., exploit at Santiago, IV, 110.

Holleben, Dr. von, German Ambassador at Washington, intrigues of, IV, 104.

Home Rule, proposed by Spain, IV, 6; adopted, 8.

Horses introduced into Cuba, I, 63.

Hosier, Admiral, attacks Havana, I, 312; II, 9.

Hospital, first in Havana, I, 226; Belen founded, 318; San Paula and San Francisco, 195.

"House of Fear," Governor's home, I, 156.

Humboldt, Alexander von, on slavery, II, 206; on census, 277; 282; on slave trade, 288.

Hurricanes, II, 115, 176, 310.

Hurtado, Lopez, royal treasurer, I, 116; has Chaves removed, 162.

Ibarra, Carlos, defeats Dutch raiders, I, 288.

Incas, I, 7.

Independence, first conceived, II, 268; 326; first revolts for, 343; sentiment fostered by slave trade, 377; proclaimed by Aguero, III, 72; proclaimed by Cespedes at Yara, 155; proposed by United States to Spain, 217; War of Independence, IV, 1; recognized by Spain, 119. See WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.

Intellectual life of Cuba, I, 360; lack of productiveness in Sixteenth Century, 362; Cuban backwardness, II, 235; first important progress, 273; great arising and splendid achievements, III, 317.

Insurrections. See REVOLUTIONS, and SLAVERY.

Intervention, Government of: First, established, IV, 132; organized, 145; Cuban Cabinet, 145; saves island from famine, 146; works of rehabilitation and reform, 148; marriage law, 152; concessions forbidden, 153; census, 154; civil governments of provinces, 179; municipal elections ordered, 180; electoral law 180; final transactions, 246; Second Government of Intervention, 281; C. E. Magoon, Governor, 281; Consulting Board, 284; elections held, 289, 290; commission for revising laws, 294; controversy over church property, 294.

Intervention sought by Great Britain and France, III, 128; by United States, IV, 106.

Iroquois, I, 7.

Irving, Washington, on Columbus's landing place, I, 12.

Isabella, Columbus's landing place, I, 3.

Isabella, Queen, portrait, I, 13.

Isidore of Seville, quoted, I, 4.

Islas de Arena, I, 11.

Isle of Pines, I, 26; recognized as part of Cuba, 224; status under Platt Amendment, IV, 255.

Italian settlers in Cuba, I, 169.

Ivonnet, Negro insurgent, IV, 307.

Jamaica, Columbus at, I, 20.

Japan. See CIPANGO.

Jaruco, founded, II, 131.

Jefferson, Thomas, on Cuban annexation, II, 260; III, 132.

Jeronimite Order, made guardian of Indians, I, 78; becomes their oppressor, 127.

Jesuits, controversy over, II, 86; expulsion of, 111.

Jordan, Thomas, joins Cuban revolution, III, 211.

Jorrin, José Silverio, portrait, facing III, 308.

Jovellar, Joachim, Governor, III, 273; proclaims state of siege, 289; resigns, 290.

Juana, Columbus's first name for Cuba, I, 13.

Juan Luis Keys, I, 21.

Judiciary, reforms in, II, 110; under Navarro, 142; under Unzaga, 165; under Leonard Wood, IV, 177.

Junta, Cuban, in United States, III, 91; New York, IV, 2; branches elsewhere, 3; policy in enlisting men, 19.

Junta de Fomento, II, 178.

Juntas of the Laborers, III, 174.

Keppel, Gen. See ALBEMARLE.

Key Indians, I, 125; expedition against, 126.

"Key of the New World and Bulwark of the Indies," I, 210.

Kindelan, Sebastian de, II, 197, 315.

Lacoste, Perfecto, Secretary of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, IV, 160.

Land tenure, II, 12; absentee landlords, 214.

Lanuza, Gonzalez, Secretary of Justice, IV, 146; portrait, 146.

Lares, Amador de, I, 93.

La Salle, in Cuba, I, 73.

Las Casas, Bartholomew, Apostle to the Indies, arrival in Cuba, I, 63; portrait, 64; denounces Narvaez, 66; begins campaign against slavery, 75; mission to Spain, 77; before Ximenes, 77.

Las Casas, Luis de, Governor, II, 175; portrait, 175; death, 182.

Lasso de la Vega, Juan, Bishop, II, 17.

Lawton, Gen. Henry W., leads advance against Spanish, IV, 112; Military Governor of Oriente, 139.

Lazear, Camp, established, IV, 172.

Lazear, Jesse W., hero and martyr in yellow fever campaign, IV, 172.

Ledesma, Francisco Rodriguez, Governor, I, 310.

Lee, Fitzhugh, Consul General at Havana, IV, 72; reports on "concentration" policy of Weyler, 86; asks for warship to protect Americans at Havana, 97; _Maine_ sent, 98; commands troops at Havana, 121.

Lee, Robert Edward, declines to join Lopez, III, 39.

Legrand, Pedro, invades Cuba, I, 302.

Leiva, Lopez, Secretary of Government, IV, 297.

Lemus, Jose Morales, III, 333.

Lendian, Evelio Rodriguez, educator, sketch and portrait, IV, 162.

Liberal Party, III, 306; triumphant through revolution, IV, 285; dissensions, 303; conspiracy against election, 329.

Liberty Loans, Cuban subscriptions to, IV, 352.

Lighthouse service, under Mario G. Menocal, IV, 168.

Linares, Tomas de, first Rector of University of Havana, II, 11.

Lindsay, Forbes, quoted, II, 217.

Linschoten, Jan H. van, historian, quoted, I, 351.

Liquor, intoxicating, prohibited in 1780, II, 150.

Literary periodicals: _El Habanero_, III, 321; _El Plantel_, 324; _Cuban Review_, 325; _Havana Review_, 329.

Literature, II, 245; early works, 252; poets, 274; great development of activity, III, 315 et seq.

Little Inagua, I, 4.

Llorente, Pedro, in Constitutional Convention, IV, 188, 190.

Lobera, Juan de, commander of La Fuerza, I, 182; desperate defence against Sores, 185.

Lolonois, pirate, I, 296.

Long Island. See FERDINANDINA.

Lopez, Narciso, sketch and portrait, III, 23; in Venezuela, 24; joins the Spanish army, 26; marries and settles in Cuba, 30; against the Carlists in Spain, 31; friend of Valdez, 31; offices and honors, 33; plans Cuban revolution, 36; betrayed and fugitive, 37; consults Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee, 38; first American expedition, 39; members of the party, 40; activity in Southern States, 43; expedition starts, 45; proclamation to his men, 46; lands at Cardenas, 49; lack of Cuban support, 54; reembarks, 56; lands at Key West, 58; arrested and tried, 60; second expedition organized, 65; betrayed, 67; third expedition, 70; final expedition organized, 91; lands in Cuba, 98; defeated and captured, 112; death, 114; results of his works, 116.

Lorenzo, Gen., Governor at Santiago, II, 347.

Lorraine, Sir Lambton, III, 280.

Los Rios, J. B. A. de, I, 310.

Lottery, National, established by José Miguel Gomez, IV, 310.

Louisiana, Franco-Spanish contest over, II, 117; Ulloa sent from Cuba to take possession, 118; O'Reilly sent, 123; Uznaga sent, 126.

Louverture, Toussaint, II, 186.

Luaces, Joaquin Lorenzo, sketch and portrait, III, 330.

Ludlow, Gen. William, command and work at Havana, IV, 144.

Lugo, Pedro Benitez de, Governor, I, 331.

Luna y Sarmiento, Alvaro de, Governor, I, 290.

Luz y Caballero, José de la, "Father of the Cuban Revolution," III, 322; great work for patriotic education, 323; Portrait, frontispiece, Vol III.

Luzan, Gabriel de, Governor, I, 236; controversy over La Fuerza, 237; feud with Quiñones, 241; unites with Quiñones to resist Drake, 243; energetic action, 246; tenure of office prolonged, 250; end of term, 260.

Macaca, province of, I, 20.

Maceo, José Antonio, proclaims Provisional Government, IV, 15; leader in War of Independence, 41; commands Division of Oriente, 43; defeats Campos, 46; plans great campaign, 53; invades Pinar del Rio, 61; successful campaign, 73; death, 74; portrait, facing 74.

Maceo, José, IV, 41; marches through Cuba, 76.

Machado, Eduard, treason of, III, 258.

Machete, used in battle, IV, 57.

Madison, James, on status of Cuba, III, 132.

Madriaga, Juan Ignacio, II, 59.

Magoon, Charles E., Provisional Governor, IV, 281; his administration, 283; promotes public works, 286; takes census, 287; election law, 287; retires, 295.

Mahy, Nicolas, Governor, II, 315.

Mail service established, II, 107; under American occupation, IV, 168.

Maine sent to Havana, IV, 98; destruction of, 98; investigation, 100.

Maldonado, Diego, I, 146.

Mandeville, Sir John, I, 20.

Mangon, identified with Mangi, I, 20.

Manners and Customs, II, 229 et seq.; balls, 239; shopping, 242; relations of black and white races, 242; cafés, 243; early society, 248.

Monosca, Juan Saenz, Bishop, I, 301.

Manrique, Diego, Governor, II, 109.

Manzaneda y Salines, Severino de, Governor, I, 320.

Manzanillo, Declaration of Independence issued, III, 155.

Maraveo Ponce de Leon, Gomez de, I, 339.

Marco Polo, I, 4, 20.

Marcy, William L., policy toward Cuba, III, 136.

Mar de la Nuestra Señora, I, 18.

Mariguana. See GUANAHANI.

Marin, Sabas, succeeds Campos in command, IV, 63.

Markham, Sir Clements, on Columbus's first landing, I, 12.

Marmol, Donato, III, 173, 184.

Marquez, Pedro Menendez, I, 206.

Marriage law, reformed under American occupation, IV, 152; controversy over, 153.

Marti, José, portrait, frontispiece, Vol IV; leader of War of Independence, IV, 2; his career, 9; in New York, 11; organizes Junta, 11; goes to Cuba, 15; death, 16; his war manifesto, 17; fulfilment of his ideals, 355.

Marti, José, secretary of War, portrait, IV, 360.

Marti, the pirate, II, 357.

Martinez Campos. See Campos.

Martinez, Dionisio de la Vega, Governor, II, 8; inscription on La Punta, 14.

Martinez, Juan, I, 192.

Martyr, Peter, I, 53.

Maso, Bartolome, revolutionist, IV, 34; rebukes Spotorno, 35; President of Cuban Republic, 43; Vice President of Council, 48; President of Republic, 90; candidate for Vice President, 242; seeks Presidency, 243.

Mason, James M., U. S. Minister to France, III, 141.

Masse, E. M., describes slave trade, II, 202; rural life, 216; on Spanish policy toward Cuba, 227; social morals, 230.

Matanzas, founded, I, 321; meaning of name, 321.

Maura, Sr., proposes Cuban reforms, IV, 5.

McCullagh, John B., reorganizes Havana Police, IV, 150.

McKinley, William, President of United States, message of 1897 on Cuba, IV, 87; declines European mediation, 103; message for war, 104.

Maza, Enrique, assaults Hugh S. Gibson, IV, 308.

Mazariegos, Diego de, Governor, I, 191; a scandalous moralist, 193; defences against privateering, 193; takes charge of La Fuerza, 195; controversy with Governor of Florida, 196; replaced by Sandoval, 197.

Medina, Fernando de, I, 111.

Mendez-Capote, Fernando, Secretary of Sanitation, portrait, IV, 360.

Mendieta, Carlos, candidate for Vice President, IV, 328; rebels, 338.

Mendive, Rafael Maria de, III, 328.

Mendoza, Martin de, I, 204.

Menendez, Pedro de Aviles, I, 199; commander of Spanish fleet, 200; clash with Osorio, 201; Governor of Cuba, 205; dealing with increasing enemies, 208; fortifies Havana, 209; recalled to Spain, 213; conflict with Bishop Castillo, 226.

Menocal, Aniceto G., portrait, IV, 50.

Menocal, Mario G., Assistant Secretary of War, IV, 49; Chief of Police at Havana, 144, 150; in charge of Lighthouse Service, 168; candidate for President, 290; slandered by Liberals, 291; elected President, 312; biography, 312; portrait, facing 312; view of birthplace, 313; Cabinet, 320; opinion of Cuba's needs, 321; first message, 322; conflict with Congress, 323; important reforms, 324; suppresses rebellion, 327; candidate for reelection, 328; vigorous action against Gomez's rebellion, 335; declines American aid, 337; escapes assassination, 339; reelection confirmed, 341; clemency to traitors, 342; message on entering Great War, 346; fulfilment of Marti's ideals, 355; estimate of his administration, 356; achievements for education, 357; health, 357; industry and commerce, 358; finance, 359; "from Velasquez to Menocal," 365.

Menocal, Señora, leadership of Cuban womanhood in Red Cross and other work, IV, 354; portrait, facing 352.

Mercedes, Maria de las, quoted, II, 174; on slave insurrection, 368.

Merchan, Rafael, III, 174; patriotic works, 335.

Merlin, Countess de. See MERCEDES.

_Merrimac_, sunk at Santiago, IV, 111.

Mesa, Hernando de, first Bishop, I, 122.

Mestre, José Manuel, sketch and portrait, III, 326.

Meza, Sr., Secretary of Public Instruction and Arts, IV, 297.

Mexico, discovered and explored from Cuba, I, 87; designs upon Cuba, II, 262; Cuban expedition against, 346; warned off by United States, III, 134; fall of Maximilian, 150.

Milanes, José Jacinto, sketch, portrait and works, III, 324.

Miles, Gen. Nelson A., prepares for invasion of Cuba, IV, 111.

Miranda, Francisco, II, 156; with Bolivar, 335.

Miscegenation, II, 204.

Molina, Francisco, I, 290.

Monastic orders, I, 276.

Monroe Doctrine, foreshadowed, II, 256; promulgated, 328.

Monroe, James, interest in Cuba, II, 257; promulgates Doctrine, 328; portrait, 329.

Monserrate Gate, Havana, picture, II, 241.

Montalvo, Gabriel, Governor, I, 215; feud with Rojas family, 218; investigated and retired, 219; pleads for naval protection for Cuba, 220.

Montalvo, Lorenzo, II, 89.

Montalvo, Rafael, Secretary of Public Works, urges resistance to revolutionists, IV, 270.

Montanes, Pedro Garcia, I, 292.

Montano See VELASQUEZ, J. M.

Montes, Garcia, Secretary of Treasury, IV, 254.

Montesino, Antonio, I, 78.

Montiel, Vasquez de, naval commander, I, 278.

Montoro, Rafael, Representative in Cortes, III, 308; spokesman of Autonomists, IV, 59; in Autonomist Cabinet, 95; candidate for Vice President, 290; attacked by Liberals, 291; biography, 317; portrait, facing 320.

Morales case, IV, 92.

Morales. Pedro de, commands at Santiago, I, 299.

Morals, strangely mixed with piety and vice, II, 229.

Morell, Pedro Augustino, Bishop, II, 53; controversy with Albemarle, 83; exiled, 87; death, 113.

Moreno, Andres, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, IV, 90.

Moret law, abolishing slavery, III, 243.

Morgan, Henry, plans raid on Havana, I, 297; later career, 303.

Morro Castle, Havana, picture, facing I, 180; site of battery, 180; tower built by Mazariegos, 196; fortified against Drake, 249; planned by Antonelli, 261; besieged by British, II, 55.

Morro Castle, Santiago, built, I, 289; picture, facing 298.

Mucaras, I, 11.

Muenster, geographer, I, 6.

Mugeres Islands, I, 84.

Munive, Andres de, I, 317.

Murgina y Mena, A. M., I, 317.

Music, early concerts at Havana, II, 239.

Nabia, Juan Alfonso de, I, 207.

Nancy Globe, I. 6.

Napoleon's designs upon Cuba, II, 203.

Naranjo, probable landing place of Columbus, I, 12.

Narvaez, Panfilo de, portrait, I, 63; arrival in Cuba, 63; campaign against natives, 65; explores the island, 67; errand to Spain, 77; sent to Mexico to oppose Cortez, 98; secures appointment of Councillors for life, 111.

Naval stations, U. S., in Cuba, IV, 255.

Navarrete, quoted, I, 3, 12.

Navarro, Diego Jose, Governor, II, 141, 150.

Navy, Spanish, in Cuban waters, III, 182, 225.

Negroes, imported as slaves, I, 170; treatment of, 171; slaves and free, increasing numbers of, 229. See SLAVERY.

New Orleans, anti-Spanish outbreak, III, 126.

New Spain. See MEXICO.

Newspapers: _Gazeta_, 1780, II, 157; _Papel Periodico_, 179; 246; publications in Paris, Madrid and New York, 354; El Faro Industrial, III, 18; Diario de la Marina, 18; La Verdad, 18; La Vos de Cuba, 260; La Vos del Siglo, 232; La Revolucion, 333; El Siglo, 334; El Laborante, 335.

Norsemen, American colonists, I, 7.

Nougaret, Jean Baptiste, quoted, II, 26.

Nuñez, Emilio, in Cuban Junta, IV, 12; in war, 57; Civil Governor of Havana, 179; head of Veterans' Association, 305; Secretary of Agriculture, 320; candidate for Vice President, 328; election confirmed, 341.

Nuñez, Enrique, Secretary of Health and Charities, IV, 320.

Ocampo, Sebastian de, circumnavigates Cuba, I, 54.

O'Donnell, George Leopold, Governor, II, 365; his wife's sordid intrigues, 365.

Oglethorpe, Governor of Georgia, hostile to Spain, II, 24, 30.

O'Hara, Theodore, with Lopez, III, 46.

Ojeda, Alonzo de, I, 54; introduces Christianity to Cuba, 55.

Olid, Christopher de, sent to Mexico, I, 88.

Olney, Richard. U. S. Secretary of State, attitude toward War of Independence, IV, 71.

Oquendo, Antonio de, I, 281.

Orejon y Gaston, Francisco Davila de, Governor, I, 301, 310.

O'Reilly, Alexandre, sent to occupy Louisiana, II, 123; ruthless rule, 125.

Orellano, Diego de, I, 86.

Ornofay, province of, I, 20.

Ortiz, Bartholomew, alcalde mayor, I, 146; retires, 151.

Osorio, Garcia de Sandoval, Governor, I, 197; conflict with Menendez, 199, 201; retired, 205; tried, 206.

Osorio, Sancho Pardo, I, 207.

Ostend Manifesto, III, 142.

Ovando, Alfonso de Caceres, I, 214; revises law system, 233.

Ovando, Nicolas de, I, 54.

Palma, Tomas Estrada, head of Cuban Junta in New York, IV, 3; Provisional President of Cuban Republic, 15; Delegate at Large, 43; rejects anything short of independence, 71; candidate for Presidency, 241; his career, 241; elected President, 245; arrival in Cuba, 247; portrait, facing 248; receives transfer of government from General Wood, 248; Cabinet, 254; first message, 254; prosperous administration, 259; non-partisan at first, 264; forced toward Conservative party, 264; reelected, 266; refuses to believe insurrection impending, 266; refuses to submit to blackmail, 268; betrayed by Congress, 269; acts too late, 270; seeks American aid, 271; interview with W. H. Taft, 276; resigns Presidency, 280; estimate of character and work, 282; death, 284.

Palma y Romay, Ramon, III, 327.

Parra, Antonio, scientist, II, 252.

Parra, Maso, revolutionist, IV, 30.

Parties, political, in Cuba, IV, 59; origin and characteristics of Conservative and Liberal, 181, 261.

Pasalodos, Damaso, Secretary to President, IV, 297

Pasamonte, Miguel, intrigues against Columbus, I, 58.

Paz, Doña de, marries Juan de Avila, I, 154.

Paz, Pedro de, I, 109.

Penalosa, Diego de, Governor, II, 31.

Penalver. See PENALOSA.

Penalver, Luis, Bishop of New Orleans, II, 179.

"Peninsulars," III, 152.

Pensacola, settlement of, I, 328; seized by French, 342; recovered by Spanish, II, 7; defended by Galvez, 146.

Pereda, Gaspar Luis, Governor, I, 276.

Perez, Diego, repels privateers, I, 179.

Perez, Perico, revolutionist, IV, 15, 30, 78.

Perez de Zambrana, Luisa, sketch and portrait, III, 328.

Personal liberty restricted, III, 8.

Peru, good wishes for Cuban revolution, III, 223.

Philip II, King, appreciation of Cuba, I, 260.

Pieltain, Candido, Governor, III, 275.

Pierce, Franklin, President of United States, policy toward Cuba, III, 136.

Pina, Severo, Secretary of Finance, IV, 48.

Pinar del Rio, city founded, II, 131; Maceo invades province, IV, 61; war in, 73.

Pineyro, Enrique, III, 333; sketch and portrait, 334.

Pinto, Ramon, sketch and portrait, III, 62.

"Pirates of America," I, 296.

Pizarro, Francisco de, I, 54, 91.

Platt, Orville H., Senator, on relations of United States and Cuba, IV, 198; Amendment to Cuban Constitution, 199; Amendment adopted, 203; text of Amendment, 238.

Pococke, Sir George, expedition against Havana, II, 46.

Poey, Felipe, sketch and portrait, III, 315.

Point Lucrecia, I, 18.

Polavieja, Gen., Governor, III, 314.

Police, reorganized, II, 312; under American occupation, IV, 150; police courts established, 171.

Polk, James K., President of the United States, policy toward Cuba, III, 135.

Polo y Bernabe, Spanish Minister at Washington, IV, 98.

Ponce de Leon, in Cuba, I, 73; death, 139.

Ponce de Leon, of New York, in Cuban Junta, IV, 13.

Pope, efforts to maintain peace, between United States and Spain, IV, 104.

Porro, Cornelio, treason of, III, 257.

Port Banes, I, 18.

Port Nipe, I, 18.

Port Nuevitas, I, 3.

Portuguese settlers, I, 168.

Portuondo, Rafael, Secretary for Foreign Affairs, IV, 48; filibuster, 70.

Prado y Portocasso, Juan, Governor, II, 49; neglect of duty, 52; sentenced to degradation, 108.

Praga, Francisco de, I, 282.

Presidency, first candidates for, IV, 240; Tomas Estrada Palma elected, 245; José Miguel Gomez aspires to, 260; candidates in 1906, 265; Palma's resignation, 280; Jose Miguel Gomez elected, 290; fourth campaign, 312; Mario G. Menocal elected, 312; fifth campaign, 328; General Menocal reelected, 341.

Prim, Gen., Spanish revolutionist, III, 145.

Printing, first press in Cuba, II, 245.

Privateers, French ravage Cuba, I, 177; Havana and Santiago attacked, 178; Havana looted, 179; Jacques Sores, 183; Havana captured, 186; Santiago looted, 193; French raids, 220, et seq.

Proctor, Redfield, Senator, investigates and reports on condition of Cuba in War of Independence, IV, 87.

Procurators, appointment of, I, 112.

Protectorate, tripartite, refused by United States, II, 261; III, 130, 133.

Provincial governments organized, IV, 179, confusion in, 292.

Public Works, promoted by General Wood, IV, 166; by Magoon, 286.

Puerto Grande. See GUANTANAMO.

Puerto Principe, I, 18, 167.

Punta, La, first fortification, I, 203; strengthened against Drake, 249; fortress planned by Antonelli, 261; picture, IV, 33.

Punta Lucrecia, I, 3.

Punta Serafina, I, 22.

Queen's Gardens, I, 20.

Quero, Geronimo, I, 277.

Quesada, Gonzalo de, Secretary of Cuban Junta, IV, 3; Minister to United States, 275.

Quesada, Manuel, sketch and portrait, III, 167; proclamation, 169; death, 262.

Quezo, Juan de, I, 113.

Quilez, J. M., Civil Governor of Pinar del Rio, IV, 179.

Quiñones, Diego Hernandez de, commander of fortifications at Havana, I, 240; feud with Luzan, 241; unites with Luzan to resist Drake, 243.

Quiñones, Doña Leonora de, I, 117.

Rabi, Jesus, revolutionist, IV, 34, 42.

Railroads, first in Cuba, II, 343.

Raja, Vicente, Governor, I, 337.

Ramirez, Alejandro, sketch and portrait, II, 311.

Ramirez, Miguel, Bishop, partisan of Guzman, I, 120; political activities and greed, 124.

Ramos, Gregorio, I, 274.

Ranzel, Diego, I, 295.

Recio, R. Lopez, Civil Governor of Camaguey, IV, 180.

Recio, Serafin, III, 86.

Reciprocity, secured by Roosevelt for Cuba, IV, 256.

"Reconcentrados," mortality among, IV, 86.

Red Cross, Cuban activities, IV, 353.

Redroban, Pedro de, I, 201.

Reed, Walter, in yellow fever campaign, IV, 172.

Reformists, Spanish, support Blanco's Autonomist policy, IV, 97.

Reggio, Andreas, II, 32.

Reno, George, in War of Independence, IV, 12; running blockade, 21; portrait, 21; services in Great War, 351.

Renteria, Pedro de, partner of Las Casas, I, 75; opposes slavery, 76.

Repartimiento, I, 70.

Republic of Cuba: proclaimed and organized, III, 157; first representative Assembly, 161; Constitution of 1868, 164; first House of Representatives, 176; Judiciary, 177; legislation, 177; army, 178; fails to secure recognition, 203; Government reorganized, 275; after Treaty of Zanjon, 301; reorganized in War of Independence, IV, 15; Maso chosen President, 43; Conventions of Yara and Najasa, 47; Constitution adopted, 47; Government reorganized, Cisneros President, 48; capital at Las Tunas, 56; removes to Cubitas, 72; exercises functions of government, 72; reorganized in 1897, 90; after Spanish evacuation of island, 134; disbanded, 135; Constitutional Convention called, 185; Constitution completed, 192; relations with United States, 195; Platt Amendment, 203; enters Great War, 346.

Revolutions: Rise of spirit, II, 268; in South America, 333; "Soles de Bolivar," 341; attempts to revolt, 344; "Black Eagle," 346; plans of Lopez, III, 36; Lopez's first invasion, 49; Aguero's insurrection, 72; comments of New York _Herald_, 89; Lopez's last expedition, 91; results of his work, 116; European interest, 125; beginning of Ten Years' War. 155; end of Ten Years' War, 299; insurrection renewed, 308, 318; War of Independence, IV, 1; Sartorius Brothers, 4; end of War of Independence, 116; revolt against President Palma, 266; ultimatum, 278; government overthrown, 280; Negro insurrection, 307; conspiracy against President Menocal, 327; great treason of José Miguel Gomez, 332; Gomez captured, 337; warnings from United States Government, 338; revolutions denounced by United States, 343.

Revolutionary party, Cuban, IV, 1, 11.

Rey, Juan F. G., III, 40.

Riano y Gamboa, Francisco, Governor, I, 287.

Ribera, Diego de, I, 206; work on La Fuerza, 209.

Ricafort, Mariano, Governor, II, 347.

Ricla, Conde de, Governor, II, 102; retires, 109.

Rio de la Luna, I, 16.

Rio de Mares, I, 16.

Riva-Martiz, I, 279.

Rivera, Juan Ruiz, filibuster, IV, 70; succeeds Maceo, 79.

Rivera, Ruiz, Secretary of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry, IV, 160.

Roa, feud with Villalobos, I, 323.

Rodas, Caballero de, Governor, III, 213; emancipation decree, 242.

Rodney, Sir George, expedition to West Indies, II, 153.

Rodriguez, Alejandro, suppresses revolt, IV, 266.

Rodriguez, Laureano, in Autonomist Cabinet, IV, 95.

Rojas, Alfonso de, I, 181.

Rojas, Gomez de, banished, I, 193; Governor of La Fuerza, 217; rebuilds Santiago, 258.

Rojas, Hernando de, expedition to Florida, I, 196.

Rojas, Juan Bautista de, royal treasurer, I, 218.

Rojas, Juan de, aid to Lady Isabel de Soto, I, 145; commander at Havana, 183.

Rojas, Manuel de, Governor, I, 105; adopts policy of "Cuba for the Cubans," 106; second Governorship, 121; dealings with Indians, 126; noble endeavors frustrated, 130; resigns, 135; the King's unique tribute to him, 135.

Roldan, Francisco Dominguez, Secretary of Public Instruction, sketch and portrait, IV, 357.

Roldan, José Gonzalo, III, 328.

Roloff, Carlos, revolutionist, IV, 45; Secretary of War, 48; filibuster, 70.

Romano Key, I, 18.

Romay, Tomas, introduces vaccination, II, 192; portrait, facing 192.

Roncali, Federico, Governor, II, 366; on Spanish interests in Cuba, 381.

Roosevelt, Theodore, at San Juan Hill, IV, 113; portrait, 113; President of United States, on relations with Cuba, 245; estimate of General Wood's work in Cuba, 251; fight with Congress for Cuban reciprocity, 256; seeks to aid President Palma against revolutionists, 275; letter to Quesada, 275.

Root, Elihu, Secretary of War, on Cuban Constitution, IV, 194; on Cuban relations with United States, 197; explains Platt Amendment, 201.

Rowan, A. S., messenger to Oriente, IV. 107.

Rubalcava, Manuel Justo, II, 274.

Rubens, Horatio, Counsel of Cuban Junta, IV, 3.

Rubios, Palacios, I, 78.

Ruiz, Joaquin, spy, IV, 91; death, 92. See ARANGUREN.

Ruiz, Juan Fernandez, filibuster, IV, 70.

Rum Cay. See CONCEPTION.

Rural Guards, organized by General Wood, IV, 144; efficiency of, 301.

Ruysch, geographer, I, 6.

Saavedra, Juan Esquiro, I, 278.

Sabinal Key, I, 18.

Saco, José Antonio, pioneer of Independence, II, 378; portrait, facing 378; literary and patriotic work, III, 325, 327.

Sagasta, Praxedes, Spanish Premier, proposes Cuban reforms, IV, 6; resigns, 36.

Saint Augustine, expedition against, I, 332.

Saint Mery, M. de, search for tomb of Columbus, I, 34.

Salamanca, Juan de, Governor, I, 295; promotes industries, 300.

Salamanca y Negrete, Manuel, Governor, III, 314.

Salaries, some early, I, 263.

Salas, Indalacio, IV, 21.

Salazar. See SOMERUELOS.

Salcedo, Bishop, controversy with Governor Tejada, I, 262.

Sama Point, I, 4.

Samana. See GUANAHANI.

Sampson, William T., Admiral, in Spanish-American War, IV, 110; at Santiago, 114; portrait, 115.

Sanchez, Bartolome, makes plans for La Fuerza, I, 194; begins building, 195; feud with Mazariegos, 197.

Sanchez, Bernabe, II, 345.

Sancti Spiritus, founded by Velasquez, I, 68, 168.

Sandoval, Garcia Osorio, Governor, I, 197. See OSARIO.

Sanitation, undertaken by Guemez, II, 18; vaccination introduced by Dr. Romay. 192; bad conditions, III, 313; General Wood at Santiago, IV, 142; achievements under President Menocal, 357.

Sanguilly, Julio, falls in leading revolution, IV, 29, 55.

Sanguilly, Manuel, in Constitutional Convention, IV, 190.

San Lazaro watchtower, picture, I, 155; fortified against Drake, 248.

San Salvador. See GUANAHANI.

Santa Clara, Conde de, Governor, II, 194, 300.

Santa Crux del Sur, I, 20.

Santa Cruz, Francisco, I, 111.

Santiago de Cuba, Columbus at, I, 19; founded by Velasquez, 68; second capital of island, 69; seat of gold refining, 80; site of cathedral, 123; condition in Angulo's time, 166; looted by privateers, 193; fortified by Menendez, 203; raided and destroyed by French, 256; rebuilt by Gomez de Rojas, 258; capital of Eastern District, 275; Morro Castle built, 289; captured by British, 299; attacked by Franquinay, 310; attacked by Admiral Vernon, II, 29; literary activities, 169; great improvements made, 180; battles near in War of Independence, IV, 112; naval battle, 114; General Wood's administration, 135; great work for sanitation, 142.

Santiago, battle of, IV, 114.

Santiago, sunset scene, facing III, 280.

Santillan, Diego, Governor, I, 205.

Santo Domingo See HISPANIOLA.

Sanudo, Luis, Governor, I, 336.

Sarmiento. Diego de, Bishop, makes trouble, I, 149, 152.

Saunders, Romulus M., sounds Spain on purchase of Cuba, III, 135.

Sartorius, Manuel and Ricardo, revolutionists, IV, 4.

Savine, Albert, on British designs on Cuba, II, 40.

Schley, Winfield S., Admiral, in Spanish-American War, IV, 110; portrait, 110; at Santiago, 114.

Schoener's globe, I, 5.

Schools, backward condition of, II, 174, 244, 312. See EDUCATION.

Shafter, W. R., General, leads American army into Cuba, IV, 111.

Shipbuilding at Havana, II, 8, 33, 113, 300.

Sickles, Daniel E., Minister to Spain, offers mediation, III, 217.

Silva, Manuel, Secretary of Interior, IV, 90.

Slave Insurrection, II, 13; III, 367, et seq.

Slavery, begun in Repartimiento system, I, 70; not sanctioned by King, 82; slave trading begun, 83; growth and regulation, 170; oppressive policy of Spain, 266; the "Assiento," II, 2; great growth of trade, 22; gross abuses, 202; described by Masse, 202; census of slaves, 204; rise of emancipation movement, 206; rights of slaves defined by King, 210; African trade forbidden, 285; Negro census, 286; early records of trade, 288; Humboldt on, 288; statistics of trade, 289 et seq.; domestic relations of slaves, 292; dangers of system denounced, 320; official complicity in illegal trade, 366; slave insurrection, 367; inhuman suppression by government, 374 et seq.; emancipation by revolution of 1868, 159; United States urges Spain to abolish slavery, 242; Rodas's decrees, 242; Moret law, 243.

Smith, Caleb. publishes book on West Indies, II, 37.

Smuggling, II, 133.

"Sociedad de Amigos," II, 169.

"Sociedad Patriotica," II, 166.

"Sociedad Patriotica y Economica," II, 178.

Society of Progress, II, 78.

Solano, José de, naval commander, II, 147.

"Soles de Bolivar," II, 341; attempts to suppress, 343.

Solorzano, Juan del Hoya, I, 337; II, 10.

Someruelos, Marquis of, Governor, II, 196, 301.

Sores, Jacques, French raider, II, 183; attacks Havana, 184; captures city, 186.

Soto, Antonio de, I, 292.

Soto, Diego de, I, 109, 217.

Soto, Hernando de, Governor and Adelantado, I, 140; portrait, 140; arrival in Cuba, 141; tour of island, 142; makes Havana his home, 144; chiefly interested in Florida, 144; sails for Florida, 145; his fate in Mississippi, 147; trouble with Indians, 148.

Soto, Lady Isabel de, I, 141; her vigil at La Fuerza, 147; death, 149.

Soto, Luis de, I, 141.

Soulé, Pierre, Minister to Spain, III, 137; Indiscretions, 138; Ostend Manifesto, 142.

South Sea Company, II, 21, 201.

Spain: Fiscal policy toward Cuba, I, 175; wars with France, 177; discriminations against Cuba, 266, 267; protests against South Sea Company, II, 22; course in American Revolution, 143; war with Great Britain, 151; attitude toward America, 159; peace with Great Britain, 162; restrictive laws, 224; policy under Godoy, 265; decline of power, 273; seeks to pawn Cuba to Great Britain for loan, 330; protests to United States against Lopez's expedition, III, 59; seeks British protection, 129; refuses to sell Cuba, 135; revolution against Bourbon dynasty, 145 et seq.; rejects suggestion of American mediation in Cuba, 219; seeks American mediation, 293; strives to placate Cuba, IV, 5; crisis over Cuban affairs, 35; attitude toward War of Independence, 40; considers Autonomy, 71; Cabinet crisis of 1897, 88; proposes joint investigation of Maine disaster, 100; at war with United States, 106; makes Treaty of Paris, relinquishing Cuba, 118.

Spanish-American War: causes of, IV, 105; declared, 106; blockade of Cuban coast, 110; landing of American army in Cuba, 111; fighting near Santiago, 112; fort at El Caney, picture, 112; San Juan Hill, battle, 113; San Juan Hill, picture of monument, 114; naval battle of Santiago, 115; peace negotiations, 116; "Peace Tree," picture, 116; treaty of peace, 118.

Spanish literature in XVI century, I, 360.

Spotorno, Juan Bautista, seeks peace, rebuked by Maso, IV, 35.

Steinhart, Frank, American consul, advises President Palma to ask for American aid, IV, 271; correspondence with State Department, 272.

Stock raising, early attention to, I, 173, 224; development of, 220.

Stokes, W. E. D., aids War of Independence, IV, 14.

Students, murder of by Volunteers, III, 260.

Suarez y Romero, Anselmo, III, 326.

Sugar, Industry begun under Velasquez, I, 175, 224; growth of industry, 265; primitive methods, II, 222; growth, III, 3; great development under President Menocal, IV, 358.

"Suma de Geografia," of Enciso, I, 54.

Sumana, Diego de, I, 111.

Tacon, Miguel, Governor, II, 347; despotic fury, 348; conflict with Lorenzo, 349; public works, 355; fish market, 357; melodramatic administration of justice, 359.

Taft, William H., Secretary of War of United States, intervenes in revolution, IV, 272; arrives at Havana, 275; negotiates with President Palma and the revolutionists, 276; portrait, 276; conveys ultimatum of revolutionists to President Palma, 279; accepts President Palma's resignation, 280; pardons revolutionists, 280; unfortunate policy, 283.

Tainan, Antillan stock, I, 8.

Tamayo, Diego, Secretary of State, IV, 159; Secretary of Government, 254.

Tamayo, Rodrigo de, I, 126.

Tariff, after British occupation, II, 106; reduction, 141; oppressive duties. III, 5; under American occupation, IV, 183.

Taxation, revolt against, II, 197; "reforms," 342; oppressive burdens, III, 6; increase in Ten Years' War, 207; evasion of, 312; under American intervention, IV, 151.

Taylor, Hannis, American Minister at Madrid, IV, 33.

Tejada, Juan de, Governor, I, 261; great works for Cuba, 262; resigns, 263.

Teneza, Dr. Francisco, Protomedico, I, 336.

Ten Years' War, III, 155 et seq.; first battles, 184; aid from United States, 211; offers of American mediation, 217; rejected, 219; campaigns of destruction, 222; losses reported, 290; end in Treaty of Zanjon, 299; losses, 304.

Terry, Emilio, Secretary of Agriculture, IV, 254.

Theatres, first performance in Cuba, I, 264; first theatre built, II, 130, 236.

Thrasher, J. S., on census, II, 283.

Tines y Fuertes, Juan Antonio, Governor, II, 31.

Tobacco, early use, I, 9; culture promoted, 300; monopoly, 334; "Tobacco War," 338; effects of monopoly, II, 221.

Tobar, Nuñez, I, 141, 143.

Tolon, Miguel de, III, 330.

Toltecs, I, 7.

Tomayo, Esteban, revolutionist, IV, 34.

Torquemada, Garcia de, I, 239; investigates Luzan, 241.

Torre, Marquis de la, Governor, II, 127; work for Havana, 129; death, 133.

Torres Ayala, Laureano de, Governor, I, 334; reappointed, 337.

Torres, Gaspar de, Governor, I, 234; conflict with Rojas family, 235; absconds, 235.

Torres, Rodrigo de, naval commander, II, 34.

Torriente, Cosimo de la, Secretary of Government, IV, 320.

Toscanelli, I, 4.

Treaty of Paris, IV, 118.

Tres Palacios, Felipe Jose de, Bishop, II, 174.

Tribune, New York, describes revolutionary leaders, III, 173.

Trinidad, founded by Velasquez, I, 68, 168; great fire, II, 177.

Trocha, begun by Campos, IV, 44; Weyler's, 73.

Troncoso, Bernardo, Governor, II, 168.

Turnbull, David, British consul, II, 364; complicity in slave insurrection, 372.

Ubite, Juan de, Bishop, I, 123.

Ulloa, Antonio de, sent to take possession of Louisiana, II, 118; arbitrary conduct, 120.

Union Constitutionalists, III, 306.

United States, early relations with Cuba, II, 254; first suggestion of annexation, 257; John Quincy Adams's policy, 258; Jefferson's policy, 260; Clay's policy, 261; representations to Colombia and Mexico, 262; Buchanan's policy, 263; Monroe Doctrine, 328; consuls not admitted to Cuba, 330; Van Buren's policy, 331; growth of commerce with Cuba, III, 22; President Taylor's proclamation against filibustering, 41; course toward Lopez, 60; attitude toward Cuban revolutionists, 123; division of sentiment between North and South, 124; policy of Edward Everett, 130; overtures for purchase of Cuba, 135; end of Civil War, 151; new policy toward Cuba, 151; recognition denied to revolution, 172; aid and sympathy given secretly, 195; Cuban appeals for recognition, 200; recognition denied, 203; protests against Rodas's decrees, 216; offers of mediation, 217; rejected by Spain, 219; increasing interest and sympathy with revolutionists, 273; warning to Spanish Government, 291; effect of reciprocity upon Cuba, 313; attitude toward War of Independence, IV, 27, 70; Congress favors recognition, 70; tender of good offices, 71; President Cleveland's message of 1896, 79; appropriation for relief of victims of "concentration" policy, 86; President McKinley's message of 1897, 87; sensation at destruction of _Maine_, 99; declaration of war against Spain, 106; Treaty of Paris, 118; establishment of first Government of Intervention, 132; relations with Republic of Cuba, 195; protectorate to be retained, 196; Platt Amendment, 199; mischief-making intrigues, 200; naval stations in Cuba, 255; reciprocity, 256; second Intervention, 281; warning to José Miguel Gomez, 305; asks settlement of claims, 308; Chargé d'Affaires assaulted, 308; supervision of Cuban legislation, 326; warning to revolutionists, 339; attitude toward Gomez revolution, 343.

University of Havana, founded, II, 11.

Unzaga, Luis de, Governor, II, 157.

Urrutia, historian, quoted, I, 300.

Urrutia, Sancho de, I, 111.

Utrecht, Treaty of, I, 326; begins new era, II, 1.

Uznaga, Luis de, sent to rule Louisiana, II, 126; reforms, 165.

Vaca, Cabeza de, I, 140.

Vadillo, Juan, declines to investigate Guzman, I, 118; temporary Governor, 119; tremendous indictment of Guzman, 120; retires after good work, 121; clash with Bishop Ramirez, 124.

Valdes, historian, quoted, II, 175.

Valdes, Gabriel de la Conception, III, 325.

Valdes, Jeronimo, Bishop, I, 335.

Valdes, Pedro de, Governor, I, 202, 272; retires, 276.

Valdes, Geronimo, Governor, II, 364.

Valdueza, Marquis de, I, 281.

Valiente, José Pablo, II, 170, 180.

Valiente, Juan Bautista, Governor of Santiago, II, 180.

Vallizo, Diego, I, 277.

Valmaseda, Count, Governor, proclamation against revolution, III, 171, 270; recalled for barbarities, 273.

Van Buren, Martin, on United States and Cuba, II, 331.

Vandeval, Nicolas C., I, 331, 333.

Varela, Felix, sketch and portrait, III, 320; works, 321.

Varnhagen, F. A. de, quoted, I, 2.

Varona, Bernabe de, sketch and portrait, III, 178.

Varona, José Enrique, Secretary of Treasury, IV, 159; Vice President, 312; biography, 316; portrait, facing 316.

Varona, Pepe Jerez, chief of secret service, IV, 268.

Vasquez, Juan, I, 330.

Vedado, view in, IV, 176.

Vega, Pedro Guerra de la, I, 243; asks fugitives to aid in defence against Drake, 248.

Velasco, Francisco de Aguero, II, 345.

Velasco, Luis Vicente, defender of Morro against British, II, 58; signal valor, 61; death, 67.

Velasquez, Antonio, errand to Spain, I, 77

Velasquez, Bernardino, I, 115.

Velasquez, Diego, first Governor of Cuba, I, 59; portrait, 59; colonizes Cuba, 60; hostilities with natives, 61, explores the island, 67; marriage and bereavement, 68; founds various towns, 68; begins Cuban commerce, 68; organizes government, 69; favored by King Ferdinand, 73; appointed Adelantado, 74; seeks to rule Yucatan and Mexico, 85; recalls Grijalva, 88; quarrels with Cortez, 91; sends Cortez to explore Mexico, 92, 94; seeks to intercept and recall Cortez, 97; sends Narvaez to Mexico, 98; removed from office by Diego Columbus, 100; restored by King, 102; death and epitaph, 103; posthumous arraignment by Altamarino, 107; convicted and condemned, 108.

Velasquez, Juan Montano, Governor, I, 293.

Velez Garcia, Secretary of State, IV, 297.

Velez y Herrera, Ramon, III, 324.

Venegas, Francisco, Governor, I, 278.

Vernon, Edward, Admiral, expedition to Darien, II 27; Invasion of Cuba, 29.

Viamonte, Bitrian, Governor, I, 286.

Viana y Hinojosa, Diego de, Governor, I, 317.

Victory loan, Cuban subscriptions to, IV, 353.

Villa Clara, founded, I, 321.

Villafana, attempts to assassinate Cortez, I, 99.

Villafana, Angelo de, Governor of Florida, controversy with Mazariegos, I, 196.

Villalba y Toledo, Diego de, Governor, I, 290.

Villalobos, Governor, feud with Roa, I, 323.

Villalon, José Ramon, in Cuban Junta, IV, 13; Secretary of Public Works, 160, 330.

Villalon Park, scene in, IV, 247.

Villanueva, Count de, II, 342.

Villapando, Bernardino de, Bishop, I, 225.

Villarin, Pedro Alvarez de, Governor, I, 333.

Villaverde, Cirillo, III, 327.

Villaverde, Juan de, Governor of Santiago, I, 276.

Villegas, Diaz de, Secretary of Treasury, IV, 297; resigns, 302.

Villuendas, Enrique, in Constitutional Convention, IV, 188; secretary, 189.

Virginius, capture of, III, 277; butchery of officers and crew, 278 et seq.; British intervention, 280; list of passengers, 281; diplomatic negotiations over, 283.

Vives, Francisco, Governor, II, 317; despotism, 317; expedition against Mexico, 346.

Viyuri, Luis, II, 197.

Volunteers, organized, III, 152; murder Arango, 188; have Dulce recalled, 213; cause murder of Zenea, 252; increased activities, 260; murder of students, 261.

War of Independence, IV, i, 8; circumstances of beginning, 9; finances, 14; Republic of Cuba proclaimed, 15; attitude of Cuban people, 22; actual outbreak, 29; martial law proclaimed, 30; Spanish forces in Cuba, 31; arrival and policy of Martinez Campos, 38; Gomez and Maceo begin great campaign, 53; Spanish defeated, and reenforced, 55; campaign of devastation, 60; entire island involved, 61; fall of Campos, 63; Weyler in command, 66; destruction by both sides, 68; losses, 90; entry of United States, 107; attitude of Cubans toward American intervention, 108; end of war, 116.

Watling's Island. See GUANAHANI.

Wax, development of Industry, II, 132.

Webster, Daniel, negotiations with Spain, III, 126.

Weyler y Nicolau, Valeriano, Governor, IV, 65; portrait, 66; harsh decree, 66; conquers Pinar del Rio. 83; "concentration" policy, 85; recalled, 88.

Wheeler, Gen. Joseph, at Santiago, IV, 113, 115.

White, Col. G. W., with Lopez, III, 40.

Whitney, Henry, messenger to Gomez, IV, 107.

Williams, Ramon O., United States consul at Havana, IV, 32; acts in behalf of Americans in Cuba, 72; opposes sending _Maine_ to Havana, 100.

Wittemeyer, Major, reports on Gomez revolution to Washington government, IV, 336; offers President Menocal aid of United States, 337.

Wood, General Leonard, at San Juan Hill, IV, 113; Military Governor of Santiago, 135; his previous career, 140; unique responsibility and power, 141; dealing with pestilence, 142; organizes Rural Guards, 144; portrait, facing 158; Military Governor of Cuba, 158; well received by Cubans, 158; estimate of _La Lucha_, 158; his Cabinet, 159; comments on his appointments, 160; reorganization of school system, 161; promotes public works, 166; Dady contract dispute, 171; applies Finlay's yellow fever theory with great success, 171; reform of jurisprudence, 177; organizes Provincial governments, 179; holds municipal elections, 180; promulgates election law, 181; calls Constitutional Convention, 185; calls for general election, 240; his comments on election, 245; announces end of American occupation, 246; surrenders government of Cuba to Cubans, 249; President Roosevelt's estimate of his work, 251; view of one of his mountain roads, facing 358.

Woodford, Stewart L., United States Minister to Spain, IV, 103; presents ultimatum and departs, 106.

Xagua, Gulf of, I, 21.

Ximenes, Cardinal and Regent, gives Las Casas hearing on Cuba, I, 77.

Yanez, Adolfo Saenz, Secretary of Agriculture and Public Works, IV, 146.

Yellow Fever, first invasion, II, 51; Dr. Finlay's theory applied by General Wood, IV, 171; disease eliminated from island, 176.

Yero, Eduardo, Secretary of Public Instruction, IV, 254.

Ynestrosa, Juan de, I, 207.

Yniguez, Bernardino, I, 111.

Yucatan, islands source of slave trade, I, 83; explored by Cordova, 84.

Yznaga, Jose Sanchez, III, 37.

Zaldo, Carlos, Secretary of State, IV, 254.

Zambrana, Ramon, III, 328.

Zanjon, Treaty of, III, 299.

Zapata, Peninsula of, visited by Columbus, I, 22.

Zarraga, Julian, filibuster, IV, 70.

Zayas, Alfredo, secretary of Constitutional Convention, IV, 189; compact with José Miguel Gomez, 265; spokesman of revolutionists against President Palma, 277; elected Vice President, 290; becomes Vice President, 297; sketch and portrait, 300; quarrel with Gomez, 306; candidate for President, 328; hints at revolution, 330.

Zayas, Francisco, Lieutenant Governor, I, 205; resigns, 206.

Zayas, Francisco, in Autonomist Cabinet, IV, 95.

Zayas, Juan B., killed in battle, IV, 78.

Zayas, Lincoln de, in Cuban Junta, IV, 12; Superintendent of Schools, 162.

Zenea, Juan Clemente, sketch and portrait, III, 252; murdered, 253; his works, 332.

Zequiera y Arango, Manuel, II, 274.

Zipangu. See CIPANOO.

Zuazo, Alfonso de, appointed second Governor of Cuba, I, 100; dismissed by King, 102.

* * * * *

The following typographical errors were corrected by the etext transcriber:

whereupon Castanada=>whereupon Castenada

General Caballere de Rodas=>General Caballero de Rodas

He had taken an active part in the revolution upon its inception=>He had taken an active part in the resolution upon its inception

wtih which to support their movement=>with which to support their movement

deserted and, approaching the Spanish=>deserted, and approaching the Spanish

their govermnents and to have interviews=>their governments and to have interviews

Talon was an intense patriot=>Tolon was an intense patriot

quantiy of provisions=>quantity of provisions