Chapter 52

Sil"ver-gray` (?), a. Having a gray color with a silvery luster; as, silver-gray hair.

Sil"ver*i*ness (?), n. The state of being silvery.

Sil"ver*ing, n. (Metal.) The art or process of covering metals, wood, paper, glass, etc., with a thin film of metallic silver, or a substance resembling silver; also, the firm do laid on; as, the silvering of a glass speculum.

Sil"ver*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silverized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Silverizing.] To cover with silver.

Sil"ver*less, a. Having no silcver; hence, without money; impecunious. Piers Plowman.

Sil"ver*ling, n. A small silver coin. [Obs.]

A thousand vines at a thousand silverings.

Isa. vii. 23.

Sil"ver*ly, adv. Like silver in appearance or in sound.

Let me wipe off this honorable dew, That silverly doth progress on thy cheeks.

Shak.

Sil"vern (?), a. [AS. seolfern, sylfren.] Made of silver. [Archaic.] Wyclif (Acts xix. 24).

Speech is silvern; silence is golden.

Old Proverb.

Sil"ver*sides` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small fishes of the family Atherinidæ, having a silvery stripe along each side of the body. The common species of the American coast (Menidia notata) is very abundant. Called also silverside, sand smelt, friar, tailor, and tinker.

Brook silversides (Zoöl.), a small fresh-water North American fish (Labadesthes sicculus) related to the marine silversides.

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Sil"ver*smith` (?), n. One whose occupation is to manufacture utensils, ornaments, etc., of silver; a worker in silver.

Sil"ver*spot` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of butterflies of the genus Argynnis and allied genera, having silvery spots on the under side of the wings. See Illust. under Aphrodite.

Sil"ver*ware` (?), n. Dishes, vases, ornaments, and utensils of various sorts, made of silver.

Sil"ver*weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A perennial rosaceous herb (Potentilla Anserina) having the leaves silvery white beneath.

Sil"ver*y (?), a. 1. Resembling, or having the luster of, silver; grayish white and lustrous; of a mild luster; bright.

All the enameled race, whose silvery wing Waves to the tepid zephyrs of the spring.

Pope.

2. Besprinkled or covered with silver.

3. Having the clear, musical tone of silver; soft and clear in sound; as, silvery voices; a silvery laugh.

Silvery iron (Metal.), a peculiar light-gray fine-grained cast iron, usually obtained from clay iron ore.

Sil"vi*cul`ture (?), n. [Cf. F. silviculture.] See Sylviculture.

Si"ma (?), n. (Arch.) A cyma.

Sim"a*gre (?), n. [F. simagrée.] A grimace. [Obs.] Dryden.

Si*mar" (?), n. [F. simarre. See Chimere.] A woman's long dress or robe; also light covering; a scarf. [Written also cimar, cymar, samare, simare.]

||Si`marre" (?). [F.] See Simar. Sir W. Scott.

Sim"blot (?), n. [F. simbleau.] The harness of a drawloom.

||Sim"i*a (?), n. [L., an ape; cf. simus flatnosed, snub-nosed, Gr. ||&?;&?;&?;.] (Zoöl.) A Linnæan genus of Quadrumana which included the ||types of numerous modern genera. By modern writers it is usually ||restricted to the genus which includes the orang- outang.

Sim"i*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Simian; apelike.

Sim"i*an (?), a. [L. simia an ape.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Simiadæ, which, in its widest sense, includes all the Old World apes and monkeys; also, apelike. -- n. Any Old World monkey or ape.

Sim"i*lar (?), a. [F. similaire, fr. L. similis like, similar. See Same, a., and cf. Simulate.] 1. Exactly corresponding; resembling in all respects; precisely like.

2. Nearly corresponding; resembling in many respects; somewhat like; having a general likeness.

3. Homogenous; uniform. [R.] Boyle.

Similar figures (Geom.), figures which differ from each other only in magnitude, being made up of the same number of like parts similarly situated. -- Similar rectilineal figures, such as have their several angles respectively equal, each to each, and their sides about the equal angles proportional. -- Similar solids, such as are contained by the same number of similar planes, similarly situated, and having like inclination to one another.

Sim"i*lar, n. That which is similar to, or resembles, something else, as in quality, form, etc.

Sim`i*lar"i*ty (?), n.; pl. -ties (#). [Cf. F. similarité.] The quality or state of being similar; likeness; resemblance; as, a similarity of features.

Hardly is there a similarity detected between two or three facts, than men hasten to extend it to all.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Sim"i*lar*ly (?), adv. In a similar manner.

Sim"i*lar*y (?), a. Similar. [Obs.]

Rhyming cadences of similarly words.

South.

Sim"i*la*tive (?), a. Implying or indicating likeness or resemblance. [R.]

In similative or instrumental relation to a pa. pple. [past participle], as almond-leaved, -scented, etc.

New English Dict.

Sim"i*le (?), n.; pl. Similes (#). [L., from similis. See Similar.] (Rhet.) A word or phrase by which anything is likened, in one or more of its aspects, to something else; a similitude; a poetical or imaginative comparison.

A good swift simile, but something currish.

Shak.

||Si*mil"i*ter (?), n. [L., in like manner.] (Law) The technical name ||of the form by which either party, in pleading, accepts the issue ||tendered by his opponent; -- called sometimes a joinder in issue.

Si*mil"i*tude (?), n. [F. similitude, L. similitudo, from similis similar. See Similar.] 1. The quality or state of being similar or like; resemblance; likeness; similarity; as, similitude of substance. Chaucer.

Let us make now man in our image, man In our similitude.

Milton.

If fate some future bard shall join In sad similitude of griefs to mine.

Pope.

2. The act of likening, or that which likens, one thing to another; fanciful or imaginative comparison; a simile.

Tasso, in his similitudes, never departed from the woods; that is, all his comparisons were taken from the country.

Dryden.

3. That which is like or similar; a representation, semblance, or copy; a facsimile.

Man should wed his similitude.

Chaucer.

Si*mil`i*tu"di*na*ry (?), a. Involving or expressing similitude. [Obs.] Coke.

Sim"i*lize (?), v. t. To liken; to compare; as, to similize a person, thing, or act. Lowell.

Sim"i*lor (?), n. [F., fr. L. similus similar + F. or gold, L. aurum. Cf. Semilor.] An alloy of copper and zinc, resembling brass, but of a golden color. Ure.

Sim"i*ous (?), a.[L. simia an ape.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Simiæ; monkeylike.

That strange simious, schoolboy passion of giving pain to others.

Sydney Smith.

Sim"i*tar (?), n. See Scimiter.

Sim"mer (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Simmered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Simmering.] [Prov. E. also simper; -- an onomatopoetic word.] To boil gently, or with a gentle hissing; to begin to boil.

I simmer as liquor doth on the fire before it beginneth to boil.

Palsgrave.

Sim"mer, v. t. To cause to boil gently; to cook in liquid heated almost or just to the boiling point.

Sim"nel (?), n. [OF. simenel cake or bread of wheat flour, LL. simenellus wheat bread, fr. L. simila the finest wheat flour. Cf. Semolina.] 1. A kind of cake made of fine flour; a cracknel. [Obs.]

Not common bread, but vastel bread, or simnels.

Fuller.

2. A kind of rich plum cake, eaten especially on Mid-Lent Sunday. [Eng.] Herrick.

Si*mo"ni*ac (?), n. [LL. simoniacus. See Simony.] One who practices simony, or who buys or sells preferment in the church. Ayliffe.

Sim`o*ni"a*cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to simony; guilty of simony; consisting of simony. -- Sim"o*ni`a*cal*ly, adv.

The flagitious profligacy of their lives, and the simoniacal arts by which they grasped at the popedom.

J. S. Harford.

Si*mo"ni*al (?), a. Simoniacal. [Obs.]

Si*mo"ni*an (?), n.[See Simony.] One of the followers of Simon Magus; also, an adherent of certain heretical sects in the early Christian church.

Si*mo"ni*ous (?), a. Simoniacal. [Obs.] Milton.

Sim"o*nist (?), n. One who practices simony.

Sim"o*ny (?), n. [F. simonie, LL. simonia, fr. Simon Magus, who wished to purchase the power of conferring the Holy Spirit. Acts viii.] The crime of buying or selling ecclesiastical preferment; the corrupt presentation of any one to an ecclesiastical benefice for money or reward. Piers Plowman.

{ Si*moom" (?), Si*moon" (?), } n. [Ar. sam&?;m, fr. samma to poison. Cf. Samiel.] A hot, dry, suffocating, dust-laden wind, that blows occasionally in Arabia, Syria, and neighboring countries, generated by the extreme heat of the parched deserts or sandy plains.

Si"mous (?), a.[L. simus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;.] Having a very flat or snub nose, with the end turned up.

Sim"pai (?), n.[Malay simpei.] (Zoöl.) A long-tailed monkey (Semnopitchecus melalophus) native of Sumatra. It has a crest of black hair. The forehead and cheeks are fawn color, the upper parts tawny and red, the under parts white. Called also black-crested monkey, and sinpæ.

Sim"per (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Simpered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Simpering.] [Cf. Norw. semper fine, smart, dial. Dan. semper, simper, affected, coy, prudish, OSw. semper one who affectedly refrains from eating, Sw. sipp finical, prim, LG. sipp.] 1. To smile in a silly, affected, or conceited manner.

Behold yond simpering dame.

Shak.

With a made countenance about her mouth, between simpering and smiling.

ir. P. Sidney.

2. To glimmer; to twinkle. [Obs.]

Yet can I mark how stars above Simper and shine.

Herbert.

Sim"per, n. A constrained, self- conscious smile; an affected, silly smile; a smirk.

The conscious simper, and the jealous leer.

Pope.

Sim"per*er (?), n. One who simpers. Sir W. Scott.

A simperer that a court affords.

T. Nevile.

Sim"per*ing, a. &. n. from Simper, v.

Sim"per*ing*ly, adv. In a simpering manner.

Sim"ple (?), a. [Compar. Simpler (?); superl. Simplest.] [F., fr. L. simplus, or simplex, gen. simplicis. The first part of the Latin words is probably akin to E. same, and the sense, one, one and the same; cf. L. semel once, singuli one to each, single. Cg. Single, a., Same, a., and for the last part of the word cf. Double, Complex.] 1. Single; not complex; not infolded or entangled; uncombined; not compounded; not blended with something else; not complicated; as, a simple substance; a simple idea; a simple sound; a simple machine; a simple problem; simple tasks.

2. Plain; unadorned; as, simple dress. "Simple truth." Spenser. "His simple story." Burns.

3. Mere; not other than; being only.

A medicine . . . whose simple touch Is powerful to araise King Pepin.

Shak.

4. Not given to artifice, stratagem, or duplicity; undesigning; sincere; true.

Full many fine men go upon my score, as simple as I stand here, and I trust them.

Marston.

Must thou trust Tradition's simple tongue?

Byron.

To be simple is to be great.

Emerson.

5. Artless in manner; unaffected; unconstrained; natural; inartificial;; straightforward.

In simple manners all the secret lies.

Young.

6. Direct; clear; intelligible; not abstruse or enigmatical; as, a simple statement; simple language.

7. Weak in intellect; not wise or sagacious; of but moderate understanding or attainments; hence, foolish; silly. "You have simple wits." Shak.

The simple believeth every word; but the prudent man looketh well to his going.

Prov. xiv. 15.

8. Not luxurious; without much variety; plain; as, a simple diet; a simple way of living.

Thy simple fare and all thy plain delights.

Cowper.

9. Humble; lowly; undistinguished.

A simple husbandman in garments gray.

Spenser.

Clergy and laity, male and female, gentle and simple made the fuel of the same fire.

Fuller.

10. (BOt.) Without subdivisions; entire; as, a simple stem; a simple leaf.

11. (Chem.) Not capable of being decomposed into anything more simple or ultimate by any means at present known; elementary; thus, atoms are regarded as simple bodies. Cf. Ultimate, a.

A simple body is one that has not as yet been decomposed. There are indications that many of our simple elements are still compound bodies, though their actual decomposition into anything simpler may never be accomplished.

12. (Min.) Homogenous.

13. (Zoöl.) Consisting of a single individual or zooid; as, a simple ascidian; -- opposed to compound.

Simple contract (Law), any contract, whether verbal or written, which is not of record or under seal. J. W. Smith. Chitty. -- Simple equation (Alg.), an equation containing but one unknown quantity, and that quantity only in the first degree. -- Simple eye (Zoöl.), an eye having a single lens; -- opposed to compound eye. -- Simple interest. See under Interest. -- Simple larceny. (Law) See under Larceny. -- Simple obligation (Rom. Law), an obligation which does not depend for its execution upon any event provided for by the parties, or is not to become void on the happening of any such event. Burrill.

Syn. -- Single; uncompounded; unmingled; unmixed; mere; uncombined; elementary; plain; artless; sincere; harmless; undesigning; frank; open; unaffected; inartificial; unadorned; credulous; silly; foolish; shallow; unwise. -- Simple, Silly. One who is simple is sincere, unaffected, and inexperienced in duplicity, -- hence liable to be duped. A silly person is one who is ignorant or weak and also self- confident; hence, one who shows in speech and act a lack of good sense. Simplicity is incompatible with duplicity, artfulness, or vanity, while silliness is consistent with all three. Simplicity denotes lack of knowledge or of guile; silliness denotes want of judgment or right purpose, a defect of character as well as of education.

I am a simple woman, much too weak To oppose your cunning.

Shak.

He is the companion of the silliest people in their most silly pleasure; he is ready for every impertinent entertainment and diversion.

Law.

Sim"ple (?), n. [F. See Simple, a.] 1. Something not mixed or compounded. "Compounded of many simples." Shak.

2. (Med.) A medicinal plant; -- so called because each vegetable was supposed to possess its particular virtue, and therefore to constitute a simple remedy.

What virtue is in this remedy lies in the naked simple itself as it comes over from the Indies.

Sir W. Temple.

3. (Weaving) (a) A drawloom. (b) A part of the apparatus for raising the heddles of a drawloom.

4. (R. C. Ch.) A feast which is not a double or a semidouble.

Sim"ple, v. i. To gather simples, or medicinal plants.

As simpling on the flowery hills she [Circe] strayed.

Garth.

Sim"ple-heart`ed (?), a. Sincere; inguenuous; guileless. Sir W. Scott.

Sim"ple-mind`ed (?), a. Artless; guileless; simple-hearted; undesigning; unsuspecting; devoid of duplicity. Blackstone. -- Sim"ple-mind`ed*ness, n.

Sim"ple*ness, n. The quality or state of being simple; simplicity. Shak.

Sim"pler (?), n. One who collects simples, or medicinal plants; a herbalist; a simplist.

Simpler's joy. (Bot.) Vervain.

Sim"pless (?), n. [F. simplesse.] Simplicity; silliness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sim"ple*ton (?), n. [Cf. F. simplet, It. semplicione.] A person of weak intellect; a silly person.

Sim*pli"cian (?), n. [Cf. OF. simplicien.] One who is simple. [Obs.] Arnway.

Sim*plic"i*ty (?), n. [F. simplicité, L. simplicitas. See Simple.] 1. The quality or state of being simple, unmixed, or uncompounded; as, the simplicity of metals or of earths.

2. The quality or state of being not complex, or of consisting of few parts; as, the simplicity of a machine.

3. Artlessness of mind; freedom from cunning or duplicity; lack of acuteness and sagacity.

Marquis Dorset, a man, for his harmless simplicity neither misliked nor much regarded.

Hayward.

In wit a man; simplicity a child.

Pope.

4. Freedom from artificial ornament, pretentious style, or luxury; plainness; as, simplicity of dress, of style, or of language; simplicity of diet; simplicity of life.

5. Freedom from subtlety or abstruseness; clearness; as, the simplicity of a doctrine; the simplicity of an explanation or a demonstration.

6. Weakness of intellect; silliness; folly.

How long, ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity? and the scorners delight in their scorning?

Prov. i. 22.

Sim`pli*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. simplification.] The act of simplifying. A. Smith.

Sim"pli*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Simplified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Simplifying (?).] [Cf. F. simplifier, LL. simplificare. See Simple, and -fy.] To make simple; to make less complex; to make clear by giving the explanation for; to show an easier or shorter process for doing or making.

The collection of duties is drawn to a point, and so far simplified.

A. Hamilton.

It is important, in scientific pursuits, to be caitious in simplifying our deductions.

W. Nicholson.

Sim"plist (?), n. One skilled in simples, or medicinal plants; a simpler. Sir T. Browne.

Sim*plis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to simples, or a simplist. [R.] Wilkinson.

Sim"pli*ty (?), n. Simplicity. [Obs.]

Sim"plo*ce (?), n. (Gram.) See Symploce.

Sim"ply (?), adv. 1. In a simple manner or state; considered in or by itself; without addition; along; merely; solely; barely.

[They] make that now good or evil, . . . which otherwise of itself were not simply the one or the other.

Hooker.

Simply the thing I am Shall make me live.

Shak.

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2. Plainly; without art or subtlety.

Subverting worldly strong and worldly wise By simply meek.

Milton.

3. Weakly; foolishly. Johnson.

{ Sim"u*la`cher, Sim"u*la`chre } (?), n. [Cf. F. simulacre.] See Simulacrum. [Obs.]

||Sim`u*la"crum (?), n.; pl. Simulacra (#). [L. See Simulate.] A ||likeness; a semblance; a mock appearance; a sham; -- now usually in a ||derogatory sense.

Beneath it nothing but a great simulacrum.

Thackeray.

Sim"u*lar (?), n. [Cf. L. simulator, F. simulateur. See Simulate.] One who pretends to be what he is not; one who, or that which, simulates or counterfeits something; a pretender. [Obs.] Shak.

Christ calleth the Pharisees hypocrites, that is to say, simulars, and painted sepulchers.

Tyndale.

Sim"u*lar, a. False; specious; counterfeit. [R. & Obs.] "Thou simular man of virtue." Shak.

Sim"u*late (?), a. [L. simulatus, p. p. of simulare to simulate; akin to simul at the same time, together, similis like. See Similar, and cf. Dissemble, Semblance.] Feigned; pretended. Bale.

Sim"u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Simulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Simulating.] To assume the mere appearance of, without the reality; to assume the signs or indications of, falsely; to counterfeit; to feign.

The Puritans, even in the depths of the dungeons to which she had sent them, prayed, and with no simulated fervor, that she might be kept from the dagger of the assassin.

Macaulay.

Sim`u*la"tion (?), n. [F. simulation, L. simulatio.] The act of simulating, or assuming an appearance which is feigned, or not true; -- distinguished from dissimulation, which disguises or conceals what is true.

Syn. -- Counterfeiting; feint; pretense.

Sim"u*la`tor (?), n. [L.] One who simulates, or feigns. De Quincey.

Sim"u*la*to*ry (?), a. Simulated, or capable of being simulated. Bp. Hall.

Si`mul*ta*ne"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being simultaneous; simultaneousness.

Si`mul*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [LL. simultim at the same time, fr. L. simul. See Simulate.] Existing, happening, or done, at the same time; as, simultaneous events. -- Si`mul*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Si`mul*ta"ne*ous*ness, n.

Simultaneous equations (Alg.), two or more equations in which the values of the unknown quantities entering them are the same at the same time in both or in all.

Sim"ul*ty (?), n. [L. simultas a hostile encounter, drudge, originally, a (hostile) coming together, fr. simul together: cf. OF. simulté.] Private grudge or quarrel; as, domestic simulties. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sin (?), adv., prep., & conj. Old form of Since. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Sin that his lord was twenty year of age.

Chaucer.

Sin, n. [OE. sinne, AS. synn, syn; akin to D. zonde, OS. sundia, OHG. sunta, G. sünde, Icel., Dan. & Sw. synd, L. sons, sontis, guilty, perhaps originally from the p. pr. of the verb signifying, to be, and meaning, the one who it is. Cf. Authentic, Sooth.] 1. Transgression of the law of God; disobedience of the divine command; any violation of God's will, either in purpose or conduct; moral deficiency in the character; iniquity; as, sins of omission and sins of commission.

Whosoever committeth sin is the servant of sin.

John viii. 34.

Sin is the transgression of the law.

1 John iii. 4.

I think 't no sin. To cozen him that would unjustly win.

Shak.

Enthralled By sin to foul, exorbitant desires.

Milton.

2. An offense, in general; a violation of propriety; a misdemeanor; as, a sin against good manners.

I grant that poetry's a crying sin.

Pope.

3. A sin offering; a sacrifice for sin.

He hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin.

2 Cor. v. 21.

4. An embodiment of sin; a very wicked person. [R.]

Thy ambition, Thou scarlet sin, robbed this bewailing land Of noble Buckingham.

Shak.

Sin is used in the formation of some compound words of obvious signification; as, sin-born; sin-bred, sin-oppressed, sin-polluted, and the like.

Actual sin, Canonical sins, Original sin, Venial sin. See under Actual, Canonical, etc. -- Deadly, or Mortal, sins (R. C. Ch.), willful and deliberate transgressions, which take away divine grace; -- in distinction from vental sins. The seven deadly sins are pride, covetousness, lust, wrath, gluttony, envy, and sloth. -- Sin eater, a man who (according to a former practice in England) for a small gratuity ate a piece of bread laid on the chest of a dead person, whereby he was supposed to have taken the sins of the dead person upon himself. -- Sin offering, a sacrifice for sin; something offered as an expiation for sin.

Syn. -- Iniquity; wickedness; wrong. See Crime.

Sin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sinned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sinning.] [OE. sinnen, singen, sinegen, AS. syngian. See Sin, n.] 1. To depart voluntarily from the path of duty prescribed by God to man; to violate the divine law in any particular, by actual transgression or by the neglect or nonobservance of its injunctions; to violate any known rule of duty; -- often followed by against.

Against thee, thee only, have I sinned.

Ps. li. 4.

All have sinned, and come short of the glory of God.

Rom. iii. 23.

2. To violate human rights, law, or propriety; to commit an offense; to trespass; to transgress.

I am a man More sinned against than sinning.

Shak.

Who but wishes to invert the laws Of order, sins against the eternal cause.

Pope.

{ Si*na"ic (?), Si`na*it"ic (?), } a. [From Mount Sinai.] Of or pertaining to Mount Sinai; given or made at Mount Sinai; as, the Sinaitic law.

Sinaitic manuscript, a fourth century Greek manuscript of the part Bible, discovered at Mount Sinai (the greater part of it in 1859) by Tisschendorf, a German Biblical critic; -- called also Codex Sinaiticus.

Sin*al"bin (?), n. [From L. Sinapis + alba.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in the seeds of white mustard (Brassica alba, formerly Sinapis alba), and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

Sin*am"ine (?), n. [Sinapis + melamine.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline nitrogenous substance, obtained indirectly from oil of mustard and ammonia; -- called also allyl melamine.

Sin"a*pate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sinapic acid.

Sin"a*pic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to sinapine; specifically, designating an acid (C11H12O5) related to gallic acid, and obtained by the decomposition of sinapine, as a white crystalline substance.

Sin"a*pine (?), n. [L. sinapi, sinapis, mustard, Gr. &?;&?;&?;: cf. F. sinapine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid occuring in the seeds of mustard. It is extracted, in combination with sulphocyanic acid, as a white crystalline substance, having a hot, bitter taste. When sinapine is isolated it is unstable and undergoes decomposition.

||Si*na"pis (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) A disused generic name for mustard; -- ||now called Brassica.