Part 21

Names which have been Anglicised, such as "Brahmā, Brahman, Benares, Jain, and karma," have been preserved in their accepted form. If we adopt the rule of transferring Sanskrit and Pali words in their stem-form, as we do in most cases (e.g. Nirvāna, ātman), we ought to call Brahmā "Brahman," and karma "karman." But us us est tyrannus. In a popular book it is not wise to swim against the stream.

Following the common English usage of saying "Christ," not "the Christ," we say in the title "Buddha," not "the Buddha."]

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Abni'ññā, _p._, Abhi'jññā, _skt._, supernatural talent. There are six abhijññās which Buddha acquired when attaining perfect enlightenment:--(i) the celestial eye, or an intuitive insight of the nature of any object in any universe; (2) the celestial ear, or the ability to understand any sound produced in any universe; (3) the power of assuming any shape or form; (4) knowledge of all forms of pre-existence of one's self and others; (5) intuitive knowledge of the minds of all beings; and (6) knowledge of the finality of the stream of life.

Acira'vatī, _p._ and _skt._, a river.

Agni, _p._ and _skt._, a god of the Brahmans, the god of fire.

Ajatasa'ttu, _p._, Ajatasa'tru, _skt._, the son of king Bimbisāra and his successor to the throne of Magadha.

Alā'ra, _p._, Ārā'da, _skt._, a prominent Brahman philosopher. His full name is Ālāra Kālāma.

Ambapā'lī, the courtesan, called "Lady Amra" in Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsan-King. It is difficult for us to form a proper conception of the social position of courtesans at Buddha's time in India. This much is sure, that they were not common prostitutes, but ladies of wealth, possessing great influence. Their education was similar to the hetairs in Greece, where Aspasia played so prominent a part. Their rank must sometimes have been like that of Madame Pompadour in France at the court of Louis XIV. They rose to prominence, not by birth, but by beauty, education, refinement, and other purely personal accomplishments, and many of them were installed by royal favor. The first paragraphs of Khandhaka VIII of the Mahāvagga [S. _B_., Vol. XVII, pp. 171--172] gives a fair idea of the important role of courtesans in those days. They were not necessarily venal daughters of lust, but, often women of distinction and repute, worldly, but not disrespectable.

Amitā'bha, _p._ and _skt._, endowed with boundless light, from _amita_, infinite, immeasurable, and _ābbā_, ray of light, splendor, the bliss of enlightenment. It is a term of later Buddhism and has been personified as Amitābha Buddha, or Amita. The invocation of the all-saving name of Amitābha Buddha is a favorite tenet of the Lotus or Pure Land sect, so popular in China and Japan. Their poetical conception of a paradise in the West is referred to in Chapter LX. Southern Buddhism knows nothing of a personified Amitābha, and the Chinese travellers Fa-hien and Hiuen-tsang do not mention it. The oldest allusion to Amita is found in the Amitāyus Sūtra, translated A.D. 148--170. [See Eitel, _Handbook_, pp. 7--9.]

Āna'nda, _p._ and _skt._, Buddha's cousin and his favorite disciple. The Buddhistic St. John (Johannes).

Anāthapi'ndika, _p._ and _skt._, (also called Anāthapi'ndada in _skt._) literally "One who gives alms (pinda) to the unprotected or needy (anātha)." Eitel's etymology "one who gives without keeping (anātha) a mouthful (pinda) for himself" is not tenable. A wealthy lay devotee famous for his liberality and donor of the Jetavana vihāra.

Annabhā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, literally "he who brings food"; name of Sumana's slave.

Aññā'ta, _p._, Âjñā'ta, _skt._, literally "knowing", a cognomen of Kondañña, the first disciple of Buddha.

Anuru'ddha, a prominent disciple of Buddha, known as the great master of Buddhist metaphysics. He was a cousin of Buddha, being the second son of Amritodana, a brother of Suddhodana.

A'rahat, _p._, Ar'hant, _skt._, a saint. (See also Saint in Index.)

Arati, dislike, hatred. The opposite of _rati_. The name of one of Māra's daughters.

A'sita, _p._ and _skt._, a prophet.

A'ssaji, _p._, Aśvajit, _skt._, one of Buddha's disciples by whose dignified demeanor Sāriputta is converted.

Ā'tman, _skt._, Atta, _p._, breath as the principle of life, the soul, self, the ego. To some of the old Brahman schools the ātman constitutes a metaphysical being in man, which is the thinker of his thoughts, the perceiver of his sensations, and the doer of his doings. Buddha denies the existence of an ātman in this sense.

Balā'ni, or pañca-balāni, _p._ and _skt._, (the singular is bala, power), the five moral powers (also called panca-indriyani), which are: Faith, energy, memory or recollection, meditation or contemplation, and wisdom or intuition.

Beluva, a village near Vesālī.

Benares, the well-known city in India; Anglicised form of Vārānasī, _skt._, and Bārānasī, _p._ (See Kāsī.)

Bha'gavat, _p._, Bha'gavant, _skt._, the man of merit, worshipful, the Blessed One. A title of honor given to Buddha.

Bha'llika, _p._ and _skt._, a merchant.

Bhāradvā'ja, _p._ and _skt._, name of a Brahman.

Bhā'vanā, _p._ and _skt._, meditation. There are five principal meditations: metta-bhavana, on love; karunā-bhāvanā, on pity; mudita-bhavana, on joy; asubha-bhāvanā, on impurity; and upekhā-bhāvanā, on serenity. [See Rhys Davids's _Buddhism_, pp. 170-171.]

Bhi'kkhu, _p._, bhi'kshu, _skt._, mendicant, monk, friar; the five bhikkhus; bhikkhus doffed their robes; bhikkhus rebuked; bhikkhus prospered; the sick bhikkhu.

Bhi'kkhunī, _p._, bhi'kshunī, _skt._, nun.

Bimbisā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, the king of Magadha; often honored with the cognomen "Sai'nya," _skt._, or "Se'niya," i. e. "the warlike or military."

Bo'dhi, _p._ and _skt._, knowledge, wisdom, enlightenment.

Bodhi-a'nga or Bojjha'nga, or Sa'tta Bojjha'nga, meditation on the seven kinds of wisdom, which are:--energy, recollection, contemplation, investigation of scripture, joy, repose, and serenity.

Bodhisa'tta, _p._, Bodhisa'ttva, _skt._, he whose essence (_sattva_) is becoming enlightenment (_bodhi_). The term denotes (1) one who is about to become a Buddha, but has not as yet attained Nirvāna; (2) a class of saints who have only once more to be born again to enter into Nirvāna; (3) in later Buddhism any preacher or religious teacher; appearance of; Bodhisattas.

Bodhi-tree, the tree at Buddha-Gaya, species _ficus religiosa_.

Bra'hmā, Anglicised form of _skt._ stem-form _Brahman_ (nom. s. _Brahmā_). The chief God of Brahmanism, the world-soul. See also _Sahampati_; Brahmā, a union with; Brahmā, face to face; Brahmā's mind.

Brahmada'tta, _p._ and _skt._, (etym. given by Brahmā) name of a mythical king of Kâshî, _skt._, or Kāsī.

Bra'hman, the priestly caste of the Indians. Anglicised form of _Brahmana_ (_p._ and _skt._). Priests were selected from the Brahman caste, but Brahmans were not necessarily priests; they were farmers, merchants, and often high officials in the service of kings. Brahmans, the two.

Buddha, _p._ and _skt._, the Awakened One, the Enlightened One--. Buddha is also called Sakyamuni (the Sakya sage), Sakyasimha (the Sakya Lion), Sugata (the Happy One), Satthar, nom. Satthâ, _p._; Shāstar, _skt._, (the Teacher), Jina (the Conqueror), Bhagavat (the Blessed One), Lokanātha (the Lord of the World), Sarvajña (the Omniscient One), Dharmarāja (the King of Truth), Tathāgata, etc. [See Rh. Davids's B. p. 28.] B., faith in the; B., I am not the first; B. not Gotama; B., refuge in the; B. remains, Gotama is gone; B. replies to the deva; B., the sower; B., the teacher; B., the three personalities of; B., the truth; B., truly thou art; B. will arise, another; B.'s birth; B.'s death; B.'s farewell address; consolidation of B.'s religion; Buddhas, the praise of all the; Buddhas, the religion of all the; Buddhas, the words of immutable.

Cha'nna, _p._ and _skt._, prince Siddhattha's driver. Chu'nda, _p._ and _skt._, the smith of Pāvā.

Dāgo'ba, modernised form of _skt._ Dhātu-ga'rbha, "relic shrine," (also called Stūpa in Northern Buddhism) a mausoleum, tower containing relics, a kenotaph.

Dā'namatī, and _skt._, name of a village. The word means "having a mind to give."

De'va, _p._ and _skt._, any celestial spirit, a god especially of intermediate rank, angel.--Deva, questions of the; Buddha replies to the deva; Devas.

Devada'tta (etym. god-given) brother of Yasodharā and Buddha's brother-in-law. He tried to found a sect of his own with severer rules than those prescribed by Buddha. He is described undoubtedly with great injustice in the Buddhist canon and treated as a traitor. [About his sect see Rh. Davids's B. p. 181--182.]

Devapu'tta, _p._, Devapu'tra, _skt._, (etym. Son of a God) one of Buddha's disciples.

Dhammapa'da, _p._, Dharmapa'da, _skt._

Dha'rma, _skt._, Dha'mma, _p._, originally the natural condition of things or beings, the law of their existence, truth, then religious truth, the law, the ethical code of righteousness, the whole body of religious doctrines as a system, religion; let a man take pleasure in the dharma; the goodness of the dharma.

Dharmakā'ya, _skt._, the body of the law.

Dharmarā'ja, _skt._, Dhammarā'ja, _p._, the king of truth.

Dīghā'vu, Dīrghā'yu, _skt._, the etymology of the word is "livelong." Name of a mythical prince, son of king Dīghīti.

Dīghī'ti, _p._, Dīrghe'ti, _skt._, literally "suffer-long," Name of a mythical king, father of prince Dīghā'vu.

Ganges, the well known river of India.

Gava'mpati, _p._, Gavā'mpati, _skt._, literally "lord of cows," a friend of Yasa.

Ga'yā Kassapa, brother of the great Kassapa of Uruvelā.

Go'tama, _p._, Gau'tama, _skt._, Buddha's family name; Gotama denies the existence of the soul; Gotama is gone, Buddha remains; Buddha not Gotama; Gotama the samana; Gotama Siddhattha.

Gotamī, name of any woman belonging to the Gotama family. Kisā Gotamī.

Hinayā'na, _skt._, the small vehicle, viz., of salvation. A name invented by Northern Buddhists, in contradistinction to Mahāyāna, to designate the spirit of Southern Buddhism. The term is not used among Southern Buddhists.

Hira'ññavatī, _p._, Hiran'yavatī, _skt._, a river.

I'ddhi, _p._, Ri'ddhi, _skt._, defined by Eitel as "the dominion of spirit over matter." It is the adjusting power to one's purpose and the adaptation to conditions. In popular belief it implies exemption from the law of gravitation and the power of assuming any shape at will. (See Iddhipāda.)

Iddhipā'da, _p._, Riddhipā'da, _skt._, the mode of attaining the power of mind over matter, four steps being needed: (1) the will to acquire it, (2) the necessary exertion, (3) the indispensable preparation of the heart, and (4) a diligent investigation of the truth.

Indra, one of the principal Brahman gods.

Indriyā'ni or panc'-indriyāni, the five organs of the spiritual sense. (See Balāni.)

I'si, _p._, Ri'shi, _skt._, a prophet or seer, an inspired poet, a hermit having acquired wisdom in saintly retirement, a recluse or anchorite.

Iś'vara, _skt._, I'ssara, (lit. independent existence) Lord, Creator, personal God, a title given to Shiva and other great deities. In Buddhistic scriptures as well as in Brahman the _skt._ Is'vara (not the _p._ Issara) means always a transcendent or extramundane God, a personal God, a deity distinct from, and independent of nature, who is supposed to have created the world out of nothing.

Jain, modernised form of _skt._ Jaina; an adherent of the Jain-sect which reveres Vardhamāna (Nātaputta) as Buddha. (See _Jainism_.)--48.

Jainism, a sect, founded by Vardhamāna, older than Buddhism and still extant in India. It is in many respects similar to Buddhism. Buddha's main objection to the Jains was the habit of their ascetics of going naked. The Jains lay great stress upon ascetic exercises and self-mortification which the Buddhists declare to be injurious.

Ja'mbu, _p._ and _skt._, a tree.

Jambū'nada, _p._, Jāmbū'nada, _skt._, a town of unknown site. (Also the name of a mountain and of a lake.)

Ja'tila, _p._, "wearing matted hair." The Jatilas were Brahman ascetics. Buddha converted a tribe of them, and Kassapa, their chief, became one of his most prominent disciples.

Je'ta, the heir apparent to the kingdom of Sāvatthī.

Je'tavana, a vihāra.

Jhā'na, _p._, Dhyā'na, _skt._, intuition, beatic vision, ecstasy, rapture, the result of samādhi. Buddha did not recommend trances as means of religious devotion, urging that deliverance can be obtained only by the recognition of the four noble truths and walking on the noble eightfold path, but he did not disturb those who took delight in ecstasies and beatific visions. Buddha's interpretation of the Dhyāna is not losing consciousness but a self-possessed and purposive eradication of egotism. There are four Dhyānas, the first being a state of joy and gladness born of seclusion full of investigation and reflexion; the second one, born of deep tranquillity without reflexion or investigation, the third one brings the destruction of passion, while the fourth one consists in pure equanimity, making an end of sorrow. [See Rhys Davids's B. pp. 175--176.] In the Fo-Sho-hing-tsang-king, the Dhyāna is mentioned twice only: first, III, 12, vv. 960--978, where Ārāda sets forth the doctrine of the four Dhyānas which is not approved of by Buddha, and secondly, at Buddha's death; when his mind is said to have passed through all the Dhyānas.

Ji'na, _p._ and _skt._, the Conqueror, an honorary title of Buddha. The Jains use the term with preference as an appellative of Vardhamāna whom they revere as their Buddha.

Jī'vaka, _p._ and _skt._, physician to king Bimbisāra. According to tradition he was the son of king Bimbisāra and the courtesan Salavatī. We read in Mahāvagga VIII that after his birth he was exposed but saved; then he became a most famous physician and cured Buddha of a troublesome disease contracted by wearing cast off rags. He was an ardent disciple of Buddha and prevailed upon him to allow the Bhikkhus to wear lay robes.

Jo'tikkha, _p._, name of a householder, son of Subhadda.

Kālā'ma, _p._ and _skt._, (see Alāra).

Ka'nthaka, prince Siddhattha's horse.

Kapilava'tthu, _p._, Kapilava'stu, _skt._, the capital of the Sakyas, the birthplace of Buddha.

Ka'rma, anglicised form of _skt._ stem-form _ka'rman_ (nom. s. _karma_), the _p._ of which is _ka'mmam_. Action, work, the law of action, retribution, results of deeds previously done and the destiny resulting therefrom. Eitel defines karma as "that moral kernel [of any being] which alone survives death and continues in transmigration." Karma is a well-defined and scientifically exact term. Professor Huxley says, "In the theory of evolution, the tendency of a germ to develop according to a certain specific type, e.g., of the kidney bean seed to grow into a plant having all the characters of _Phaseolus vulgaris_ is its 'karma.' It is 'the last inheritor and the last result' of all the conditions that have affected a line of ancestry which goes back for many millions of years to the time when life first appeared on earth." We read in the Anguttara Nikāya, Pancaka Nipāta: "My action (karma) is my possession, my action is my inheritance, my action is the womb which bears me, my action is the race to which I am akin [as the kidney-bean to its species], my action is my refuge." [See the article "Karma and Nirvāna" in _Buddhism and Its Christian Critics_, p. 131 ff.]

Kā'sī, _p._, Ka's'i, _skt._, the old and holy name of Benares.--104 et seq., 192.

Ka'ssapa, _p._, Kā's'yapa, _skt._ (the etymology "He who swallowed fire," is now rejected), a name of three brothers, chiefs of the Jatilas, called after their residences, Uruvelā, Nadī, and Gayā. The name Kassapa applies mainly to Kāssapa of Uruvelā, one of the great pillars of the Buddhistic brotherhood, who took at once, after his conversion, a most prominent rank among Buddha's disciples. [Kassapa of Uruvelā is frequently identified with Mahā-Kassapa, the same who was president of the council at Rājagaha, but H. Dharmapala states, on the authority of the Anguttara Nikāya, that the two were altogether different persons.]

Kha'ndha, _p._, Ska'ndha, _skt._, elements; attributes of being, which are form, sensation, perception, discrimination, and consciousness.

Kile'sa, _p._, Kle'śa, _skt._, error.

Ki'sā Go'tamī, _p._, Kri'sha Gau'tamī, _skt._, the slim or thin Gotamī. Name (i) of a cousin of Buddha, mentioned in Chap. VI, p. 16, (2) of the heroine in the parable of the mustard seed.

Ko'lī, a little kingdom in the neighborhood of Kapilavatthu, the home of Yasodharā.

Kond'añña, _p._, Kaundi'nya, _skt._, name of Buddha's first disciple, afterwards called Ājñā'ta Kaundi'nya in _skt._ and Aññā'ta Konda'ñña in _p._

Ko'sala, _p._ and _skt._, name of a country.

Kosa'mbī, _p._, Kausā'mbī, _skt._, a city.

Kusinā'rā, _p._, Kusina'gara, _skt._, a town.

Kūtada'nta, _p._ and _skt._, a Brahman chief in the village Dānamatī, also called Khānumat; is mentioned in Sp. Hardy's _M.B._, p. 289 and in _S.B.E._, Vol. XIX., p. 242 [Fo, v. 1682].--152-160. Cf. Rhys Davids's _Dialogues_, pp. 173-179.

Li'cchavi, _p._ and _skt._, the name of a princely family.

Lu'mbinī, _skt._, a grove named after a princess, its owner.

Ma'gadha, _p._ and _skt._, name of a country.

Ma'gga, Mā'rga, _skt._, path; especially used in the Pāli phrase "Ariyo atthangiko maggo," the noble eightfold path, which consists of: right views, high aims, right speech, upright conduct, a harmless livelihood, perseverance in well-doing, intellectual activity, and earnest thought. [See _S.B.E_, Vol. XI, pp. 63 and 147.]

Mahārā'ja, the great king.

Mahāse'tu, the great bridge. A name invented by the author of the present book to designate the importance of Christianity compared to the Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna of Buddhism.

Mahāyā'na, the great vehicle, viz., of salvation. Name of the Northern conception of Buddhism, comparing religion to a great ship in which men can cross the stream of Samsāra to reach the shore of Nirvāna.

Ma'lla, _p._ and _skt._, name of a tribe.

Manasā'kata, _p._, Manasā'krita, _skt._, a village in Kosala.

Mandā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, a flower of great beauty.

Mā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, the Evil One, the tempter, the destroyer, the god of lust, sin, and death.

Māra's daughters are always three in number but their names are variously given as Tanhā, Arati, Rati (Dh. 164), and Tanhā, Arati, Ragā (Ab. 44 etc.).

Mā'tali, _p._ and _skt._, name of a demon in the retinue of Yama.

Māta'nga, _p._ and _skt._, literally, of low birth; the Matanga caste comprises mongrels of the lowest with higher castes.

Mā'thura, and _skt._, name of a place.

Mā'yā, _p._ and _skt._, Buddha's mother. (See Māyā-devī.) The term "veil of Māyā," viz., the illusion of self, popularly known through Schopenhauer, does not refer to Buddha's mother, but to the Vedantic conception of māyā. The word means "charm, magic enhancement." The similarity of sound in the names Māyā and Maria is curious.

Māyā-de'vī, also called Mahā-Māyā, or simply Māyā, _p._ and _skt._, the wife of Suddhodana and mother of Buddha. She died in childbed, and Buddha ascends to heaven to preach to her the good law and the gospel of salvation.

Mette'yya, Maitre'ya, _skt._, etymology, "full of kindness"; the name of the Buddha to come.

Moggallā'na, _p._, Maudgalyā'yana, _skt._, one of the most prominent disciples of Buddha, a friend of Sāriputta.

Mu'ni, _skt._ and _p._, a thinker, a sage; especially a religious thinker. Sakyamu'ni, the sage of the Sakyas, is Buddha.

Nadī'-Ka'ssapa, _p._, Nadī-Kā's'yapa, _skt._, brother of the great Kassapa of Uruvelā.

Nā'dika, _p._ and _skt._, name of a village.

Nā'ga, _p._ and _skt._, literally serpent. The serpent being regarded as a superior being, the word denotes a special kind of spiritual beings; a sage, a man of spiritual insight; any superior personality. Nāga kings.

Nalagiri, name of an elephant.

Nāla'ndā, _p._ and _skt._, a village near Rājagaha.

Nanda, _p._, Siddhattha's halfbrother, son of Pajāpatī.

Na'ndā, daughter of a chief of shepherds, also called Sujātā.

Nātapu'tta, _Jain Prakrit_, Jñātapu'tra, _skt._, the son of Jñāta. Patronym of Vardhamāna, the founder of Jainism.

Nerañjarā, Naira'ñjanā, _skt._, name of a river identified by some with the Nilajan, by others with the Phalgu.

Nidā'na, _p._ and _skt._, cause. The twelve nidānas, forming the chain of causation which brings about the misery in the world. [See Oldenberg, _Buddha_, Engl. tr., pp 224--252].

Nigga'ntha, _p._, Nirgra'ntha, _skt._, literally "liberated from bonds"; a name adopted by the adherents of the Jaina sect; Nigganthas, give also to the.

Nigro'dha, _p._, Nyagro'dha, _skt._, a tree, _ficus indica_ well known for its air roots..

Nirmā'na Kā'ya, _skt._, the body of transformation.

Nirvā'na, _skt._, Nibbā'na, _p._, extinction, viz., the extinction of self; according to the Hīnayāna it is defined as "extinction of illusion," according to the Mayāyāna as "attainment of truth." Nirvāna means, according to the latter, enlightenment, the state of mind in which upādāna, kilesa, and tanhā are extinct, the happy condition of enlightenment, peace of mind, bliss, the glory of righteousness in this life and beyond, the eternal rest of Buddha after death. Buddha himself has refused to decide the problem whether or not Nirvāna is a final extinction of personality. When questioned, he indicated by his silence that the solution is not one of those subjects a knowledge of which is indispensable for salvation; where is Nirvāna?; Nirvāna not a locality; the city of Nirvāna; the harvest, Nirvāna; the one aim, Nirvāna; Samsāra and Nirvāna.

Okkā'ka, _p._, Ikshvā'ku, _skt._, the name of a mythological family from which the chiefs of the Sakyas claim descent.

Pabba'jjā, _p._, pravra'jyā, _skt._, the act of leaving the world for receiving admittance to the Order. The first step of the Buddhist ordination. (See Upasa'mpadā.)

Pajā'patī, _p._, Prajā'patī or Mahā-Prajā'patī, _skt._, the sister of Māyā-devī, second wife of Suddhodana, aunt and fostermother of Buddha. She is also called by her husband's family name Gotamī (feminine form of Gotama).

Pajjo'ta, _p._, Pradyo'ta, _skt._, name of a king of Ujjenī.

(Pakati, _p._) Pra'kriti, _skt._, name of a girl of low caste.

Pāramitā', _p._ and _skt._, perfection, or virtue. The six pāramitās are: almsgiving, morality, patience, zeal or energy, meditation, and wisdom.

Paribbā'jaka, _p._, Parivrā'jaka, _skt._, a sect belonging to the Tīrthika school.

Pase'nadi, _p._, (Prase'najit, _skt._, also called Pasenit) king of Kosala, residing at Sāvatthī.

Pātalipu'tra, _skt._, Pātalipu'tta, _p._, also called Pātaligāma, a city on the Ganges north of Rājagaha and belonging to the kingdom of Magadha, the frontier station against the Vriji (Vajji), the present Patna. Buddha is reported to have predicted the future greatness of the place, which is an important passage for determining the time in which the account of Buddha's sojourn in Pātaliputra was written. It is still uncertain, however, when Patna became the important centre which it is now. It was the capital of the country when Megasthenes, the ambassador of Seleucus Nicator, at the end of the third century B.C., visited India. He gave in his book a detailed description of the city; Pātaliputra, three dangers hang over.