Chapter 53

Sin"a*pis`in (?), n. (Chem.) A substance extracted from mustard seed and probably identical with sinalbin. [Obs.]

Sin"a*pism (?), n. [L. sinapismus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, the use of a mustard blister, fr. &?;&?;&?; to apply a mustard blister, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?; mustard.] (Med.) A plaster or poultice composed principally of powdered mustard seed, or containing the volatile oil of mustard seed. It is a powerful irritant.

Sin`a*po*le"ic (?), a. [Sinapis + oleic.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to mustard oil; specifically, designating an acid of the oleic acid series said to occur in mistard oil.

Si*nap"o*line (?), n. [Sinapis + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous base, CO.(NH.C3H5)2, related to urea, extracted from mustard oil, and also produced artifically, as a white crystalline substance; -- called also diallyl urea.

Sin"ca*line (?), n. [So called because obtained by the action of alkalies on sinapine.] (Chem.) Choline. [Written also sinkaline.]

Since (sns), adv. [For sins, contr. fr. OE. sithens, sithenes, formed by an adverbial ending (cf. Besides) from OE. sithen, also shortened into sithe, sin, AS. siððan, syððan, seoððan, afterward, then, since, after; properly, after that; fr. sð after, later, adv. and prep. (originally a comparative adv., akin to OS. sð afterward, since, OHG. sd, G. seit since, Goth. seiþus late, ni þanaseiþs no longer) + ðon instrumental of the demonstrative and article. See That.] 1. From a definite past time until now; as, he went a month ago, and I have not seen him since. [1913 Webster]

We since become the slaves to one man's lust.

B. Jonson.

2. In the time past, counting backward from the present; before this or now; ago.

How many ages since has Virgil writ?

Roscommon.

About two years since, it so fell out, that he was brought to a great lady's house.

Sir P. Sidney.

3. When or that. [Obs.]

Do you remember since we lay all night in the windmill in St. George's field?

Shak.

Since, prep. From the time of; in or during the time subsequent to; subsequently to; after; -- usually with a past event or time for the object.

The Lord hath blessed thee, since my coming.

Gen. xxx. 30.

I have a model by which he build a nobler poem than any extant since the ancients.

Dryden.

Since, conj. Seeing that; because; considering; -- formerly followed by that.

Since that my penitence comes after all, Imploring pardon.

Shak.

Since truth and constancy are vain, Since neither love, nor sense of pain, Nor force of reason, can persuade, Then let example be obeyed.

Granville.

Syn. -- Because; for; as; inasmuch as; considering. See Because.

Sin*cere" (?), a. [Compar. Sincerer (?); superl. Sincerest.] [L. sincerus, of uncertain origin; the first part perhaps akin to sin- in singuli (see Single), and the second to cernere to separate (cf. Discern): cf. F. sincère.] 1. Pure; unmixed; unadulterated.

There is no sincere acid in any animal juice.

Arbuthnot.

A joy which never was sincere till now.

Dryden.

2. Whole; perfect; unhurt; uninjured. [Obs.]

The inviolable body stood sincere.

Dryden.

3. Being in reality what it appears to be; having a character which corresponds with the appearance; not falsely assumed; genuine; true; real; as, a sincere desire for knowledge; a sincere contempt for meanness.

A sincere intention of pleasing God in all our actions.

Law.

4. Honest; free from hypocrisy or dissimulation; as, a sincere friend; a sincere person.

The more sincere you are, the better it will fare with you at the great day of account.

Waterland.

Syn. -- Honest; unfeigned; unvarnished; real; true; unaffected; inartificial; frank; upright. See Hearty.

Sin*cere"ly, adv. In a sincere manner. Specifically: (a) Purely; without alloy. Milton. (b) Honestly; unfeignedly; without dissimulation; as, to speak one's mind sincerely; to love virtue sincerely.

Sin*cere"ness, n. Same as Sincerity. Beau. & Fl.

Sin*cer"i*ty (?), n. [L. sinceritas: cf. F. sincérité.] The quality or state of being sincere; honesty of mind or intention; freedom from simulation, hypocrisy, disguise, or false pretense; sincereness.

I protest, in the sincerity of love.

Shak.

Sincerity is a duty no less plain than important.

Knox.

Sinch (?), n. [See Cinch.] A saddle girth made of leather, canvas, woven horsehair, or woven grass. [Western U.S.]

Sinch, v. t. To gird with a sinch; to tighten the sinch or girth of (a saddle); as, to sinch up a sadle. [Western U.S.]

Sin*cip"i*tal (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sinciput; being in the region of the sinciput.

Sin"ci*put (?), n. [L., half a head; semihalf + caput the head.] 1. (Anat.) The fore part of the head.

2. (Zoöl.) The part of the head of a bird between the base of the bill and the vertex.

Sin"don (?), n. [L., a kind of fine Indian cotton stuff, Gr. &?;&?;&?;.] 1. A wrapper. [Obs.] "Wrapped in sindons of linen." Bacon.

2. (Surg.) A small rag or pledget introduced into the hole in the cranium made by a trephine. Dunglison.

Sine (?), n. [LL. sinus a sine, L. sinus bosom, used in translating the Ar. jaib, properly, bosom, but probably read by mistake (the consonants being the same) for an original jba sine, from Skr. jva bowstring, chord of an arc, sine.] (Trig.) (a) The length of a perpendicular drawn from one extremity of an arc of a circle to the diameter drawn through the other extremity. (b) The perpendicular itself. See Sine of angle, below.

Artificial sines, logarithms of the natural sines, or logarithmic sines. -- Curve of sines. See Sinusoid. -- Natural sines, the decimals expressing the values of the sines, the radius being unity. -- Sine of an angle, in a circle whose radius is unity, the sine of the arc that measures the angle; in a right-angled triangle, the side opposite the given angle divided by the hypotenuse. See Trigonometrical function, under Function. -- Versed sine, that part of the diameter between the sine and the arc.

||Si"ne (?), prep. [L.] Without.

Si"ne*cu`ral (?), a. Of or pertaining to a sinecure; being in the nature of a sinecure.

Si`ne*cure (?), n. [L. sine without + cura care, LL., a cure. See Cure.] 1. An ecclesiastical benefice without the care of souls. Ayliffe.

2. Any office or position which requires or involves little or no responsibility, labor, or active service.

A lucrative sinecure in the Excise.

Macaulay.

Si"ne*cure, v. t. To put or place in a sinecure.

Si"ne*cu*rism (?), n. The state of having a sinecure.

Si"ne*cu*rist (?), n. One who has a sinecure.

Sin"ew (?), n. [OE. sinewe, senewe, AS. sinu, seonu; akin to D. zenuw, OHG. senawa, G. sehne, Icel. sin, Sw. sena, Dan. sene; cf. Skr. snva. √290.]

1. (Anat.) A tendon or tendonous tissue. See Tendon.

2. Muscle; nerve. [R.] Sir J. Davies.

3. Fig.: That which supplies strength or power.

The portion and sinew of her fortune, her marriage dowry.

Shak.

The bodies of men, munition, and money, may justly be called the sinews of war.

Sir W. Raleigh.

Money alone is often called the sinews of war.

Sin"ew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sinewed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sinewing.] To knit together, or make strong with, or as with, sinews. Shak.

Wretches, now stuck up for long tortures . . . might, if properly treated, serve to sinew the state in time of danger.

Goldsmith.

Sin"ewed (?), a. 1. Furnished with sinews; as, a strong-sinewed youth.

2. Fig.: Equipped; strengthened.

When he sees Ourselves well sinewed to our defense.

Shak.

Sin"ew*i*ness (?), n. Quality of being sinewy.

Sin"ew*ish, a. Sinewy. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Sin"ew*less, a. Having no sinews; hence, having no strength or vigor.

Sin"ew*ous (?), a. Sinewy. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Sin"ew-shrunk` (?), a. (Far.) Having the sinews under the belly shrunk by excessive fatigue.

Sin"ew*y (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, a sinew or sinews.

The sinewy thread my brain lets fall.

Donne.

2. Well braced with, or as if with, sinews; nervous; vigorous; strong; firm; tough; as, the sinewy Ajax.

A man whose words . . . were so close and sinewy.

Hare.

Sin"ful (?), a. [AAS. synfull.] Tainted with, or full of, sin; wicked; iniquitous; criminal; unholy; as, sinful men; sinful thoughts. Piers Plowman.

Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity.

Isa. i. 4.

-- Sin"ful*ly, adv. -- Sin"ful*ness, n.

Sing (?), v. i. [imp. Sung (?) or Sang (&?;); p. p. Sung; p. pr. & vb. n. Singing.] [AS. singan; akin to D. zingen, OS. & OHG. singan, G. singen, Icel. syngja, Sw. sjunga, Dan. synge, Goth. siggwan, and perhaps to E. say, v.t., or cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?; voice. Cf. Singe, Song.] 1. To utter sounds with musical inflections or melodious modulations of voice, as fancy may dictate, or according to the notes of a song or tune, or of a given part (as alto, tenor, etc.) in a chorus or concerted piece.

The noise of them that sing do I hear.

Ex. xxxii. 18.

2. To utter sweet melodious sounds, as birds do.

On every bough the briddes heard I sing.

Chaucer.

Singing birds, in silver cages hung.

Dryden.

3. To make a small, shrill sound; as, the air sings in passing through a crevice.

O'er his head the flying spear Sang innocent, and spent its force in air.

Pope.

4. To tell or relate something in numbers or verse; to celebrate something in poetry. Milton.

Bid her . . . sing Of human hope by cross event destroyed.

Prior.

<! p. 1344 !>

5. To cry out; to complain. [Obs.]

They should sing if thet they were bent.

Chaucer.

Sing (?), v. t. 1. To utter with musical inflections or modulations of voice.

And they sing the song of Moses, the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb.

Rev. xv. 3.

And in the darkness sing your carol of high praise.

Keble.

2. To celebrate is song; to give praises to in verse; to relate or rehearse in numbers, verse, or poetry. Milton.

Arms and the man I sing.

Dryden.

The last, the happiest British king, Whom thou shalt paint or I shall sing.

Addison.

3. To influence by singing; to lull by singing; as, to sing a child to sleep.

4. To accompany, or attend on, with singing.

I heard them singing home the bride.

Longfellow.

Singe (snj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Singed (snjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Singeing (snj"ng).] [OE. sengen, AS. sengan in besengan (akin to D. zengen, G. sengen), originally, to cause to sing, fr. AS. singan to sing, in allusion to the singing or hissing sound often produced when a substance is singed, or slightly burned. See Sing.] 1. To burn slightly or superficially; to burn the surface of; to burn the ends or outside of; as, to singe the hair or the skin.

You sulphurous and thought-executing fires, . . . Singe my white head!

Shak.

I singed the toes of an ape through a burning glass.

L'Estrange.

2. (a) To remove the nap of (cloth), by passing it rapidly over a red-hot bar, or over a flame, preliminary to dyeing it. (b) To remove the hair or down from (a plucked chicken or the like) by passing it over a flame.

Singe, n. A burning of the surface; a slight burn.

Sin"ger (sn"jr), n. [From Singe.] One who, or that which, singes. Specifically: (a) One employed to singe cloth. (b) A machine for singeing cloth.

Sing"er (?), n. [From Sing.] One who sings; especially, one whose profession is to sing.

Sing"er*ess, n. A songstress. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Sin`gha*lese" (?), n. & a. [Skr. Sihala Ceylon.] (Ethnol.) Same as Cingalese.

Sing"ing (?), a. & n. from Sing, v.

Singing bird. (Zoöl.) (a) Popularly, any bird that sings; a song bird. (b) Specifically, any one of the Oscines. -- Singing book, a book containing music for singing; a book of tunes. -- Singing falcon or hawk. (Zoöl.) See Chanting falcon, under Chanting. -- Singing fish (Zoöl.), a California toadfish (Porichthys porosissimus). -- Singing flame (Acoustics), a flame, as of hydrogen or coal gas, burning within a tube and so adjusted as to set the air within the tube in vibration, causing sound. The apparatus is called also chemical harmonicon. -- Singing master, a man who teaches vocal music. -- Singing school, a school in which persons are instructed in singing.

Sing"ing*ly, adv. With sounds like singing; with a kind of tune; in a singing tone. G. North (1575).

Sin"gle (?), a. [L. singulus, a dim. from the root in simplex simple; cf. OE. & OF. sengle, fr. L. singulus. See Simple, and cf. Singular.] 1. One only, as distinguished from more than one; consisting of one alone; individual; separate; as, a single star.

No single man is born with a right of controlling the opinions of all the rest.

Pope.

2. Alone; having no companion.

Who single hast maintained, Against revolted multitudes, the cause Of truth.

Milton.

3. Hence, unmarried; as, a single man or woman.

Grows, lives, and dies in single blessedness.

Shak.

Single chose to live, and shunned to wed.

Dryden.

4. Not doubled, twisted together, or combined with others; as, a single thread; a single strand of a rope.

5. Performed by one person, or one on each side; as, a single combat.

These shifts refuted, answer thy appellant, . . . Who now defles thee thrice ti single fight.

Milton.

6. Uncompounded; pure; unmixed.

Simple ideas are opposed to complex, and single to compound.

I. Watts.

7. Not deceitful or artful; honest; sincere.

I speak it with a single heart.

Shak.

8. Simple; not wise; weak; silly. [Obs.]

He utters such single matter in so infantly a voice.

Beau. & Fl.

Single ale, beer, or drink, small ale, etc., as contrasted with double ale, etc., which is stronger. [Obs.] Nares. -- Single bill (Law), a written engagement, generally under seal, for the payment of money, without a penalty. Burril. -- Single court (Lawn Tennis), a court laid out for only two players. -- Single-cut file. See the Note under 4th File. -- Single entry. See under Bookkeeping. -- Single file. See under 1st File. -- Single flower (Bot.), a flower with but one set of petals, as a wild rose. -- Single knot. See Illust. under Knot. -- Single whip (Naut.), a single rope running through a fixed block.

Sin"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Singled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Singling (?).] 1. To select, as an individual person or thing, from among a number; to choose out from others; to separate.

Dogs who hereby can single out their master in the dark.

Bacon.

His blood! she faintly screamed her mind Still singling one from all mankind.

More.

2. To sequester; to withdraw; to retire. [Obs.]

An agent singling itself from consorts.

Hooker.

3. To take alone, or one by one.

Men . . . commendable when they are singled.

Hooker.

Sin"gle, v. i. To take the irrregular gait called single-foot;- said of a horse. See Single- foot.

Many very fleet horses, when overdriven, adopt a disagreeable gait, which seems to be a cross between a pace and a trot, in which the two legs of one side are raised almost but not quite, simultaneously. Such horses are said to single, or to be single-footed.

W. S. Clark.

Sin"gle, n. 1. A unit; one; as, to score a single.

2. pl. The reeled filaments of silk, twisted without doubling to give them firmness.

3. A handful of gleaned grain. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

4. (Law Tennis) A game with but one player on each side; -- usually in the plural.

5. (Baseball) A hit by a batter which enables him to reach first base only.

Sin"gle-act`ing (?), a. Having simplicity of action; especially (Mach.), acting or exerting force during strokes in one direction only; -- said of a reciprocating engine, pump, etc.

Sin"gle-breast`ed (?), a. Lapping over the breast only far enough to permit of buttoning, and having buttons on one edge only; as, a single-breasted coast.

Sin"gle-foot` (?), n. An irregular gait of a horse; -- called also single-footed pace. See Single, v. i.

Single-foot is an irregular pace, rather rare, distinguished by the posterior extremities moving in the order of a fast walk, and the anterior extremities in that of a slow trot.

Stillman (The Horse in Motion.)

Sin"gle-hand"ed (?), a. Having but one hand, or one workman; also, alone; unassisted.

Sin"gle-heart"ed (?), a. Having an honest heart; free from duplicity. -- Sin"gle- heart"ed*ly, adv.

Sin"gle-mind"ed (?), a. Having a single purpose; hence, artless; guileless; single-hearted.

Sin"gle*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being single, or separate from all others; the opposite of doubleness, complication, or multiplicity.

2. Freedom from duplicity, or secondary and selfish ends; purity of mind or purpose; simplicity; sincerity; as, singleness of purpose; singleness of heart.

Sin"gles (?), n. pl. See Single, n., 2.

Sin"gle*stick` (?), n. (a) In England and Scotland, a cudgel used in fencing or fighting; a backsword. (b) The game played with singlesticks, in which he who first brings blood from his adversary's head is pronounced victor; backsword; cudgeling.

Sin"glet (?), n. An unlined or undyed waistcoat; a single garment; -- opposed to doublet. [Prov. Eng.]

Sin"gle*ton (?), n. In certain games at cards, as whist, a single card of any suit held at the deal by a player; as, to lead a singleton.

Sin"gle*tree` (?), n. [Cf. Swingletree.] The pivoted or swinging bar to which the traces of a harnessed horse are fixed; a whiffletree.

When two horses draw abreast, a singletree is fixed at each end of another crosspiece, called the doubletree.

Sin"gly (?), adv. 1. Individually; particularly; severally; as, to make men singly and personally good.

2. Only; by one's self; alone.

Look thee, 't is so! Thou singly honest man.

Shak.

3. Without partners, companions, or associates; single-handed; as, to attack another singly.

At omber singly to decide their doom.

Pope.

4. Honestly; sincerely; simply. [R.] Johnson.

5. Singularly; peculiarly. [Obs.] Milton.

Sing"-sing` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The kob.

Sing"song` (?), n. 1. Bad singing or poetry.

2. A drawling or monotonous tone, as of a badly executed song.

Sing"song`, a. Drawling; monotonous.

Sing"song`, v. i. To write poor poetry. [R.] Tennyson.

Sing"ster (?), n. A songstress. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Sin"gu*lar (s"g*lr), a. [OE. singuler, F. singulier, fr. L. singularius, singularis, fr. singulus single. See Single, a.] 1. Separate or apart from others; single; distinct. [Obs.] Bacon.

And God forbid that all a company Should rue a singular man's folly.

Chaucer.

2. Engaged in by only one on a side; single. [Obs.]

To try the matter thus together in a singular combat.

Holinshed.

3. (Logic) Existing by itself; single; individual.

The idea which represents one . . . determinate thing, is called a singular idea, whether simple, complex, or compound.

I. Watts.

4. (Law) Each; individual; as, to convey several parcels of land, all and singular.

5. (Gram.) Denoting one person or thing; as, the singular number; -- opposed to dual and plural.

6. Standing by itself; out of the ordinary course; unusual; uncommon; strange; as, a singular phenomenon.

So singular a sadness Must have a cause as strange as the effect.

Denham.

7. Distinguished as existing in a very high degree; rarely equaled; eminent; extraordinary; exceptional; as, a man of singular gravity or attainments.

8. Departing from general usage or expectations; odd; whimsical; -- often implying disapproval or censure.

His zeal None seconded, as out of season judged, Or singular and rash.

Milton.

To be singular in anything that is wise and worthy, is not a disparagement, but a praise.

Tillotson.

9. Being alone; belonging to, or being, that of which there is but one; unique.

These busts of the emperors and empresses are all very scarce, and some of them almost singular in their kind.

Addison.

Singular point in a curve (Math.), a point at which the curve possesses some peculiar properties not possessed by other points of the curve, as a cusp point, or a multiple point. -- Singular proposition (Logic), a proposition having as its subject a singular term, or a common term limited to an individual by means of a singular sign. Whately. -- Singular succession (Civil Law), division among individual successors, as distinguished from universal succession, by which an estate descended in intestacy to the heirs in mass. -- Singular term (Logic), a term which represents or stands for a single individual.

Syn. -- Unexampled; unprecedented; eminent; extraordinary; remarkable; uncommon; rare; unusual; peculiar; strange; odd; eccentric; fantastic.

Sin"gu*lar, n. 1. An individual instance; a particular. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

2. (Gram) The singular number, or the number denoting one person or thing; a word in the singular number.

Sin"gu*lar*ist (s"g*lr*st), n. One who affects singularity. [Obs.]

A clownish singularist, or nonconformist to ordinary usage.

Borrow.

Sin`gu*lar"i*ty (-lr"*t), n.; pl. Singularities (- tz). [L. singularitas: cf. F. singularité.] 1. The quality or state of being singular; some character or quality of a thing by which it is distinguished from all, or from most, others; peculiarity.

Pliny addeth this singularity to that soil, that the second year the very falling down of the seeds yieldeth corn.

Sir. W. Raleigh.

I took notice of this little figure for the singularity of the instrument.

Addison.

2. Anything singular, rare, or curious.

Your gallery Have we passed through, not without much content In many singularities.

Shak.

3. Possession of a particular or exclusive privilege, prerogative, or distinction.

No bishop of Rome ever took upon him this name of singularity [universal bishop].

Hooker.

Catholicism . . . must be understood in opposition to the legal singularity of the Jewish nation.

Bp. Pearson.

4. Celibacy. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Sin"gu*lar*ize (s"g*lr*z), v. t. To make singular or single; to distinguish. [R.]

Sin"gu*lar*ly, adv. 1. In a singular manner; in a manner, or to a degree, not common to others; extraordinarily; as, to be singularly exact in one's statements; singularly considerate of others. "Singularly handsome." Milman.

2. Strangely; oddly; as, to behave singularly.

3. So as to express one, or the singular number.

Sin"gult (?), n.[L. singultus.] A sigh or sobbing; also, a hiccough. [Obs.] Spenser. W. Browne.

Sin*gul"tous (?), a. (Med.) Relating to, or affected with, hiccough. Dunglison.

||Sin*gul"tus (?), n. [L.] (Med.) Hiccough.

Sin"i*cal (?), a. [From Sine.] (Trig.) Of or pertaining to a sine; employing, or founded upon, sines; as, a sinical quadrant.

Sin"i*grin (?), n. [From NL. Sinapis nigra.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in the seeds of black mustard (Brassica nigra, formerly Sinapis nigra) It resembles sinalbin, and consists of a potassium salt of myronic acid.

Sin"is*ter (sn"s*tr; 277), a. [Accented on the middle syllable by the older poets, as Shakespeare, Milton, Dryden.] [L. sinister: cf. F. sinistre.] 1. On the left hand, or the side of the left hand; left; -- opposed to dexter, or right. "Here on his sinister cheek." Shak.

My mother's blood Runs on the dexter cheek, and this sinister Bounds in my father's

Shak.

In heraldy the sinister side of an escutcheon is the side which would be on the left of the bearer of the shield, and opposite the right hand of the beholder.

2. Unlucky; inauspicious; disastrous; injurious; evil; -- the left being usually regarded as the unlucky side; as, sinister influences.

All the several ills that visit earth, Brought forth by night, with a sinister birth.

B. Jonson.

3. Wrong, as springing from indirection or obliquity; perverse; dishonest; corrupt; as, sinister aims.

Nimble and sinister tricks and shifts.

Bacon.

He scorns to undermine another's interest by any sinister or inferior arts.

South.

He read in their looks . . . sinister intentions directed particularly toward himself.

Sir W. Scott.

4. Indicative of lurking evil or harm; boding covert danger; as, a sinister countenance.