CHAPTER XXI

DIANUS AND DIANA

[Sidenote: Recapitulation.] In this chapter I propose to recapitulate the conclusions to which the enquiry has thus far led us, and drawing together the scattered rays of light, to turn them on the dark figure of the priest of Nemi.

[Sidenote: Rise of sacred kings, who are supposed to be endowed with magical or divine powers.] We have found that at an early stage of society men, ignorant of the secret processes of Nature and of the narrow limits within which it is in our power to control and direct them, have commonly arrogated to themselves functions which in the present state of knowledge we should deem superhuman or divine. The illusion has been fostered and maintained by the same causes which begot it, namely, the marvellous order and uniformity with which Nature conducts her operations, the wheels of her great machine revolving with a smoothness and precision which enable the patient observer to anticipate in general the season, if not the very hour, when they will bring round the fulfilment of his hopes or the accomplishment of his fears. The regularly recurring events of this great cycle, or rather series of cycles, soon stamp themselves even on the dull mind of the savage. He foresees them, and foreseeing them mistakes the desired recurrence for an effect of his own will, and the dreaded recurrence for an effect of the will of his enemies. Thus the springs which set the vast machine in motion, though they lie far beyond our ken, shrouded in a mystery which we can never hope to penetrate, appear to ignorant man to lie within his reach: he fancies he can touch them and so work by magic art all manner of good to himself and evil to his foes. In time the fallacy of this belief becomes apparent to him: he discovers that there are things he cannot do, pleasures which he is unable of himself to procure, pains which even the most potent magician is powerless to avoid. The unattainable good, the inevitable ill, are now ascribed by him to the action of invisible powers, whose favour is joy and life, whose anger is misery and death. Thus magic tends to be displaced by [Sidenote: Transition from magic to religion.] religion, and the sorcerer by the priest. At this stage of thought the ultimate causes of things are conceived to be personal beings, many in number and often discordant in character, who partake of the nature and even of the frailty of man, though their might is greater than his, and their life far exceeds the span of his ephemeral existence. Their sharply-marked individualities, their clear-cut outlines have not yet begun, under the powerful solvent of philosophy, to melt and coalesce into that single unknown substratum of phenomena which, according to the qualities with which our imagination invests it, goes by one or other of the high-sounding names which the wit of man has devised to hide his ignorance. Accordingly, so long as men look on their gods as beings akin to themselves and not raised to an unapproachable height above them, they believe it to be possible for those of their own number who surpass their fellows to attain to the divine rank after death or even in life. Incarnate human deities of this latter sort may be said [Sidenote: Incarnate human deities.] to halt midway between the age of magic and the age of religion. If they bear the names and display the pomp of deities, the powers which they are supposed to wield are commonly those of their predecessor the magician. Like him, they are expected to guard their people against hostile enchantments, to heal them in sickness, to bless them with offspring, and to provide them with an abundant supply of food by regulating the weather and performing the other ceremonies which are deemed necessary to ensure the fertility of the earth and the multiplication of animals. Men who are credited with powers so lofty and far-reaching naturally hold the highest place in the land, and while the rift between the spiritual and the temporal spheres has not yet widened too far, they are supreme in civil as well as religious matters: in a word, they are kings as well as gods. Thus the divinity which hedges a king has its roots deep down in human history, and long ages pass before these are sapped by a profounder view of nature and man.

[Sidenote: The King of the Wood at Nemi seems to have been one of these divine kings and to have mated with the divine Queen of the Wood, Diana.] In the classical period of Greek and Latin antiquity the reign of kings was for the most part a thing of the past; yet the stories of their lineage, titles, and pretensions suffice to prove that they too claimed to rule by divine right and to exercise superhuman powers. Hence we may without undue temerity assume that the King of the Wood at Nemi, though shorn in later times of his glory and fallen on evil days, represented a long line of sacred kings who had once received not only the homage but the adoration of their subjects in return for the manifold blessings which they were supposed to dispense. What little we know of the functions of Diana in the Arician grove seems to prove that she was here conceived as a goddess of fertility, and particularly as a divinity of childbirth.[1238] It is reasonable, therefore, to suppose that in the discharge of these important duties she was assisted by her priest, the two figuring as King and Queen of the Wood in a solemn marriage, which was intended to make the earth gay with the blossoms of spring and the fruits of autumn, and to gladden the hearts of men and women with healthful offspring.

[Sidenote: Virbius, whom the King of the Wood represented, was probably a form of Jupiter regarded as god of the greenwood, and especially of the oak.] If the priest of Nemi posed not merely as a king, but as a god of the grove, we have still to ask, What deity in particular did he personate? The answer of antiquity is that he represented Virbius, the consort or lover of Diana.[1239] But this does not help us much, for of Virbius we know little more than the name. A clue to the mystery is perhaps supplied by the Vestal fire which burned in the grove.[1240] For the perpetual holy fires of the Aryans in Europe appear to have been commonly kindled and fed with oak-wood,[1241] and we have seen that in Rome itself, not many miles from Nemi, the fuel of the Vestal fire consisted of oaken sticks or logs, which in early days the holy maidens doubtless gathered or cut in the coppices of oak that once covered the Seven Hills.[1242] But the ritual of the various Latin towns seems to have been marked by great uniformity;[1243] hence it is reasonable to conclude that wherever in Latium a Vestal fire was maintained, it was fed, as at Rome, with wood of the sacred oak. If this was so at Nemi, it becomes probable that the hallowed grove there consisted of a natural oak-wood, and that therefore the tree which the King of the Wood had to guard at the peril of his life was itself an oak; indeed it was from an evergreen oak, according to Virgil, that Aeneas plucked the Golden Bough.[1244] Now the oak was the sacred tree of Jupiter, the supreme god of the Latins. Hence it follows that the King of the Wood, whose life was bound up in a fashion with an oak, personated no less a deity than Jupiter himself. At least the evidence, slight as it is, seems to point to this conclusion. The old Alban dynasty of the Silvii or Woods, with their crown of oak leaves, apparently aped the style and emulated the powers of Latian Jupiter, who dwelt on the top of the Alban Mount.[1245] It is not impossible that the King of the Wood, who guarded the sacred oak a little lower down the mountain, was the lawful successor and representative of this ancient line of the Silvii or Woods.[1246] At all events, if I am right in supposing that he passed for a human Jupiter, it would appear that Virbius, with whom legend identified him, was nothing but a local form of Jupiter, considered perhaps in his original aspect as a god of the greenwood.[1247]

[Sidenote: Diana and the oak.] The hypothesis that in later times at all events the King of the Wood played the part of the oak god Jupiter, is confirmed by an examination of his divine partner Diana. [Sidenote: Diana, the divine partner of the King of the Wood at Nemi, seems to have been especially associated with the oak.] For two distinct lines of argument converge to shew that if Diana was a queen of the woods in general, she was at Nemi a goddess of the oak in particular. In the first place, she bore the title of Vesta, and as such presided over a perpetual fire, which we have seen reason to believe was fed with oak wood.[1248] But a goddess of fire is not far removed from a goddess of the fuel which burns in the fire; primitive thought perhaps drew no sharp line of distinction between the blaze and the wood that blazes. In the second place, the nymph Egeria at Nemi appears to have been merely a form of Diana, and Egeria is definitely said to have been a Dryad, a nymph of the oak.[1249] Elsewhere in Italy the goddess had her home on oak-clad mountains. Thus Mount Algidus, a spur of the Alban hills, was covered in antiquity with dark forests of oak, both of the evergreen and the deciduous sort. In winter the snow lay long on these cold hills, and their gloomy oak-woods were believed to be a favourite haunt of Diana, as they have been of brigands in modern times.[1250] Again, Mount Tifata, the long abrupt ridge of the Apennines which looks down on the Campanian plain behind Capua, was wooded of old with evergreen oaks, among which Diana had a temple. Here Sulla thanked the goddess for his victory over the Marians in the plain below, attesting his gratitude by inscriptions which were long afterwards to be seen in the temple.[1251] On the whole, then, we conclude that at Nemi the King of the Wood personated the oak-god Jupiter and mated with the oak-goddess Diana in the sacred grove. An echo of their mystic union has come down to us in the legend of the loves of Numa and Egeria, who according to some had their trysting-place in these holy woods.[1252]

[Sidenote: In nature and in name Dianus (Janus) and Diana seem to be only dialectically different forms of Jupiter and Juno.] To this theory it may naturally be objected that the divine consort of Jupiter was not Diana but Juno, and that if Diana had a mate at all he might be expected to bear the name not of Jupiter, but of Dianus or Janus, the latter of these forms being merely a corruption of the former. All this is true, but the objection may be parried by observing that the two pairs of deities, Jupiter and Juno on the one side, and Dianus and Diana, or Janus and Jana, on the other side, are merely duplicates of each other, their names and their functions being in substance and origin identical. With regard to their names, all four of them come from the same Aryan root _DI_, meaning “bright,” which occurs in the names of the corresponding Greek deities, Zeus and his old female consort Dione.[1253] In regard to their functions, Juno and Diana were both goddesses of fecundity and childbirth, and both were sooner or later identified with the moon.[1254] As to the true nature and functions of Janus the ancients themselves were puzzled;[1255] and where they hesitated, it is not for us confidently to decide. But the view mentioned by Varro that Janus was the god of the sky[1256] is supported not only by the etymological identity of his name with that of the sky-god Jupiter, but also by the relation in which he appears to have stood to Jupiter’s two mates, Juno and Juturna. For the epithet Junonian bestowed on Janus[1257] points to a marriage union between the two deities; and according to one account Janus was the husband of the water-nymph Juturna,[1258] who according to others was beloved by Jupiter.[1259] Moreover, Janus, like Jove, was regularly invoked, and commonly spoken of, under the title of Father.[1260] Indeed, he was identified with Jupiter not merely by the logic of a Christian doctor,[1261] but by the piety of a pagan worshipper who dedicated an offering to Jupiter Dianus.[1262] A trace of his relation to the oak may be found in the oak-woods of the Janiculum, the hill on the right bank of the Tiber, where Janus is said to have reigned as a king in the remotest ages of Italian history.[1263]

[Sidenote: Zeus and Dione, Jupiter and Juno, Dianus (Janus) and Diana represent a single original pair of Aryan deities, which through purely dialectical differences of nomenclature gradually diverged from each other and came to be regarded as separate pairs of deities.] Thus, if I am right, the same ancient pair of deities was variously known among the Greek and Italian peoples as Zeus and Dione, Jupiter and Juno, or Dianus (Janus) and Diana (Jana), the names of the divinities being identical in substance, though varying in form with the dialect of the particular tribe which worshipped them. At first, when the peoples dwelt near each other, the difference between the deities would be hardly more than one of name; in other words, it would be almost purely dialectical. But the gradual dispersion of the tribes, and their consequent isolation from each other, would favour the growth of divergent modes of conceiving and worshipping the gods whom they had carried with them from their old home, so that in time discrepancies of myth and ritual would tend to spring up and thereby to convert a nominal into a real distinction between the divinities. Accordingly when, with the slow progress of culture, the long period of barbarism and separation was passing away, and the rising political power of a single strong community had begun to draw or hammer its weaker neighbours into a nation, the confluent peoples would throw their gods, like their dialects, into a common stock; and thus it might come about that the same ancient deities, which their forefathers had worshipped together before the dispersion, would now be so disguised by the accumulated effect of dialectical and religious divergencies that their original identity might fail to be recognised, and they would take their places side by side as independent divinities in the national pantheon.[1264]

[Sidenote: This explanation of Janus as equivalent to Jupiter is more probable than the view that Janus was originally nothing but the god of the door (_janua_); for the door (_janua_) seems rather to have been named after Janus than he after it.] This duplication of deities, the result of the final fusion of kindred tribes who had long lived apart, would account for the appearance of Janus beside Jupiter, and of Diana or Jana beside Juno in the Roman religion.[1265] At least this appears to be a more probable theory than the opinion, which has found favour with some modern scholars, that Janus was originally nothing but the god of doors.[1266] That a deity of his dignity and importance, whom the Romans revered as a god of gods[1267] and the father of his people, should have started in life as a humble, though doubtless respectable, doorkeeper appears to me, I confess, very unlikely. So lofty an end hardly consorts with so lowly a beginning. It is more probable that the door (_janua_) got its name from Janus than that he got his name from it. This view is strengthened by a consideration of the word _janua_ itself. The regular word for door is the same in all the languages of the Aryan family from India to Ireland. It is _dur_ in Sanscrit, _thura_ in Greek, _Tür_ in German, _door_ in English, _dorus_ in old Irish, and _foris_ in Latin.[1268] Yet besides this ordinary name for door, which the Latins shared with all their Aryan brethren, they had also the name _janua_, to which there is no corresponding term in any Indo-European speech. The word has the appearance of being an adjectival form derived from the noun _Janus_. I conjecture that it may have been customary to set up an image or symbol of Janus at the principal door of the house in order to place the entrance under the protection of the great god. A door thus guarded might be known as a _janua foris_, that is, a Januan door, and the phrase might in time be abridged into _janua_, the noun _foris_ being understood but not expressed. From this to the use of _janua_ to designate a door in general, whether guarded by an image of Janus or not, would be an easy and natural transition.[1269]

[Sidenote: The double-headed figure of Janus may have originated in a custom of placing his image as guardian of doorways so as to face both ways, outwards and inwards, at the same time.] If there is any truth in this conjecture, it may explain very simply the origin of the double head of Janus, which has so long exercised the ingenuity of mythologists. When it had become customary to guard the entrance of houses and towns by an image of Janus, it might well be deemed necessary to make the sentinel god look both ways, before and behind, at the same time, in order that nothing should escape his vigilant eye. For if the divine watchman always faced in one direction, it is easy to imagine what mischief might have been wrought with impunity behind his back.

[Sidenote: This explanation is confirmed by the double-headed idols which the Bush negroes of Surinam set to guard the entrances of their villages.] This explanation of the double-headed Janus at Rome is confirmed by the double-headed idol which the Bush negroes in the interior of Surinam regularly set up as a guardian at the entrance of a village. The idol consists of a block of wood with a human face rudely carved on each side; it stands under a gateway composed of two uprights and a cross-bar. Beside the idol generally lies a white rag intended to keep off the devil; and sometimes there is also a stick which seems to represent a bludgeon or weapon of some sort. Further, from the cross-bar hangs a small log which serves the useful purpose of knocking on the head any evil spirit who might attempt to pass through the gateway.[1270] Clearly this double-headed fetish at the gateway of the negro villages in Surinam bears a close resemblance to the double-headed images of Janus which, grasping a stick in one hand and a key in the other, stood sentinel at Roman gates and doorways;[1271] and we can hardly doubt that in both cases the heads facing two ways are to be similarly explained as expressive of the vigilance of the guardian god, who kept his eye on spiritual foes behind and before, and stood ready to bludgeon them on the spot. We may, therefore, dispense with the tedious and unsatisfactory explanations which the wily Janus himself fobbed off an anxious Roman enquirer.[1272] In the interior of Borneo the Kenyahs generally place before the main entrance of their houses the wooden image of Balli Atap, that is, the Spirit or God (_Balli_) of the Roof, who protects the household from harm of all kinds.[1273] But it does not appear that this divine watchman is provided with more than one face.

[Sidenote: Thus the King of the Wood at Nemi seems to have personated the great Aryan god of the oak, Jupiter or Janus, and to have mated with the oak-goddess Diana.] To apply these conclusions to the priest of Nemi, we may suppose that as the mate of Diana he represented originally Dianus or Janus rather than Jupiter, but that the difference between these deities was of old merely superficial, going little deeper than the names, and leaving practically unaffected the essential functions of the god as a power of the sky, the thunder, and the oak. If my analysis of this great divinity is correct, the original element in his composite nature was the oak. It was fitting, therefore, that his human representative at Nemi should dwell, as we have seen reason to believe he did, in an oak grove. His title of King of the Wood clearly indicates the sylvan character of the deity whom he served; and since he could only be assailed by him who had plucked the bough of a certain tree in the grove, his own life might be said to be bound up with that of the sacred tree. Thus he not only served but embodied the great Aryan god of the oak; and as an oak-god he would mate with the oak-goddess, whether she went by the name of Egeria or Diana. Their union, however consummated, would be deemed essential to the fertility of the earth and the fecundity of man and beast. Further, as the oak-god had grown into a god of the sky, the thunder, and the rain, so his human representative would be required, like many other divine kings, to cause the clouds to gather, the thunder to peal, and the rain to descend in due season, that the fields and orchards might bear fruit and the pastures be covered with luxuriant herbage. The reputed possessor of powers so exalted must have been a very important personage; and the remains of buildings and of votive offerings which have been found on the site of the sanctuary combine with the testimony of classical writers to prove that in later times it was one of the greatest and most popular shrines in Italy. Even in the old days when the champaign country around was still parcelled out among the petty tribes who composed the Latin League, the sacred grove is known to have been an object of their common reverence and care. And just as the kings of Cambodia used to send offerings to the mystic kings of Fire and Water far in the dim depths of the tropical forest, so, we may well believe, from all sides of the broad Latian plain the eyes and footsteps of Italian pilgrims turned to the quarter where, standing sharply out against the faint blue line of the Apennines or the deeper blue of the distant sea, the Alban Mountain rose before them, the home of the mysterious priest of Nemi, the King of the Wood. There, among the green woods and beside the still waters of the lonely hills the ancient Aryan worship of the god of the oak, the thunder, and the dripping sky lingered in its early, almost Druidical form, long after a great political and intellectual revolution had shifted the capital of Latin religion from the forest to the city, from Nemi to Rome.

Footnote 1238:

Above, vol. i. pp. 6 _sq._, 12; vol. ii. pp. 124 _sq._, 128 _sq._, 171 _sqq._

Footnote 1239:

Above, vol. i. pp. 19 _sqq._, 40 _sq._

Footnote 1240:

Above, vol. i. pp. 12 _sq._

Footnote 1241:

Above, pp. 365, 366, 372.

Footnote 1242:

Above, p. 186.

Footnote 1243:

Above, vol. i. pp. 13 _sq._, vol. ii. pp. 184, 266.

Footnote 1244:

Virgil, _Aen._ vi. 205 _sqq._

Footnote 1245:

See above, pp. 178 _sqq._

Footnote 1246:

This suggestion is due to Mr. A. B. Cook. See his articles, “Zeus, Jupiter, and the Oak,” _Classical Review_, xviii. (1904) pp. 363 _sq._; and “The European Sky-God,” _Folk-lore_, xvi. (1905) pp. 277 _sq._ On the other hand see above, pp. 1 _sq._

Footnote 1247:

Virbius may perhaps be etymologically connected with _viridis_, “green,” and _verbena_, “a sacred bough.” If this were so, Virbius would be “the Green One.” We are reminded of those popular personifications of the spring, Green George and Jack in the Green. See above, pp. 75 _sq._, 82 _sq._ As to the proposed derivation from a root meaning “green” Professor R. S. Conway writes to me (10th January 1903): “From this meaning of the root a derivative in _-bus_ would not strike me as so strange; _vir-bho_ might conceivably mean ‘growing green.’” In my _Lectures on the Early History of the Kingship_ (pp. 282 _sq._) I followed Mr. A. B. Cook in interpreting a passage of Plautus (_Casina_, ii. 5. 23-29) as a reference to the priests of Nemi in the character of mortal Jupiters. But a simpler and more probable explanation of the passage has been given by Dr. L. R. Farnell. See A. B. Cook, “The European Sky-god,” _Folk-lore_, xvi. (1905) pp. 322 _sqq._; L. R. Farnell, in _The Hibbert Journal_, iv. (1906) p. 932.

Footnote 1248:

See above, vol. i. p. 13, vol. ii. pp. 378 _sq._

Footnote 1249:

Above, pp. 171 _sq._

Footnote 1250:

Horace, _Odes_, i. 21. 5 _sq._, iii. 23. 9 _sq._, iv. 4. 5 _sq._, _Carmen Saeculare_, 69; Livy, iii. 25. 6-8; E. H. Bunbury, in Smith’s _Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography_, _s.v._ “Algidus.”

Footnote 1251:

Festus, _s.v._ “Tifata,” p. 366, ed. C. O. Müller; Velleius Paterculus, ii. 25. 4; E. H. Bunbury, _op. cit._ _s.v._ “Tifata.” For more evidence of the association of Diana with the oak, see Mr. A. B. Cook, “Zeus, Jupiter, and the Oak,” _Classical Review_, xviii. (1904) pp. 369 _sq._

Footnote 1252:

Above, vol. i. pp. 17 _sq._, vol. ii pp. 172 _sq._

Footnote 1253:

The original root appears plainly in _Diovis_ and _Diespiter_, the older forms of _Jupiter_ (Varro, _De lingua Latina_, v. 66; Aulus Gellius, v. 12). The form Dianus is attested by an inscription found at Aquileia (_Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum_, v. 783), and the form Jana by Varro (_Rerum rusticarum_, i. 37. 3) and Macrobius (_Saturn._ i. 9. 8). In _Zeus_, _Dione_, _Jupiter_, and _Juno_ the old root _DI_ appears in the expanded form _DIV_. As to the etymology of these names, see Ch. Ploix, “Les Dieux qui proviennent de la racine _DIV_,” _Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris_, i. (1868) pp. 213-222; G. Curtius, _Grundzüge der griechischen Etymologie_, 5th Ed., pp. 236 _sq._, 616 _sq._; A. Vanicek, _Griechisch-lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch_, i. 353 _sqq._; W. H. Roscher, _Lexikon der griech. u. röm. Mythologie_, ii. 45 _sq._, 578 _sq._, 619; S. Linde, _De Jano summo Romanorumdeo_ (Lund, 1891), pp. 7 _sq._; J. S. Speijer, “Le Dieu romain Janus,” _Revue de l’Histoire des Religions_, xxvi. (1892) pp. 37-41; H. Usener, _Götternamen_, pp. 16, 35 _sq._, 326; P. Kretschmer, _Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache_, pp. 78 _sqq._, 91, 161 _sq._ Messrs. Speijer and Kretschmer reject the derivation of Janus from the root _DI_.

Footnote 1254:

As to Juno in these aspects, see L. Preller, _Römische Mythologie_, 3rd Ed., i. 271 _sqq._; G. Wissowa, _Religion und Kultus der Römer_, pp. 117 _sqq._; W. H. Roscher, _Lexikon der griech. u. röm. Mythologie_, ii. 578 _sqq._ As to Diana, see above, vol. i. p. 12, vol. ii. pp. 124, 128 _sq._

Footnote 1255:

Ovid, _Fasti_, i. 89 _sqq._; Macrobius, _Sat._ i. 9; Servius, on Virgil, _Aen._ vii. 610; Joannes Lydus, _De mensibus_, iv. 1 _sq._

Footnote 1256:

Varro, quoted by Augustine, _De civitate Dei_, vii. 28; Joannes Lydus, _De mensibus_, iv. 2. Compare Macrobius, _Sat._ i. 9. 11. See R. Agahd, _M. Terentii Varronis rerum divinarum libri I. XIV. XV. XVI._ (Leipsic, 1898) pp. 117 _sqq._, 203 _sq._

Footnote 1257:

Macrobius, _Sat._ i. 9. 15, i. 15. 19; Servius, on Virgil, _Aen._ vii. 610; Joannes Lydus, _De mensibus_, iv. 1. Prof. G. Wissowa thinks that sacrifices were offered to Janus as well as to Juno on the first of every month (_Religion und Kultus der Römer_, pp. 91 _sq._); but this view does not seem to me to be supported by the evidence of Macrobius (_Sat._ i. 9. 16, i. 15. 18 _sq._), to which he refers. Macrobius does not say that the first of every month was sacred to Janus.

Footnote 1258:

Arnobius, _Adversus nationes_, iii. 29.

Footnote 1259:

Virgil, _Aen._ xii. 138 _sqq._; Ovid, _Fasti_, ii. 585 _sqq._

Footnote 1260:

Cato, _De agri cultura_, 134; Virgil, _Aen._ viii. 357; Horace, _Epist._ i. 16. 59, compare _Sat._ ii. 6. 20; Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxxvi. 28; Juvenal, vi. 394; Martial, x. 28. 6 _sq._; Aulus Gellius, v. 12. 5; Arnobius, _Adversus nationes_, iii. 29; H. Dessau, _Inscriptiones Latinae selectae_, Nos. 3320, 3322, 3323, 3324, 3325, 5047; G. Henzen, _Acta fratrum Arvalium_, p. 144; Athenaeus, xv. 46, p. 692 D, E.

Footnote 1261:

Augustine, _De civitate Dei_, vii. 9 _sq._

Footnote 1262:

_Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum_, v. No. 783.

Footnote 1263:

Macrobius, _Sat._ i. 7. 19; Servius, on Virgil, _Aen._ viii. 319 and 357; Arnobius, _Adversus nationes_, iii. 29; Athenaeus, xv. 46, p. 692 D. As to the oak-woods of the Janiculum, see above, p. 186.

Footnote 1264:

As dialectal differences in the ancient Italian languages seem to have created a multiplicity of deities, so in the Malay language they appear to have created a multiplicity of fabulous animals. See R. J. Wilkinson, _Malay Beliefs_ (London and Leyden, 1906), p. 56: “The wealth of Malay nomenclature in the province of natural history is in itself a fruitful source of error. The identity of different dialectic names for the same animal is not always recognized: the local name is taken to represent the real animal, the foreign name is assumed to represent a rare or fabulous variety of the same genus.” In these cases mythology might fairly enough be described as a disease of language. But such cases cover only a small part of the vast mythical field.

Footnote 1265:

Mr. A. B. Cook, who accepts in substance my theory of the original identity of Jupiter and Janus, Juno and Diana, has suggested that Janus and Diana were the deities of the aborigines of Rome, Jupiter and Juno the deities of their conquerors. See his article, “Zeus, Jupiter, and the Oak,” _Classical Review_, xviii. (1904) pp. 367 _sq._

Footnote 1266:

This is the opinion of Dr. W. H. Roscher (_Lexikon der griech. u. röm. Mythologie_, ii. 47), Mr. W. Warde Fowler (_Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic_, pp. 282 _sqq._), and Prof. G. Wissowa (_Religion und Kultus der Römer_, p. 96). It is rejected for the reasons given in the text by Ph. Buttmann (_Mythologus_, ii. pp. 72, 79) and S. Linde (_De Jano summo Romanorum deo_, pp. 50 _sqq._).

Footnote 1267:

He was so saluted in the ancient hymns of the Salii. See Macrobius, _Sat._ i. 9. 14; compare Varro, _De lingua Latina_, vii. 26 _sq._

Footnote 1268:

G. Curtius, _Grundzüge der griechischen Etymologie_, 5th Ed.,, p. 258; O. Schrader, _Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde_, p. 866.

Footnote 1269:

This theory of the derivation of _janua_ from _Janus_ was suggested, though not accepted, by Ph. Butmann (_Mythologus_, ii. 79 _sqq._). It occurred to me independently. Mr. A. B. Cook also derives _janua_ from _Janus_, but he would explain the derivation in a different way by supposing that the lintel and two side-posts of a door represented a triple Janus. See his article “Zeus, Jupiter, and the Oak,” _Classical Review_, xviii. (1904) p. 369.

Footnote 1270:

K. Martin, “Bericht über eine Reise ins Gebiet des Oberen-Surinam,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxv. (1886) pp. 28 _sq._ I am indebted to Mr. A. van Gennep for pointing out this confirmation of my theory as to the meaning of the double-headed Janus. See his article “Janus Bifrons,” _Revue des traditions populaires_, xxii. (1907) pp. 97 _sq._

Footnote 1271:

Macrobius, _Saturn._ i. 9. 7, “_Sed apud nos Janum omnibus praeesse januis nomen ostendit, quod est simile_ θυραίῳ. _Nam et cum clavi ac virga figuratur, quasi omnium et portarum custos et rector viarum_”; Ovid, _Fasti_, i. 95, 99, “_Sacer ancipiti mirandus imagine Janus ... tenens dextra baculum clavemque sinistra_.”

Footnote 1272:

Ovid, _Fasti_, i. 89 _sqq._

Footnote 1273:

C. Hose and W. McDougall, “The Relations between Men and Animals in Sarawak,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxi. (1901) p. 175.

INDEX

Abbas Effendi, i. 402

Abchases of the Caucasus, the, ii. 370

Abolition of the kingship at Rome, ii. 289 _sqq._

Abraham and Sarah, ii. 114

Acacia-tree worshipped, ii. 16

Achelous and Dejanira, ii. 161 _sq._

Achilles, ii. 278

Acorns as food, ii. 353, 355 _sq._; as fodder for swine, 354, 356

Adam of Bremen, ii. 364

Adonis at Byblus, i. 30

—— and Venus (Aphrodite), i. 21, 25, 40, 41

—— or Tammuz, ii. 346

Adoption, pretence of birth at, i. 74 _sq._

Adultery supposed to blight the fruits of the earth, ii. 107 _sq._, 114

Aeacus, ii. 278, 359

Aegira, priestess of Earth at, i. 381 _sq._

Aegisthus, ii. 281

Aeneas and the Golden Bough, i. 11, ii. 379; his disappearance in a thunderstorm, 181

Aeolus, i. 326

Aeschines, spurious epistles of, ii. 162 _n._ 2

Aesculapius brings Hippolytus to life, i. 20; at Cos, ii. 10

Africa, rise of magicians, especially rain-makers, to chieftainship and kingship in, i. 342 _sqq._, 352; human gods in, 392 _sqq._

—— North, magical images in, i. 65 _sq._

Afterbirth (placenta), contagious magic of, i. 182-201; placed in tree, 182, 187, 190, 191, 194, 199; part of child’s spirit in, 184; regarded as brother or sister of child, 189, 191, 192, 193; regarded as a second child, 195; seat of external soul, 200 _sq._

Agamemnon, ii. 279; sceptre of, i. 365

Agni, the fire-god, ii. 249

_Agnihotris_, Brahman fire-priests, ii. 247 _sqq._

_Agriculture of the Nabataeans_, ii. 100

Ainos, i. 60

Akamba, the, ii. 317

Akikuyu, the, ii. 44, 150, 316, 317; pretence of new birth among the, i. 75 _sq._, 96 _sq._

Alba Longa, the kings of, ii. 178 _sqq._, 268 _sq._

Alban Hills, i. 2

—— Mountain, the, ii. 187 _sq._, 202

Albigenses, the, i. 407

_Alcheringa_, legendary time, i. 98

Alfai, priesthood of the, ii. 3

Algidus, Mount, ii. 187, 380

Algonquins, the, ii. 147

Amata, “Beloved,” title of Vestals, ii. 197; Amata, wife of King Latinus, 197

Amboyna, ii. 28

Amenophis III., birth of, ii. 131 _sqq._

American Indians, power of medicine-men among the, i. 355 _sqq._

Amethyst, i. 165

Ammon, the god, married to the Queen of Egypt, ii. 130 _sqq._; human wives of the god, 130 _sqq._; costume of the god, 133; King of Egypt masqueraded as, 133; at Thebes, high priests of, 134

Ammonite, black fossil, ii. 26, 27 _n._ 2

Amphictyon, ii. 277

Amulius Sylvius, ii. 180

Anaitis, Oriental goddess, i. 16 _sq._, 37 _n._ 2

_Anatomie of Abuses_, ii. 66

Anazarbus, the olives of, ii. 107

Ancestor-worship among the Bantu peoples, ii. 221; in relation to fire-worship, 221

Ancestors, prayers to, i. 285, 287, 345, 352; sacrifices to, 339; souls of, in trees, ii. 30, 31, 32; dead, regarded as mischievous beings, 221; represented by sacred fire-sticks, 222 _sqq._; souls of, in the fire on the hearth, 232

Ancestral spirits worshipped at the hearth, ii. 221 _sq._

Ancestral tree, fire kindled from, ii. 221, 233 _sq._

Ancus Martius, his death, ii. 320

Andaman Islanders, ii. 253

Andania, ii. 122

Anderida, forest of, ii. 7

Andromeda and Perseus, ii. 163

Animals, homoeopathic magic of, i. 150 _sqq._; rain-making by means of, 287 _sqq._

Animism passing into polytheism, ii. 45

_Anitos_, spirits of ancestors, ii. 30

Anjea, mythical being, who causes conception in women, i. 100, 184

Annals of Tigernach and Ulster, ii. 286

Annandale, Nelson, ii. 237 _n._

Anointing weapon which caused wound, i. 202 _sqq._

Antaeus, ii. 300

Antigone, death of, ii. 228 _n._ 5

Antigonus, i. 391 _n._ 1

Antimores of Madagascar, i. 354

Apaches, land of the, i. 306

Apepi, Egyptian fiend, i. 67

Apes thought to be related to twins, i. 265

Ap-hi, god of thunder and lightning, ii. 370

Aphrodite and Adonis, i. 25

—— Askraia, i. 26

Apollo, i. 384, 386; at Delos, 32, 34 _sq._; at Delphi, 28; grave of, at Delphi, 35; Erithasean, ii. 121; at Patara, 135

—— and Artemis, birthdays of, i. 32

—— Diradiotes, i. 381

Apologies offered to trees for cutting them down, ii. 18 _sq._, 36 _sq._

Apples at festival of Diana, i. 14, 16

April 15th, sacrifice on, ii. 229, 326

—— 21st, date of the Parilia, ii. 325, 326

—— 23rd, St. George’s Day, ii. 330 _sqq._

—— 24th, in some places St. George’s Day, ii. 337, 343

Arab charms, i. 152, 153, 157, 165 _sq._, 181, 303

Arabs of Moab, i. 276

Aratus, sacrifices to, i. 105

Araucanians of Chili, the, ii. 183

Arden, forest of, ii. 7

Ardennes, goddess of the, ii. 126

_Aren_ palm-tree, ii. 22

Ariadne and Dionysus, ii. 138

Aricia, i. 3, 4, 10, ii. 2; “many Manii at,” i. 22

Arician grove, the sacred, i. 20, 22, ii. 115; horses excluded from, i. 20

Arikara Indians, i. 115

Aristotle, ii. 137

Arkon, in Rügen, ii. 241 _n._ 4

Armenia, rain-making in, i. 275 _sq._

Arrephoroi at Athens, the, ii. 199

Arrian, on sacrifices to Artemis, ii. 125 _sq._

Arrows shot at sacred trees, ii. 11; fire-tipped, shot at sun during an eclipse, i. 311

Artemis, temple dedicated to her by Xenophon, i. 7; birthday of, i. 32, ii. 125; the Asiatic, i. 7; at Delos, 28; of Ephesus, 7, 37 _sq._, ii. 128, 136; a goddess of the wild life of nature, i. 35 _sq._; sacrifices to, ii. 125; worshipped by the Celts, 125 _sq._; Saronian, i. 26; Wolfish, 26 _sq._

—— and Apollo, birthdays of, i. 32; and Hippolytus, 19 _sq._, 24 _sqq._

—— _Parthenos_, i. 36

Arunta, the, of Central Australia, i. 98; magical ceremonies among, 85 _sqq._; burial customs of the, 102

Arval Brothers, the, ii. 203

Aryan god of the oak and thunder, ii. 356 _sqq._; god of the sky, 374 _sq._

Aryans, magical powers ascribed to kings among the, i. 366 _sqq._; perpetual fires among the, ii. 260; female kinship among the, 283 _sqq._

Ascanius or Julus, ii. 197

Ascension Day, ii. 69, 166

Ashantee, licence accorded to king’s sisters in, ii. 274 _sq._

Ashes scattered as rain-charm, i. 304; in magic, 314; of unborn calves used in a fertility charm, ii. 229, 326

Asia Minor, pontiffs in, i. 47

Assimilation of rain-maker to water, i. 269 _sqq._

Association of ideas, magic based on a misapplication of the, i. 221 _sq._

Assumption of the Virgin in relation to the festival of Diana, i. 14-16

Astarte at Byblus, i. 30

Atalante, ii. 301

Athenian sacrifices to the Seasons, i. 310

Athens, barrow of Hippolytus at, i. 25; new fire brought to, 32 _sq._; King and Queen at, 44 _sq._; marriage of Dionysus at, ii. 136 _sq._; female kinship at, 277

Atkinson, J. C., i. 199

Atreus, ii. 279

Attacking the wind, i. 327 _sqq._

Attica, traces of female kinship in, ii. 284

Attis and Cybele (Mother of the Gods), i. 18, 21, 40, 41

_Atua_, Polynesian term for god, i. 387 _n._ 1

August, the Ides (13th) of, Diana’s day, i. 12, 14-17

—— 15th, the day of the Assumption of the Virgin, i. 14-16

Augustine on the one God, i. 121 _n._ 1

Australia, aboriginal paintings in, i. 87 _n._ 1; magic universally practised but religion nearly unknown among the aborigines of, 234; government of old men in aboriginal, 334 _sq._; influence of magicians in aboriginal, 334 _sqq._

—— Central, magical ceremonies for the supply of food in, i. 85 _sqq._

Australian aborigines, magical images among the, i. 62; ceremonies of initiation among the, 92 _sqq._; contagious magic of teeth among the, 176; magic of navel-string and afterbirth among the, 183 _sq._

Autun, procession of goddess at, ii. 144

Auxesia and Damia, i. 39

Avebury, Lord, i. 225 _n._

Aventine, Diana on the, ii. 128

Baal, prophets of, cutting themselves, i. 258

Baalim, the, lords of underground waters, ii. 159

Babar Archipelago, i. 72, 131

Babaruda, i. 273

Babylon, magical images in ancient, i. 66 _sq._; sanctuary of Bel at, ii. 129 _sq._

Babylonian kings, divinity of the early, i. 417

Bacchanals chew ivy, i. 384

Bachofen, J. J., ii. 313 _n._ 1, 314 _n._ 1

Bacon, Francis, on anointing weapon that caused wound, i. 202

Badonsachen, King of Burma, i. 400

Baganda, the, i. 395; superstitions as to the navel-string and afterbirth (placenta), 195 _sq._; their customs in regard to twins, ii. 102 _sq._; their belief in the influence of the sexes on vegetation, 101 _sq._; Vestal Virgins among the, 246; their list of kings, 269

Bagba, a fetish, i. 327

Bagishu, i. 103

Bahaus or Kayans of Borneo, ii. 40, 109

Bakers, Roman, required to be chaste, ii. 115 _sq._, 205

Balli Atap, ii. 385

_Baloi_, mythical beings, i. 177

Bambaras, the, ii. 42

Banana-tree, wild, supposed to fertilise barren women, ii. 318

Bandicoot in rain-charm, i. 288

Bangalas, the, ii. 293

Banks’ Islanders, i. 314

Bantu peoples, ancestor-worship among the, ii. 221

Banyai, chieftainship among the, ii. 292

Banyoro, the, ii. 322; king of the, as rain-maker, i. 348

Baobab-trees, ii. 47

Baptist, St. John the, i. 277

_Bar_-tree (_Ficus Indica_), ii. 25, 43

Barea, the, ii. 3

Barenton, fountain of, i. 306, 307

Bari, rain-making among the, i. 346 _sq._

Barotse, the, i. 392 _sq._

Barren women, charms to procure offspring for, i. 70 _sqq._; thought to sterilise gardens, 142; fertilised by trees, ii. 51, 56 _sq._, 316 _sq._; thought to blight the fruits of the earth, 102; fertilised by water-spirits, 159 _sqq._

_Basilai_ at Olympia, i. 46 _n._ 4

Basoga, the, ii. 19, 112

Basutos, the, i. 71, 177

Bath before marriage, intention of, ii. 162

Bathing as a rain-charm, i. 277 _sq._

Battas or Bataks of Sumatra, i. 71, 398 _sq._, ii. 108

Battus, King, i. 47

Bayfield, M. A., ii. 228 _n._ 5

Bean, sprouting of, in superstitious ceremony, i. 266

Beasts, sacred, in Egypt held responsible for failure of crops, i. 354

Bechuana charms, i. 150 _sq._

Bechuanas, the, i. 313

Bedouins, fire-drill of the ancient, ii. 209

Beech-woods of Denmark, ii. 351

_Beena_ marriage, ii. 271

Bees, the King Bees (Essenes) at Ephesus, ii. 135 _sq._

Bel of Babylon, ii. 129

Belep, the, of New Caledonia, i. 150

Bell-ringing as a charm to dispel evil influences, ii. 343 _sq._

Benefits conferred by magic, i. 218 _sq._

Benin, king of, as a god, i. 396

Benvenuto Cellini, ii. 197 _n._ 6

Benzoni, G., i. 57 _n._

Bes, the god, ii. 133

Betsileo, the, i. 397

Bevan, Professor A. A., ii. 210 _n._

Bezoar stone in rain-charms, i. 305

Bhagavati, goddess of Cochin, i. 280

Birch, crowns of, ii. 64; leaves, girl clad in, 80; tree dressed in woman’s clothes, 64; a protection against witches, 54

Birth, pretence of, at adoption, i. 74 _sq._; at return of supposed dead man, 75; at circumcision, 75 _sq._; simulation of a new, 380 _sq._; from the fire, ii. 195 _sqq._

Birthday, Greek custom of sacrificing to a dead man on his, i. 105

Birthdays of Apollo and Artemis, i. 32

“Birthplace of Rainy Zeus,” ii. 360

Black animals in rain-charms, i. 250, 290 _sqq._; colour in magic, 83; in rain-making ceremonies, 269 _sq._

Blackfoot Indians, i. 116, 150; their worship of the sun, ii. 146 _sq._

Bleeding trees, ii. 18, 20, 33

Blighting effect of illicit love on the fruits of the earth, ii. 107 _sqq._

Blindness, charm to cause, i. 147

Blood drawn from virgin bride, i. 94; shed at circumcision and subincision, uses of, 92, 94 _sq._; sympathetic connexion between wounded person and his shed blood, 205; used to imitate rain, 256, 257 _sq._; as a means of inspiration, 381 _sqq._; offered to trees, ii. 13, 16, 34, 44, 47; of pigs in purificatory rites, 107, 108, 109; of incestuous persons, blighting effects attributed to the, 110 _sq._; reluctance to spill royal, 228; smeared on sacred trees, 367

Blood, human, in _intichiuma_ ceremonies, i. 85, _sqq._ 90, _sqq._; offered at grave, 90 _sq._; given to sick people, 91; used to knit men together, 92

Blood-stone, i. 165

Bloomfield, Professor M., i. 229

Boanerges, i. 266

Bodio, fetish king, i. 353

Bogomiles, the, i. 407

Boiled meat offered to the Seasons, i. 310

Bones of dead in magic, i. 148; human, buried as rain-charm, 287; burned as a charm against sorcery, ii. 330

Bonfires at midsummer, ii. 65

Bongo, the, i. 347

Boni, G., ii. 186 _n._ 1

Borewell, the, ii. 161

Borlase, W., ii. 67

Born thrice, said of Brahmans, i. 381

Borneo, i. 59, 73; beliefs as to the blighting effect of sexual crime in, ii. 108 _sqq._

Bororos, the, ii. 298

Bough, the Golden, plucked by Aeneas, i. 11, ii. 379; the plucking of it not a piece of bravado, 123 _sq._; grew on an evergreen oak, 379

Boughs, green, a charm against witches, ii. 52-55, 127. _See also_ Branches

Bovillae, ii. 179

Bradbury, Professor J. B., ii. 139 _n._ 1

Brahman, derivation of name, i. 229

—— fire-priests, ii. 247 _sqq._; marriage ceremony, i. 160; householder, temporary inspiration of, i. 380 _sq._

Brahmans deemed superior to the gods, i 226; divinity of the, 403 _sq._; thrice-born, 381

Branches dipped in water as a rain-charm, i. 248, 250, 309. _See also_ Boughs

Brazil, Indians of, power of medicine-men among the, i. 358 _sq._

Breath, holy fire not to be blown upon with the, ii. 241

Brethren of the Free Spirit, i. 408; of the Tilled Fields (_Fratres Arvales_), ii. 122

Brhaspati, as a magician, i. 241

Bride tied to tree at marriage, ii. 57; the Whitsuntide, 89, 96; the May, 95; race for a, 301 _sqq._; contests for a, 305 _sqq._

—— of God, the, i. 276

—— race among Teutonic peoples, ii. 303 _sqq._

Bridegroom of May, ii. 91, 93

Bridget in Scotland and the Isle of Man, ii. 94 _sq._

Brigit, a Celtic goddess, ii. 95, 240 _sqq._

Brimo and Brimos, ii. 139

Brincker, Dr. P. H., ii. 224 _n._ 4

Brooke, Rajah, i. 361

Brotherhood formed with trees by sucking their sap, ii. 19 _sq._

Brothers reviled by sisters for good luck, i. 279

Brown, A. R., ii. 254 _n._

Brown, Dr. George, i. 340

Brunhild, Queen of Iceland, ii. 306

Brutus, L. Junius, ii. 290, 291

Bryant, Jacob, i. 334

Buckthorn, a protection against witches, ii. 54, 191

Buddha, images of, drenched as a rain-charm, i. 308

Buddhas, living, i. 410 _sq._

Buddhist animism not a philosophical theory, ii. 13 _sq._

Bühler, G., ii. 367 _n._ 3, 369

Bulgaria, rain-making in, i. 274

Bull, the thunder-god compared to a, ii. 368

Bull-roarer used as a wind-charm, i. 324

Bull’s blood drunk as means of inspiration, i. 381 _sq._; as ordeal, i. 382 _n._ 1

Bulls, white, sacrificed, ii. 188 _sq._

Bunjil Kraura, i. 324

Bunsen, on St. Hippolytus, i. 21 _n._ 2

Burglars, charms employed by, to cause sleep, i. 148 _sq._

Burgundians and their kings, i. 366

Burial alive, punishment of unfaithful virgins, ii. 244

—— customs intended to ensure re-incarnation, i. 101 _sqq._

Burma, magical images in, i. 62 _sq._

Burning of sacred trees or poles, ii. 141 _sq._

Burning-glass or mirror, fire kindled by, ii. 243, 244 _n._ 1

Buryats, the, ii. 32

Bush negroes of Surinam, ii. 385

Bushmen, i. 123

Butlers, Roman, required to be chaste, ii. 115 _sq._, 205

Buttmann, P., i. 40 _n._ 2

Büttner, C. G., ii. 218

Byblus, Astarte at, i. 30

Cabbages, charm to make cabbages grow, i. 136 _sq._

Cactus, sacred, telepathy in search for, i. 123 _sq._

Cadys, ii. 281

Caeculus born from the fire, ii. 197

Caelian hill at Rome, ii. 185

Caesar, Julius, his villa at Nemi, i. 5

Caesars, their name derived from _caesaries_, ii. 180

Caingua Indians, the, ii. 258

Calah, ancient capital of Assyria, ii. 130

Caland, Dr. W., i. 229

Caldwell, Bishop R., i. 382

_Calica Puran_, i. 63

Caligula, his barges on the lake of Nemi, i. 5; and the priest of Nemi, 11

Calmucks, race for a bride among the, ii. 301 _sq._

Cambodia, the regalia in, i. 365; Kings of Fire and Water in, ii. 3 _sqq._

Cambridge, May Day custom at, ii. 62

Camden, W., ii. 53.

Camillus, his triumph, ii. 174 _n._ 2

Camphor, taboos observed in search for, i. 114 _sq._; telepathy in search for, 124 _sq._

Candaules, ii. 281, 282

Candlemas, ii. 94

Cannibalism in Australia, i. 106 _sq._

Cantabrians, mother-kin among the, ii. 285

Canute, King of England, his marriage with Emma, ii. 282 _sq._

Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, i. 99, 100

Capena, the Porta, at Rome, i. 18

Capitol, temple of Jupiter on the, ii. 174, 176, 184

_Caprificatio_, ii. 314 _n._ 2

_Caprificus_, the wild fig-tree, ii. 314 _sq._

Car Nicobar, i. 314

Caribs, war custom of the, i. 134

Carna, nymph, ii. 190

Carpenter, son of, as a human god, i. 376

Carpet-snakes, magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 90

Castor and Pollux, i. 49 _sq._

Cat in rain-charm, i. 289, 291, 308 _sq._

Cat’s cradle as a charm to catch the sun, i. 316 _sq._

Catlin, G., i. 356

Cato the Elder on dedication of Arician grove to Diana, i. 22, 23

Cato, on expiation, ii. 122

Cattle crowned, ii. 75, 126 _sq._, 339, 341; charm to recover strayed, i. 212; influence of tree-spirits on, ii. 55

—— stall, the, at Athens, ii. 137

Caul, superstitions as to, i. 187 _sq._, 190 _sq._, 199 _sq._

Caves, prehistoric paintings of animals in, i. 87 _n._ 1

Cecrops, ii. 277; said to have instituted marriage, 284

Cedar, sacred, ii. 49, 50 _sq._; smoke of, inhaled as mode of inspiration, i. 383 _sq._

—— tree, girl annually sacrificed to, ii. 17

—— wood burned as a religious rite, ii. 130

Celebes, i. 109; magical virtue of regalia in, 362 _sqq._

Celtic divinity akin to Artemis, ii. 126

—— and Italian languages akin, ii. 189

—— Vestals, ii. 241 _n._ 1

Celts, their worship of the Huntress Artemis, ii. 125 _sq._; their worship of the oak, 362 _sq._; of Gaul, their harvest festival, i. 17; of Ireland, their belief in the blighting effect of incest, ii. 116

Ceos, funeral customs in, i. 105

Ceremonies, initiatory, of Central Australian aborigines, i. 92 _sqq._

Chadwick, H. M., ii. 278 _n._ 1, 283 _n._ 1

Chaka, the Zulu despot, i. 350

Champion at English coronation ceremony, ii. 322

Chams, the, i. 120, 131, 144

Chariot in rain-charm, i. 309

—— and horses dedicated to the sun, i. 315

Charles II. touches for scrofula, i. 368 _sq._

Charms to ensure long life, i. 168 _sq._; to prevent the sun from going down, 316 _sqq._ _See also_ Magic

Chastity observed for sake of absent persons, i. 123, 124, 125, 131; practised to make the crops grow, ii. 104 _sqq._; required of persons who handle dishes and food, 115 _sq._, 205; Milton on, 118 _n._ 1; as a virtue not understood by savages, 118; observed by sacred men, perhaps the husbands of a goddess, 135, 136; observed by sacred women, 137; required in those who make fire by friction, 238 _sq._ _See also_ Continence

Chauci, the, ii. 353

Cheremiss, the, ii. 44, 49

Cherokees, homoeopathic magic of plants among the, i. 144, 146 _sq._; homoeopathic magic of animals among the, i. 155 _sq._

Chibchas, the, i. 416

Chi-chi Mama, i. 276

Chiefs, supernatural power of, in Melanesia, i. 338 _sqq._; as magicians, especially rain-makers, in Africa, 342 _sqq._; not allowed to leave their premises, 349; punished for drought and dearth, 352 _sqq._; as priests, ii. 215 _sq._; chosen from several families in rotation, 292 _sqq._

Chilcotin Indians, i. 312

Child’s Well at Oxford, ii. 161

Childbirth, Diana as goddess of, i. 12, ii. 128

Children, newborn, brought to the hearth, ii. 232

_Chili_, sacred cedar, ii. 49, 50 _sq._

China, emperors of, i. 47; homoeopathic magic of city sites in, 169 _sq._; the Emperor of, superior to the gods, 416 _sq._ _See also_ Chinese

Chinchvad, human gods at, i. 405 _sq._

Chinese, magical images among the, i. 60 _sq._

—— belief in spirits of plants, ii. 14

—— charms to ensure long life, i. 168 _sq._

—— emperor responsible for drought, i. 355

—— empire, incarnate human gods in the, i. 412 _sqq._

—— modes of compelling the rain-god to give rain, i. 297 _sqq._

—— superstition as to placenta (after-birth), i. 194

Chingilli, the, i. 99

Chios, kings of, i. 45

Chissumpe, the, i. 393

Chitomé, the, a pontiff of Congo, ii. 261

Christians, pretenders to divinity among, i. 407 _sqq._

Christs, Russian sect of the, i. 407 _sq._

Chuckchees, sacred fire-boards of the, ii. 225 _sq._

_Churinga_, in Australia, i. 88, 199, 335

Cimbrians, the, i. 331 _n._ 2

Ciminian forest, ii. 8

Circassians, their custom as to pear-trees, ii. 55 _sq._

Circumcision, pretence of new birth at, i. 76, 96 _sq._; uses of blood shed at, 92, 94 _sq._; suggested origin of, 96 _sq._

Cithaeron, Mount, ii. 140

Clans, paternal and maternal, of the Herero, ii. 217

Cleanliness promoted by contagious magic, i. 175, 342

Clisthenes and Hippoclides, ii. 307 _sq._

Clitus and Pallene, ii. 307

Clothes, sympathetic connexion between a person and his, i. 205-207

Clouds imitated by smoke, i. 249; by stones, i. 256; by rain-maker, 261, 262, 263

Clouds, magicians painted in imitation of, i. 323

Clove-trees in blossom treated like pregnant women, ii. 28

Cloves, ceremony to make cloves grow ii. 100

Clown in spring ceremonies, ii. 82, 89

Clytaemnestra, ii. 279

Cockatoos, ceremony for the magical multiplication of, i. 89

Coco-nut sacred, ii. 51

—— palms worshipped, ii. 16

Codrington, Dr. R. H., quoted, i. 227 _sq._, 338

Coligny calendar, i. 17 _n._ 2

Collatinus, L. Tarquinius, ii. 290

Columella, ii. 314; quoted, 205

Combat, mortal, for the kingdom, ii. 322

Communism, tradition of sexual, ii. 284

Compelling rain-gods to give rain, i. 296 _sqq._

Complexity of social phenomena, i. 332

Comrie, ii. 161

Con or Cun, a thunder-god, ii. 370

Conception in women, supposed cause of, i. 100; caused by trees, ii. 51, 56 _sq._, 316-318

Concord, temple of, at Rome, i. 11, 21 _n._ 2

Concordia, nurse of St. Hippolytus, i. 21 _n._ 2

Condor, the bird of the thunder-god, ii. 370

Confession of sins, i. 266

Conflicts, sanguinary, as rain-charm, i. 258

Conquerors sometimes leave a nominal kingship to the conquered, ii. 288 _sq._

“Consort, the divine,” ii. 131, 135

Consuls, the first, ii. 290

Consulship at Rome, institution of, ii. 290 _sq._

Contact or contagion in magic, law of, i. 52, 53

Contagious Magic, i. 174-214; of teeth, 176-182; of navel-string and afterbirth (placenta), 182-201; of wound and weapon, 201 _sqq._; of footprints, 207-212; of other impressions, 213 _sq._

—— taboos, i. 117

Contest for the kingship at Whitsuntide, ii. 89

Contests for a bride, ii. 305 _sqq._

Continence required in magical ceremonies, i. 88; required at rain-making ceremonies, 257, 259; required of parents of twins, 266; practised in order to make the crops grow, ii. 104 _sqq._ _See also_ Chastity

Conway, Professor R. S., ii. 379 _n._ 5

Conybeare, F. C., i. 407 _n._ 3

Cook, A. B., i. 23 _n._, 40 _n._ 3 and 4, 42 _n._ 1, ii. 172 _n._ 3, 173 _n._ 2, 177 _n._ 6, 178 _n._ 3, 187 _n._ 4, 220 _n._ 3, 290 _n._ 3, 307 _n._ 2, 321 _n._ 1, 358 _n._ 4, 379 _n._ 4 and _n._ 5, 380 _n._ 4, 383 _n._ 2

Cooks, Roman, required to be chaste, ii. 115 _sq._, 205

Cora Indians, i. 55 _sq._

Corc, his purification, ii. 116

Corn, defiled persons kept from the, ii. 112; reaped ear of, displayed at mysteries of Eleusis, 138 _sq._

—— -mother, the, at Eleusis, ii. 139

—— -reaping in Greece, date of, i. 32

Cornel-tree, sacred, ii. 10

Cornish customs on May Day, ii. 52, 67

_Corp chre_, i. 68, 69

Corpus Christi Day, ii. 163

Cos, King of, i. 45

Crab in rain-charm, i. 289

Crannogs, ii. 352

Crannon in Thessaly, i. 309

Crawley, E., i. 201 _n._ 1

Crocodiles, girls sacrificed to, ii. 152

Cronus and Zeus, ii. 323

Crooke, W., i. 406 _n._ 1, ii. 57 _n._ 4, 288 _n._ 1

Cross River, i. 349

Crossbills in magic, i. 81 _sq._

Crown of oak leaves, ii. 175, 176 _sq._, 184

Crowning cattle, ii. 75, 126 _sq._, 339, 341

—— dogs, custom of, i. 14, ii. 125 _sq._, 127 _sq._

Crowns, magical virtue of royal, i. 364 _sq._; of birch at Whitsuntide, ii. 64; or wreaths, custom of wearing, 127 _n._ 2

Crows in magic, i. 83

Crystals, magic of, i. 176; used in rain-making, 254, 255, 304, 345, 346

Cumont, Professor Franz, ii. 310

Cup-and-ball as a charm to hasten the return of the sun, i. 317

Curses, public, i. 45; supposed beneficial effects of, i. 279 _sqq._

Cursing at sowing, i. 281

—— fishermen and hunters for good luck, i. 280 _sq._

Curtiss, Professor S. I., i. 402

Cuzco, ii. 243

Cybele, ii. 144 _sq._; and Attis, i. 18, 21, 40, 41

Cyrene, kingship at, i. 47

Daedala, festival of the, ii. 140 _sq._

Dainyal or Sibyl, i. 383

Dalai Lama of Lhasa, i. 411 _sq._

Damaras or Herero, their fire-customs, ii. 211 _sqq._

Damia and Auxesia, i. 39

Danaus, ii. 301

Dance at giving of oracles, i. 379; of milkmaids on May-day, ii. 52

Dances of women while men are away fighting, i. 131-134; as means of inspiration, 408 _n._ 1; round sacred trees, ii. 47, 55; found the May-pole, 65, 69, 74 _sq._; on graves, 183 _n._ 2

Dancing as a fertility charm, i. 137 _sqq._, ii. 106

Danes, female descent of the kingship among the, ii. 282 _sq._

Daphnephoria, ii. 63 _n._ 2

Date-month, the, ii. 25

—— -palm, artificial fertilisation of the, ii. 24 _sq._

Dawn, the rosy, i. 334

Day of Stones, i. 279

De Groot, J. J. M., i. 416 _sq._, ii. 14

Dead, hair offered to the, i. 31; pretence of new birth at return of supposed dead man, 75; homoeopathic magic of the, 147 _sqq._; sacrifices to, 163; making rain by means of the, 284 _sqq._; trees animated by the souls of the, ii. 29 _sqq._; the illustrious, represented by masked men, 178; thunder and lightning made by the, 183; spirits of the, in wild fig-trees, 317

Death, pretence of, in magic, i. 84; infection of, 143; at ebb tide, 167 _sq._; puppet called, carried out of village, ii. 73 _sq._

Deceiving the spirits of plants and trees, ii. 22 _sqq._

Deir el Bahari, paintings at, ii. 131, 133

Deities duplicated through dialectical differences in their names, ii. 380 _sq._

Dejanira and Achelous, ii. 161 _sq._

Delivery, easy, granted to women by trees, ii. 57 _sq._

Delos, graves of Hyperborean maidens in, i. 28, 33 _sqq._; Apollo and Artemis at, 28, 32-35

Delphi, Apollo at, i. 28; new fire sent from, 32 _sq._; King of, 45 _sq._

Demeter and Zeus, their marriage at Eleusis, ii. 138 _sq._

Demetrius Poliorcetes deified at Athens, i. 390 _sq._

Denmark, Whitsun bride in, ii. 91 _sq._; the beech-woods of, 351

Dennett, R. E., ii. 277 _n._ 1

_Deòce_, a divine spirit, i. 410

Departmental kings of nature, ii. 1 _sqq._

Derry, the oaks of, ii. 242 _sq._

Devil-dancers, i. 382

Dew on May morning, custom of washing in the, ii. 54, 67, 327, 339; rolling in the, 333

“Dew-treading” in Holland, ii. 104 _n._ 2

Dhurma Rajah, i. 410

_DI_, Aryan root meaning “bright,” ii. 381

Dia, grove of the goddess, ii. 122

Dialectical differences a cause of the duplication of deities, ii. 382 _sq._

Diana, her sanctuary at Nemi, i. 2 _sqq._; as huntress at Nemi, 6; as patroness of cattle, 7, ii. 124; her priest at Nemi, i. 8 _sqq._; the Tauric, 10 _sq._, 24; as goddess of childbirth, 12, ii. 128; as Vesta at Nemi, i. 13, ii. 380; in relation to vines, i. 15 _sq._; the mate of the King of the Wood at Nemi, 40, 41, ii. 380; as a goddess of fertility, 120 _sqq._; in relation to animals of the woods, 124, 125 _sqq._; as the moon, 128; the goddess of fruits, 128; as a goddess of the oak at Nemi, 380

—— and Dianus, ii. 376 _sqq._

—— (Jana), a double of Juno, ii. 190 _sq._, 381 _sq._

“Diana’s Mirror,” i. 1

Dianus (Janus), a double of Jupiter, ii. 190 _sq._, 381 _sq._

Diels, Professor H., i. 390 _n._ 2

Dieri, the, i. 90, 177, ii. 29; rain-making ceremonies of the, i. 255 _sqq._

Dinka or Denka nation, i. 347

Diodorus Siculus, i. 74

Diomede, ii. 278; at Troezen, i. 27; sacred grove of, 27

Dione, wife of Zeus at Dodona, ii. 189; the old consort of Zeus, 381, 382

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, quoted, ii. 202 _sq._

Dionysus, marriage of, to the Queen of Athens, ii. 136 _sq._; and Ariadne, 138

Discovery of fire, ii. 255 _sqq._

Disease-makers in Tana, i. 341 _sq._

“Divine consort, the,” ii. 131

Divinity of kings, i. 48 _sqq._; among the Hovas, 397; among the Malays, 398; in great historical empires, 415 _sqq._; growth of the conception of the, ii. 376 _sqq._

—— of the Brahmans, i. 403 _sq._

Division of labour in relation to social progress, i. 420

Diwali, the feast of lamps, ii. 160

Dixon, Dr. W. E., ii. 139 _n._ 1

Djakuns, their mode of making fire, ii. 236

Djuldjul, i. 274

Dodola, the, i. 273

Dodona, oracular spring at, ii. 172; Zeus at, 177; Zeus and Dione at, 189; oracular oak at, 358

Dog, black, sacrificed for rain, i. 291; used to stop rain, 303

Dogs crowned, i. 14, ii. 125 _sq._, 127 _sq._

Dollar-bird associated with rain, i. 287 _sq._

Domalde, a Swedish king, i. 366 _sq._

Donar or Thunar, the German thunder god, ii. 364

Doors, Janus as a god of, ii. 383 _sq._

Doreh, in New Guinea, i. 125

Dos Santos, J., i. 392

Double-headed fetish among the Bush negroes of Surinam, ii. 385; Janus, explanation of, ii. 384 _sq._

Dragon, rain-god represented as, i. 297; or serpent of water, ii. 155 _sqq._; of Rouen, destroyed by St. Romain, 164 _sqq._; the Slaying of the, at Furth, 163 _sq._

Dramas, magical, to promote vegetation, ii. 120

Dramatic exhibitions sometimes originate in magical rites, ii. 142; weddings of gods and goddesses, ii. 121

Draupadi or Krishna, ii. 306

Dreams, modes of counteracting evil, i. 172 _sq._

Drenching people with water as a rain-charm, i. 250, 251, 269 _sq._, 272, 273, 274, 275, 277 _sq._, ii. 77

Dropsy, ancient Greek mode of preventing, i. 78

Drought supposed to be caused by unburied dead, i. 287; and dearth, chiefs and kings punished for, 352 _sqq._; supposed to be caused by sexual crime, ii. 110, 111, 113

Drowning as a punishment, ii. 109, 110, 111; sacrifice by, 364

Druids, oak-worship of the, ii. 9; of Gaul, their sacrifices of white bulls, 189; female, 241 _n._ 1; venerate the oak and the mistletoe, 358, 362; derivation of the name, 363

Drums, homoeopathic magic at the making of, i. 134 _sq._; beaten as a charm against a storm, 328

Drynemetum, ii. 363

Du Pratz, ii. 263 _n._ 1

Dudulé, the, i. 274

Duplication of deities an effect of dialectical differences, ii. 382 _sq._

Durostorum, martyrdom of St. Dasius at, ii. 310 _n._ 1

Dwarf tribes of Central Africa, ii. 255

Dyaks of Borneo, the, i. 73, 127, ii. 13; the Sea, 127

Ea, the inventor of magic, i. 240

Eagle hunters, taboos observed by, i. 116; charms employed by, 149 _sq._

—— -wood, telepathy in search for, i. 120

Eagles, sacred, ii. 11

Earth and Sun, marriage of the, ii. 98 _sq._, 148

—— goddess, pregnant cows sacrificed to, ii. 229

Earthquakes supposed to be caused by incest, ii. 111

Ebb tide, death at, i. 167 _sq._

Eclipse, ceremonies at an, i. 311 _sq._

Economic progress a condition of intellectual progress, i. 218

Egeria, water nymph at Nemi, i. 17-19, 41, ii. 171 _sq._; an oak-nymph, 172; a double of Diana, 380; and Numa, i. 18, ii. 172 _sqq._, 193, 380

Egerius Baebius or Laevius, i. 22

Eggs collected at spring ceremonies, ii. 65, 78, 81, 84, 85; or egg-shells, painted, in spring ceremonies, 63, 65; in purificatory rite, 109

Egypt, magical images in ancient, i. 66, 67 _sq._; magicians in ancient, 225; confusion of magic and religion in ancient, 230 _sq._; kings of, deified in their lifetime, 418 _sqq._; the Queen of, married to the god Ammon, ii. 131 _sq._; king of, masquerading as Ammon, 133

Egyptian kings and queens, their begetting and birth depicted on the monuments, ii. 131 _sqq._

—— worship of sacred beasts, i. 29 _sq._

Egyptians, the ancient, worshipped men and animals, i. 389 _sq._; sycamores worshipped by the ancient, ii. 15

_Eiresione_, ii. 48

Elder-tree, ii. 43

Elective and hereditary monarchy, combination of the two, ii. 292 _sqq._

Electric lights on mast-heads, spears, etc., i. 49 _sq._

Elephant-hunters, telepathy of, i. 123

Eleusis, mysteries of, ii. 138 _sq._

Elipandus of Toledo, i. 407

Elizabeth, Queen, i. 368

_Emblica officinalis_, a sacred tree, ii. 51

Emin Pasha, ii. 297 _n._ 7

Empedocles, his claim to divinity, i. 390

Emus, ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 85 _sq._

Endymion, ii. 299

Ephesian Artemis, ii. 128

Ephesus, Artemis of, i. 37 _sq._; nominal kings at, 47; the Essenes or King Bees at, ii. 135 _sq._

Epicurus, sacrifices offered to, i. 105

Erechtheum, the, ii. 199

Erechtheus and Erichthonius, ii. 199

Erhard, Professor A., ii. 310 _n._ 1

Erichthonius, i. 21; and Erechtheus, ii. 199

Eruptions of volcanoes supposed to be caused by incest, ii. 111

Esquiline hill at Rome, ii. 185

Esquimaux, i. 70, 113, 121, 316, 327

Essenes or King Bees at Ephesus, i. 47 _n._ 2, ii. 135 _sq._

Esthonian folk-tale of a tree-elf, ii. 71 _sqq._; marriage custom, 234

Esthonians, St. George’s Day among the, ii. 330 _sqq._; their thunder-god Taara, 367

Etruscans, female kinship among the, ii. 286 _sq._

Eudanemi, the, at Athens, i. 325 _n._ 1

Europe, contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210 _sq._; confusion of magic and religion in modern, 231-233; forests of ancient, ii. 7 _sq._; relics of tree-worship in modern, 59 _sqq._; diffusion of the oak in, 349 _sqq._

—— South-Eastern, rain-making ceremonies in, i. 272 _sqq._

Euros, magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 89

Evelyn, John, i. 369

Evergreen oak, the Golden Bough grew on, ii. 379

—— trees in Italy, i. 8

Evolution of kings out of magicians or medicine-men, i. 420 _sq._; industrial, from uniformity to diversity of function, 421; political, from democracy to despotism, 421

Exaggerations of anthropological theories, i. 333

Exogamy, ii. 271

Expiation for adultery or fornication, ii. 107 _sq._; for incest, 115, 116

External soul in afterbirth or navel-string, i. 200 _sq._

Extinction of fires at king’s death, ii. 261 _sqq._, 267; in houses after any death, 267 _sq._

Ezekiel, i. 87 _n._ 1

Falerii, Juno at, ii. 190 _n._ 2

Falstaff, death of, i. 168

Families, royal, kings chosen from several, ii. 292 _sqq._

Fan tribe, i. 349

Farnell, Dr. L. R., i. 36, ii. 379 _n._ 5

Fasting obligatory, i. 124, 131

Father Jove and Mother Vesta, ii. 227 _sqq._

Fattest men chosen kings, ii. 297

February, first of, St. Bride’s day, i. 94 _sq._

Fehrle, E., ii. 199 _n._ 5

Female descent of the kingship in Rome, ii. 270 _sqq._; in Africa, 274 _sqq._; in Greece, 277 _sq._; in Scandinavia, 279 _sq._; in Lydia, 281 _sq._; among Danes and Saxons, 282 _sq._

—— kinship in descent of the Roman kingship, ii. 271; indifference to paternity of kings under female kinship, 274 _sqq._; at Athens, 277; indifference to paternity in general under, 282; among the Aryans, 283 _sqq._ _See also_ Mother-kin

Female slaves, licence accorded to them on the _Nonae Caprotinae_, ii. 313 _sq._

Feng and Wiglet, ii. 281, 283

Fennel, fire carried in giant, ii. 260

Fertilisation, artificial, of the date palm, ii. 24 _sq._; of the fig-tree, 314 _sq._

—— of women by the wild fig-tree, ii. 316; by the wild banana-tree, 318

Fertilising virtue attributed to trees, ii. 49 _sqq._, 316 _sqq._

Fertility, Diana as a goddess of, ii. 120 _sqq._; the thunder-god conceived as a deity of fertility, 368 _sqq._

_Fictores Vestalium, fictores Pontificum_, ii. 204

_Ficus Ruminalis_, ii. 318

_Fierte_ or shrine of St. Romain, ii. 167, 168, 170 _n._ 1

Fig, as an article of diet, ii. 315 _sq._

Fig-tree of Romulus (_ficus Ruminalis_), ii. 10, 318

—— artificial fertilisation (_caprificatio_) of the, ii. 314 _sq._

—— sacred, ii. 44, 99, 249, 250

—— the wild, a male, ii. 314 _sq._; supposed to fertilise women, 316 _sq._; haunted by spirits of the dead, 317

Fiji, catching the sun in, i. 316

Fijians, gods of the, i. 389

Finnish-Ugrian peoples, sacred groves of the, ii. 10 _sq._

Finnish wizards and witches, i. 325

Fire in the worship of Diana, i. 12 _sq._; supposed to be subject to Catholic priests, 231; used to stop rain, 252 _sq._; as a charm to rekindle the sun, 311, 313; of Vesta at Rome fed with oak wood, ii. 186; birth from the, 195 _sqq._; the king’s, 195 _sqq._; impregnation of women by, 195 _sqq._, 230 _sqq._, 234; taken from sacred hearth to found a new village, 216; on the hearth, souls of ancestors in the, 232; reasons for attributing a procreative virtue to, 233 _sq._; made jointly by man and woman or boy and girl, 235 _sqq._; custom of extinguishing fire and rekindling it by the friction of wood, 237 _sq._; need-fire made by married men, 238; holy, not to be blown upon with the breath, 240, 241; tribes reported to be ignorant of the art of kindling, 253 _sqq._; discovery of, by mankind, 255 _sqq._; carried about by savages, 257 _sqq._; kept burning in houses of chiefs and kings, 260 _sqq._; carried before king or chief, 263 _sq._; a symbol of life, 265; leaping over a, 327, 329

Fire and Water, Kings of, ii. 3 _sqq._

—— -bearer, the, i. 33

—— -boards, sacred, of the Chuckchees and Koryaks, ii. 225 _sq._

—— customs of the Herero or Damaras, ii. 211 _sqq._; compared to those of the Romans, ii. 227 _sqq._

—— -drill, the, ii. 207 _sqq._, 248 _sqq._, 258 _sq._, 263; the kindling of fire by it regarded by savages as a form of sexual intercourse, 208 _sqq._, 218, 233, 235 _sq._, 239, 249 _sq._; of the Herero, 217 _sq._

—— -god married to a human virgin, ii. 195 _sqq._

—— kindled by the friction of wood, ii. 207 _sqq._, 235 _sqq._, 243, 248 _sqq._, 258 _sq._, 262, 263, 336, 366, 372; from ancestral tree, 221, 233 _sq._; by natural causes, 256; by lightning, 263

—— “living,” ii. 237; a charm against witchcraft, 336

—— “new,” ii. 237; sent from Delos and Delphi, i. 32 _sq._; made at beginning of king’s reign, ii. 262, 267; made at Midsummer, 243

—— -priests (_Agnihotris_) of the Brahmans, ii. 247 _sqq._

—— -sticks of fire-drill regarded as male and female, ii. 208 _sqq._, 235, 238, 239, 248 _sqq._

—— -worship a form of ancestor-worship, ii. 221

Fires ceremonially extinguished, i. 33; kept up for sake of absent persons, 120 _sq._, 128, 129; extinguished at death of kings, ii. 261 _sqq._, 267; at any death, 267 _sq._; ceremonial, kindled by the friction of oak-wood, 372

—— perpetual, of Vesta, i. 13 _sq._; in Ireland, ii. 240 _sqq._; in Peru and Mexico, 243 _sqq._; origin of, 253 _sqq._; associated with royal dignity, 261 _sqq._; of oak-wood, 365, 366

First-fruits, dedication of, i. 32

Fish, magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 90; in rain-charm, 288 _sq._

Fishermen, Shetland, i. 69

—— and hunters cursed for good luck, i. 280 _sq._

Fishing and hunting, homoeopathic magic in, i. 108 _sqq._; telepathy in, 120 _sqq._

Fison, Rev. Lorimer, i. 316, 331 _n._ 2, 378, 389 _n._ 3, ii. 13 _n._ 1

Fladda’s chapel, i. 322

_Flamen_, derivation of the name, ii. 235, 247

—— Dialis, the, ii. 179, 235, 246, 247, 248; an embodiment of Jupiter, 191 _sq._

Flaminica, the, ii. 191, 235

Flax, charms to make flax grow tall, i. 138 _sq._, ii. 86, 164

Flight of the king (_Regifugium_) at Rome, ii. 308 _sqq._, 311 _n._ 4; of sacrificer after the sacrifice, 309; of the People at Rome, 319 _n._ 1

Flint implements supposed to be thunderbolts, ii. 374

Floquet, A., ii. 168, 169

Flowers, divination from, ii. 345

Food, homoeopathic magic for the supply of, i. 85 _sqq._

Foods tabooed, i. 117 _sqq._

Footprints, contagious magic of, i. 207-212

“Forced fire” or need-fire, ii. 238

Foreigners marry princesses and receive the kingdom with them, ii. 270 _sqq._

Foreskins removed at circumcision, uses of, i. 92 _sq._, 95; used in rain-making, 256 _sq._

Forests of ancient Europe, ii. 7 _sq._

Fortuna and Servius Tullius, ii. 193 _n._ 1, 272

Forum at Rome, prehistoric cemetery in the, ii. 186, 202

Foucart, P., ii. 139 _n._ 1

Fowler, W. Warde, ii. 311 _n._ 4, 319 _n._ 1, 327 _n._ 2, 329 _n._ 6, 383 _n._ 3

Fox in magic, i. 151

_Fratres Arvales_, ii. 122

Free Spirit, Brethren of the, i. 408

French peasants ascribe magical powers to priests, i. 231-233

Frey, the god of fertility and his human wife, ii. 143 _sq._; his image and festival at Upsala, 364 _sq._

Friction of wood, fire kindled by, ii. 207 _sqq._, 235 _sqq._, 243, 248 _sqq._, 258 _sq._, 262, 263, 336, 366, 372

Frog, magic of, i. 151; worshipped, 294 _sq._; love-charm made from the bone of a, ii. 345

—— flayer, the, ii. 86

Frogs in relation to rain, i. 292 _sqq._

Froth from a mill-wheel as a charm against witches, ii. 340

Fruit-trees fertilised by women, i. 140 _sq._

Fruits blessed on day of Assumption of the Virgin, i. 14 _sqq._; Artemis and Diana as patronesses of, 15 _sq._

Fuegians, the, ii. 258

Fumigating flocks and herds as a charm against witchcraft, ii. 327, 330, 335, 336, 339, 343

Furth in Bavaria, the Slaying of the Dragon at, ii. 163 _sqq._

Furtwängler, A., i. 309 _n._ 6

Futuna, i. 388

_Fylgia_ or guardian spirit in Iceland, i. 200

Galatians, their Celtic language, ii. 126 _n._ 2

Galelareesc, the, i. 110, 113, 131, 143, 145, ii. 22

Gallas, kings of the, i. 48; sacred trees of the, ii. 34

Garcilasso de la Vega, ii. 244 _n._ 1

Gardiner, Professor J. Stanley, ii. 154

_Gargouille_ or dragon destroyed by St. Romain, ii. 167

Garlands on May Day, ii. 60 _sqq._, 90 _sq._

Gaul, the Druids of, ii. 189

Gauri, harvest-goddess, ii. 77 _sq._

Gayos, the, ii. 125

Gennep, A. van, ii. 385 _n._ 1

Geomancy in China, i. 170

George, Green, ii. 75, 76, 79

Germans, worship of women among the ancient, i. 391; tree-worship among the ancient, ii. 8 _sq._; evidence of mother-kin among the, 285; worship of the oak among the ancient, 363 _sq._

_Gerontocracy_ in Australia, i. 335

Gervasius of Tilbury, i. 301

Getae, the, i. 392

Ghosts in Melanesia, supposed powers of, i. 338 _sq._

Gilyaks, the, i. 122, ii. 38

Girl annually sacrificed to cedar-tree, ii. 17

Girls married to nets, ii. 147; sacrificed to crocodiles, 152

Glory, the Hand of, i. 149

Glover, T. R., ii. 231 _n._ 6

Goat, blood of, drunk as means of inspiration, i. 382, 383

God, Bride of, i. 276; savage ideas of, different from those of civilised men, 375 _sq._

“God-boxes,” i. 378

Gods viewed as magicians, i. 240 _sqq._, 375; sacrifice themselves by fire, 315 _n._ 1; conception of, slowly evolved, 373 _sq._; incarnate human, 373 _sqq._; gods and men, no sharp line of distinction between, in Fiji, 389; and goddesses, dramatic weddings of, ii. 121; the marriage of the, 129 _sqq._; married to women, 129 _sqq._, 143 _sq._, 146 _sq._, 149 _sqq._

Gold in magic, i. 80 _sq._

Golden Bough plucked by Aeneas, i. 11, ii. 379; the breaking of it not a piece of bravado, i. 123 _sq._; grew on an evergreen oak, ii. 379

Golden lamb of Mycenae, i. 365

“Golden summer,” the, i. 32

Gonds, their belief in reincarnation, i. 104 _sq._

Gongs beaten in a storm, i. 328 _sq._; at Dodona, ii. 358

Government of old men in aboriginal Australia, i. 334 _sq._

Grafting, superstitious ceremony at, ii. 100

Granger, Professor F., i. 42 _n._ 1

_Grasausläuten_, ii. 344

Grass King, the, ii. 85 _sq._

—— seed, magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 87 _sq._; continence at magical ceremony for growth of, ii. 105

Graveclothes, homoeopathic magic of, in China, i. 168 _sq._

Graves, rain-charms at, i. 268, 286, 291; trees planted on graves, ii. 31; dances on, 183 _n._ 2; of Hyperborean maidens at Delos, i. 28, 33 _sqq._

Great Sun, the, title of chief, ii. 262, 263

Greece, priestly kings in, i. 44 _sqq._; kings and chiefs sacred or divine in ancient, 366; human gods in ancient, 390 _sq._; forests of, ii. 8; female descent of kingship in ancient, 278 _sq._

Greek kings called Zeus, ii. 177, 361

Greeks, the modern, rain-making ceremonies among, i. 272 _sq._; and Romans, rain-charms among the ancient, 309 _sq._

Green boughs a charm against witches, ii. 52-55, 127, 342 _sq._

—— George, ii. 75, 76, 79, 343

—— Thursday, ii. 333

Greenwich-hill, custom of rolling down, ii. 103

Gregory of Tours, ii. 144

Grimm, J., ii. 8, 362 _n._ 6, 364

Grizzly bears supposed to be related to human twins, i. 264 _sq._

Groves, sacred, ii. 10 _sq._, 44; Arician, i. 20, 22, ii. 115; in Chios, i. 45; in ancient Greece and Rome, ii. 121 _sqq._

Grunau, Simon, ii. 366 _n._ 2

Guanches of Teneriffe, i. 303

Guardian spirit associated with caul, i. 199 _sq._

Guaycurus, the, i. 330

Gunkel, H., i. 101 _n._ 2

Gunnar Helming, ii. 144

Gunputty, elephant-headed god, human incarnation of, i. 405 _sq._

Gyges, ii. 281, 282

Gypsies, Green George among the, ii. 75 _sq._

Gypsy ceremonies for stopping rain, i. 295 _sq._

Hack-thorn sacred, ii. 48

Haddon, Dr. A. C., i. 262

Hahn, Dr. C. H., ii. 213 _n._ 2

Haida Indians, i. 70, 133

Hair offered to gods and goddesses, heroes and heroines, i. 28 _sq._; offered to the dead, 31, 102; offered to rivers, 31; clippings of, used in magic, 57, 64, 65, 66; charms to make hair grow, 83, 145, 153 _sq._, 154; loose as a charm, 136; human, used in rain-making, 251 _sq._; long, a symbol of royalty, ii. 180

Hakea flowers, ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 86

Hakim Singh, i. 409

Halford in Warwickshire, May Day customs at, ii. 88 _sq._

Hamlet, ii. 281, 291

Hammer worshipped, i. 317 _sq._

Hammurabi, code of, ii. 130

Hand of Glory, i. 149

Hardy, Thomas, i. 136

Hares as witches, i. 212, ii. 53

Harran, the heathen of, i. 383, ii. 25, 100 _n._ 2

Harris, J. Rendel, i. 15 _n._ 1, 21 _n._ 2

Harrison, Miss J. E., ii. 137 _n._ 1, 139 _n._ 1

Hartland, E. S., i. 52 _n._ 1, ii. 156 _n._ 2

Harvest in Greece, date of, i. 32

—— May, the, ii. 47 _sq._

Hatshopsitou, birth of Queen, ii. 131 _sqq._

Hawaii, insignia of royal family of, i. 388 _n._ 3

Hawthorn on May Day, ii. 52, 60; a protection against witches, 55, 127

Head-hunters, rules observed by people at home in absence of, i. 129

Headmen of totem clans in Central Australia, i. 335

Heads, custom of moulding heads artificially, ii. 297 _sq._

Hearn, Dr. W. E., ii. 283 _n._ 5

Hearth, the king’s, at Rome, ii. 195, 200, 206; sacred, of the Herero, 213, 214; the sacred, seat of the ancestral spirits, 221; custom of leading a bride round the, 230, 231; new-born children brought to the, 232

Hearts of men and animals offered to the sun, i. 315

Heaven, vault of, imitated in rain-charm, i. 261, 262

Heavenly Master, the, i. 413

Hebrew prohibition of images, i. 87 _n._ 1

—— prophets, their ethical religion, i. 223

Hebrews, their notion of the blighting effect of sexual crime, ii. 114 _sq._

Hegel on magic and religion, i. 235 _n._ 1, 423 _sqq._

Hehn, V., on evergreens in Italy, i. 8 _n._ 4

_Heimskringla_, ii. 280

Heine, H., _Pilgrimage to Kevlaar_, i. 77

Hekaerge and Hekaergos, i. 33, 34, 35

_Helaga_, taboo, ii. 106 _n._ 2

Helbig, W., i. 20 _n._ 5

Helernus, grove of, ii. 190 _sq._

Hellebore, curses at cutting black, i. 281

Hemlock as an anaphrodisiac, ii. 138, 139 _n._ 1

Hemp, charms to make hemp grow tall, i. 137 _sq._

Heno, the thunder-spirit of the Iroquois, ii. 369 _sq._

Hera and Hercules, i. 74

Hercules, sacrifice to, i. 281

—— and Achelous, ii. 162

—— and Hera, i. 74

—— and Omphale, ii. 281

Hercynian forest, the, ii. 7, 354; etymology of the name, 354 _n._ 2

Hereditary and elective monarchy, combination of the two, ii. 292 _sqq._

Herero or Damaras, their fire-customs, ii. 211 _sqq._

Hermutrude, legendary queen of Scotland, ii. 281

Herodotus, i. 49, 331

Hersilia, a Sabine goddess, ii. 193 _n._ 1

Heyne, C. G., ii. 329 _n._ 1

Hidatsa Indians, ii. 12

Hierapolis, i. 29

Hierophant at Eleusis temporarily deprived of his virility, ii. 138

Highlands of Scotland, St. Bride’s day in, ii. 94

Hindoo Koosh, sacred cedar of the, i. 383; the Kafirs of the, 385

—— Trinity, i. 225

Hindoos, magical images among the, i. 63 _sqq._

Hippoclides and Clisthenes, ii. 307 _sq._

Hippocrates, sacrifices offered to, i. 105

Hippodamia and Pelops, ii. 279, 299 _sq._

Hippolytus in relation to Virbius at Nemi, i. 19 _sq._; offerings of hair to, 28

—— and Artemis, i. 19 _sq._, 24 _sqq._

—— Saint, martyrdom of, i. 21

Hirn, Y., i. 52 _n._ 1, 54 _n._ 1

Hirt, Professor H., ii. 367 _n._ 3

Hobby Horse at Padstow, ii. 68

Hobley, C. W., ii. 316

Hog’s blood, purifying virtue of, i. 107

Holed stone in magic, i. 313

Holland, Whitsuntide customs in, ii. 104

Holy Basil, ii. 26

Homoeopathic taboos, i. 116; magic for the making of rain, 247 _sqq._ _See also_ Magic

Hopi Indians, the, ii. 208 _sq._

Horse, sacred, i. 364; sacrificed at Rome in October, ii. 229, 326

Horses excluded from Arician grove, i. 20; dedicated by Hippolytus to Aesculapius, 21 _n._ 2, 27; branded with mark of wolf, 27; in relation to Diomede, 27; sacrifice of white, 27; sacrificed to the sun, 315 _sq._; sacrificed to trees, ii. 16; sanctity of white, 174 _n._ 2; sacrifices for, on St. George’s Day, 332, 336 _sq._

Horus, the golden, i. 418

Hos, the, of Togoland, i. 396 _sq._, ii. 19, 370

Hot water drunk as a charm, i. 129

House-timber, homoeopathic magic of, i. 146

Housebreakers, charms employed by, to cause sleep, i. 148 _sq._

Hovas, divinity of kings among the, i. 397

Howitt, A. W., i. 176, 207, 208

Hubert and Mauss, Messrs., i. 111 _n._ 2

Huichol Indians, i. 71, 123

Human gods, i. 373 _sqq._

—— victims sacrificed to water-spirits, ii. 157 _sqq._

Humboldt, A. von, i. 416

Hunters employ contagious magic of footprints, i. 211 _sq._

Huntin, a tree-god, ii. 15

Hunting and fishing, homoeopathic magic in, i. 108 _sqq._; telepathy in, 120 _sqq._

“Hurling” for a bride, ii. 305 _sq._

Hurons, the, ii. 147; reincarnation among the, i. 105; their mode of counteracting an evil dream, 172 _sq._

Husbands, spiritual, ii. 316 _sq._

Hut-urns of ancient Latins, ii. 201 _sq._

Huts, round, of the ancient Latins, ii. 200 _sqq._; in Africa, 227 _n._ 3

Huzuls, the, i. 113, 137; their precautions against witches, ii. 336

Hymettus, ii. 360

Hyperborean maidens at Delos, i. 33

Ibn Batutah, ii. 153

Icarius, ii. 300

Iceland, superstitions as to the caul in, i. 199 _sqq._

Iddah, king of, i. 396

Igaras, succession to the kingship among the, ii. 294

Illicit love supposed to blight the fruits of the earth, ii. 107 _sqq._

Images, Hebrew prohibition of, i. 87 _n._ 1

—— magical, to injure people, i. 55 _sqq._; to procure offspring, 70-74; to win love, 77

Impressions, bodily, contagious magic of, i. 213 _sq._

Incarnate human gods, i. 373 _sqq._

Incarnation of gods in human form temporary or permanent, i. 376; examples of temporary incarnation, 376 _sqq._; examples of permanent incarnation, 386 _sqq._; mystery of, 396 _n._ 5

Incas, the children of the Sun, i. 415

Incense, fumes of, inhaled to produce inspiration, i. 379, 384

—— -gatherers, chastity of, ii. 106 _sq._

Incest, blighting effects attributed to, ii. 108, 110 _sq._, 113, 115 _sqq._; of domestic animals abhorred by the Basoga, 112 _sq._; of animals employed as a rain-charm, 113

India, ancient, confusion of magic and religion in, i. 228 _sq._; magical power of kings in, 366; incarnate human gods in, 376, 402 _sqq._

Indifference to paternity of kings under female kinship, ii. 274 _sqq._

Indra, thunderbolt of, i. 269

Industrial evolution from uniformity to diversity of function, i. 421

Infidelity of wife disastrous to absent husband, i. 123, 131

Influence of the sexes on vegetation, ii. 97 _sqq._

Initiatory ceremonies of Central Australian aborigines, i. 92 _sqq._

—— rites of Australian aborigines, suggested explanation of, i. 106.

Inquisition, the, i. 407, 408

Insects, homoeopathic magic of, i. 152

Inspiration, i. 376 _sqq._; by incense, 379; by blood, 381 _sqq._; by sacred plant or tree, 383 _sqq._; of victims, 384 _sqq._

Inspired or religious type of man-god, i. 244

—— priests and priestesses, i. 377 _sqq._

Intellectual progress dependent on economic progress, i. 218

Intercourse of the sexes practised to make the crops and fruits grow, ii. 98 _sqq._

_Intichiuma_, magical totemic ceremonies in Central Australia, i. 85

Invulnerability, charm to produce, i. 146 _sq._

Ireland, perpetual fires in, ii. 240 _sqq._

—— sacred oak groves in ancient, 242 _sq._

Irish kings, magical virtues attributed to, i. 367

Irle, J., ii. 223 _n._ 2

Iron, homoeopathic magic of, i. 159 _sq._

Iroquois, the, ii. 12; their thunder-god, 369 _sq._

Isle of Man, St. Bridget in the, ii. 94 _sq._

—— of May, ii. 161

Ivy chewed by Bachanals, i. 384; in fire-making, ii. 251 _sq._

Jack-in-the-Green, ii. 82

Jana, another form of Diana, ii. 381, 382, 383

_Jangam_, priest of the Lingayats, i. 404

Janiculum hill, the, ii. 186

_Janua_, derived from Janus, ii. 384

Janus, as a god of doors, ii. 383 _sq._; explanation of the two-headed, 384 _sq._

—— and Carna, ii. 190

—— (Dianus) and Diana, doubles of Jupiter and Juno, ii. 190 _sq._, 381 _sq._

Jaundice treated by homoeopathic magic, i. 79 _sqq._

Java, ceremonies to procure offspring in, i. 73; ceremonies for preventing rain in, 270 _sq._

Jerome of Prague, i. 317

Jevons, F. B., i. 105, 225 _n._

Jewitt, J. R., i. 264

Jinnee of the sea, virgins married to, ii. 153 _sq._

Job’s protest, ii. 114

Johnson, Dr. S., i. 368, 370

Johnston, Sir H. H., ii. 227 _n._ 3

Jordan, H., ii. 321 _n._ 3

Joubert, quoted, i. 223 _n._ 2

Jove (Father) and Mother Vesta, ii. 227 _sqq._

Jubainville, H. d’Arbois de, ii. 362 _n._ 6

Judah, idolatrous kings of, i. 315

Jukagirs, the, i. 122

Julian, the Emperor, ii. 7

Julii, the, ii. 179, 192

Julus, the Little Jupiter, ii. 179, 197

July the 7th, the _Nonae Caprotinae_, a Roman festival, ii. 313 _sqq._

June, the first of, a Roman festival, ii. 190

Juno on the Capitol, ii. 184; at Falerii, 190 _n._ 2; a duplicate of Diana, 381 _sq._

—— Caprotina, ii. 313, 317

—— Moneta, ii. 189

Jupiter, costume of, ii. 174 _sq._; the Roman kings in the character of, 174 _sqq._; Capitoline, 176; the Little, 179, 192; Latian, 187, 379; as god of the oak, the thunder, the rain, and the sky, 358, 361 _sq._; as sky-god, 374; a duplicate of Janus (Dianus), 381 _sq._

—— and Juno, doubles of Janus and Diana, ii. 190 _sq._; sacred marriage of, 190

—— Dianus, ii. 382

—— Elicius, ii. 183

—— Indiges, ii. 181

Jupiters, many local, in Latium, ii. 184

Juturna, a nymph, ii. 382

Kachins of Burma, the, ii. 237

Kafirs of the Hindoo Koosh, i. 133 _sq._, 385

Kaitish tribe of Central Australia, i. 87

Kali, the goddess, i. 383

Kamilaroi, the, i. 101

Kangaroos, ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 87 _sq._

Kara-Kirghiz, ii. 57

Karens of Burma, i. 209; their custom in regard to fornication and adultery, ii. 107 _sq._

Karo-Bataks, the, of Sumatra, i. 277

_Kausika Sutra_, i. 209, 229

Kayans or Bahaus of Borneo, i. 328, ii. 109

Kei Islands, i. 126, 131, 145

Kenyahs of Borneo, i. 59, ii. 385

Keremet, a god of the Wotyaks, ii. 145 _sq._

Kevlaar, Virgin Mary of, i. 77

“Key-race,” ii. 304

Keys, the golden, ii. 333

Khasis of Assam, succession to the kingdom among the, ii. 294 _sq._

Khnoumou, the god, ii. 132

Kidd, Dudley, i. 49 _n._ 3, 350, ii. 211, 224 _n._ 4

Kildare, fire and nuns of St. Brigit at, ii. 240 _sq._

Kimbugwe, high official in Uganda, i. 196

King, J. E., i. 105 _n._ 4

King gives oracles, i. 377; the Grass, ii. 85 _sq._; the Leaf, 85; the Roman, as Jupiter, 174 _sqq._

—— and Queen at Athens, i. 44 _sq._

—— of Sacred Rites at Rome, i. 44, ii. 201; his flight, 309

—— of the Saturnalia, ii. 311

—— of the Wood at Nemi, i. 1 _sqq._, ii. 1; a mate of Diana, i. 40, 41, ii. 380; a personification of the oak-god Jupiter, 378 _sqq._ _See also_ Priest of Nemi

—— Bees (Essenes) at Ephesus, ii. 135 _sq._

Kingdom, mortal combat for the, ii. 322; in ancient Latium, succession to, 266 _sqq._

Kings, priestly, i. 44 _sqq._; titular or sacred, in Greece, 44 _sqq._; Teutonic, 47; magicians as, 332 _sqq._; as rain-makers in Africa, 348, 350 _sqq._; punished for drought and dearth, 353 _sqq._; among the Aryans, magical powers attributed to, 366 _sqq._; divinity of, in great historical empires, 415 _sqq._; of nature, ii. 1 _sqq._; of rain, 2; Roman, as deities in a Sacred Marriage, 172 _sq._, 192, 193 _sq._; Greek, called Zeus, 177, 361; expected to make thunder, 180 _sq._; the Latin, thought to be the sons of the fire-god by mortal mothers, 195 _sqq._; perpetual fire in houses of, 261 _sq._; Roman, as personifications of Jupiter, 266 _sq._; paternity of, a matter of indifference under female kinship, 274 _sqq._; sometimes of a different race from their subjects, 288 _sq._; chosen from several royal families in rotation, 292 _sqq._; fat, 297; handsomest men, 297; long-headed, 297; sacred or divine, development of, 376 _sqq._ _See also_ Latin _and_ Roman

Kings’ Evil (scrofula), touching for the, i. 368 _sqq._

—— fire, the, ii. 195 _sqq._

—— Race, the, ii. 84

—— sisters, licence accorded to, ii. 274 _sqq._

Kingship, annual, in ancient Greece, i. 46

—— contest for the, at Whitsuntide, ii. 89

—— descent of the, in the female line, at Rome, ii. 270 _sqq._; in Africa, 274 _sqq._; in Greece, 277 _sq._; in Scandinavia, 279 _sq._; in Lydia, 281 _sq._; among the Danes and Saxons, 282 _sq._

—— evolution of the sacred, i. 420 _sq._

—— nominal, left by conquerors to indigenous race, ii. 288 _sq._

—— Roman, abolition of the, ii. 289 _sqq._

—— the old Roman, a religious office, ii. 289

Kingsley, Miss Mary H., i. 411 _n._ 1

Kintu, ii. 261

Kirghiz, “Love Chase” among the, ii. 301

Knocking out of teeth as initiatory ceremony in Australia, i. 97 _sqq._

Knots, tying up the wind in, i. 326

Kolkodoons, the, i. 93

Kondhs, their belief in reincarnation, i. 104

Koniags, the, i. 121

Koryaks, sacred fire-boards of the, ii. 225; race for a bride among the, 302

Krishna, i. 406; marriage of, to the Holy Basil, ii. 26

Kunama, the, ii. 3

Kvasir, i. 241

Kwakiutl Indians, their superstitions as to twins, i. 263

Lac, taboos observed in gathering, i. 115

Lacueva, Father, ii. 205 _n._

Ladder to facilitate the descent of the sun, ii. 99

_Laetare_ Sunday, ii. 63

_Laibon_, i. 343

Lake-dwellings of prehistoric Europe, ii. 352 _sq._

Lakes, gods of lakes married to women, ii. 150 _sq._

Lakshmi, wife of Vishnu, ii. 26

Lamas, transmigrations of the Grand, i. 410 _sqq._

Lamb of Mycenae, the golden, i. 365

Lamb, blood of, as means of inspiration, i. 381

Lambing, time of, ii. 328 _n._ 4

Lamps, dedication of burning, i. 12 _sq._

Lane, E. W., ii. 209 _n._ 4

Language, special, for kings and persons of blood royal, i. 401

_Lapis manalis_ at Rome, i. 310

Larch-tree, sacred, ii. 20

Lares, the, ii. 206

Latin confederacy, the, in relation to sacred Arician grove, i. 22 _sq._

—— kings thought to be the sons of the fire-god by mortal mothers, ii. 195 _sqq._; lists of, 268 _sqq._; stories of their miraculous birth, 272

Latinus, changed into Latian Jupiter, ii. 187; his wife a Vestal, 235

Latium, many local Jupiters in, ii. 184; in antiquity, the woods of, 188; succession to the kingdom in ancient, 266 _sqq._

Latuka, rain-makers among the, i. 346, 354

Laurel chewed as means of inspiration, i. 384; in fire-making, ii. 251 _sq._

Lavinium, worship of Vesta at, i. 14

Lazy Man, the, ii. 83

Leaf-clad mummers, ii. 74 _sqq._, 78 _sqq._; mock marriage of, ii. 97

Leaf King, the, ii. 85

—— Man, the Little, ii. 80 _sq._

Leafy bust at Nemi, portrait of the King of the Wood, i. 41 _sq._

Leaping over a fire, ii. 327, 329

—— and dancing to make the crops grow high, i. 137 _sqq._

Lemnos, new fire brought to, i. 32

Lengua Indians, i. 313, 330, 359

Lent, fourth Sunday in, ii. 73, 87

Lerons of Borneo, i. 59

Leschiy, a woodland spirit, ii. 124 _sq._

Leto, ii. 58

Lévi, Professor Sylvain, i. 228

Lhasa, i. 411 _sq._

Licence accorded to slaves at the Saturnalia, ii. 312; to female slaves at the _Nonae Caprotinae_, 313 _sq._

Lightning, charm against, i. 82; imitation of, 248, 303; thought to be the father of twins, 266; wood of tree that has been struck by, 319; fire kindled by, ii. 263; African deities of, 370; supposed to be produced by means of flints, 374; Zeus, i. 33, ii. 361

Lime-trees sacred, ii. 366, 367

Lindus in Rhodes, i. 281

Lingayats, the, i. 404

Lithuanians, the heathen, i. 317, ii. 46; tree-worship among the, 9; sacrifice to Pergrubius, 347; the thunder-god Perkunas of the, 365 _sqq._; their reverence for oaks, 366, 371

Little Jupiter, the, ii. 179, 192

—— Leaf Man, ii. 80 _sq._

“Living fire,” ii. 237; as a charm against witchcraft, 336

Lo Bengula, i. 351, 352, 394

Loango, king of, revered as a god, i. 396; fights all rivals for his crown, ii. 322

—— licence of princesses in, ii. 276 _sq._

_Lobo_, spirit-house, ii. 39

Local totem centres, i. 96

Locrians, the Epizephyrian, ii. 284 _sq._

“Longevity garments,” i. 169

Long-headed men chosen kings, ii. 297

Loon, the bird, associated with rain, i. 288

Lord of the Wood, ii. 36; of Misrule, 319 _n._ 1

—— and Lady of the May, ii. 90 _sq._

Loucheux, the, i. 356

Love, cure for, i. 161; illicit, thought to blight the fruits of the earth, ii. 107 _sqq._

Love-charms practised on St. George’s Day, ii. 345 _sq._

“Love Chase” among the Kirghiz, ii. 301

Lovers of goddesses, their unhappy ends, i. 39 _sq._

Low, Sir Hugh, ii. 30, 31

_Lubare_, god, i. 395

Lucian on hair offerings, i. 28

Lucius, E., i. 13 _n._ 1

Luxor, paintings at, ii. 131, 133

Lyall, Sir A. C., i. 224 _n._ 1

Lycaeus, Mount, ii. 359

Lycurgus, king of Thrace, i. 366

Lydia, female descent of kingship in, ii. 281 _sq._

Mabuiag, i. 59, 263, 323

Macdonald, Rev. J., i. 110, ii. 210 _sq._

“Macdonald’s disease, the,” i. 370 _n._ 3

MacGregor, Sir William, i. 337

“Macleod’s Fairy Banner,” i. 368

Macrobius, ii. 385 _n._ 2

Madagascar, King of, i. 47 _sq._; foods tabooed in, 117 _sq._; custom of women in Madagascar while men are at war, 131; modes of counteracting evil omens in, 173 _sq._

Madness, cure of, i. 161

Maeander, the river, supposed to take the virginity of brides, ii. 162

Magian priests, ii. 241 _n._ 4

Magic, principles of, i. 52 _sqq._; negative, 111 _sqq._; public and private, 214 _sq._; benefits conferred by, 218 _sq._; its analogy to science, 220 _sq._; attraction of, 221; fatal flaw of, 221 _sq._; based on a misapplication of the association of ideas, 221 _sq._; opposed in principle to religion, 224; older than religion, 233 _sqq._; universality of belief in, 234-236; transition from magic to religion, 237 _sqq._, ii. 376 _sq._; the fallacy of, not easy to detect, i. 242 _sq._

Magic, Contagious, i. 52-54, 174-214; of teeth, 176-182; of navel-string and afterbirth (placenta), 182-201; ofwound and weapon, 201 _sqq._; of foot-prints, 207-212; of other impressions, 213 _sq._

—— Homoeopathic or Imitative, i. 52 _sqq._; in medicine, 78 _sqq._; for the supply of food, 85 _sqq._; in fishing and hunting, 108 _sqq._; to make plants grow, 136 _sqq._; of the dead, 147 _sqq._; of animals, 150 _sqq._; of inanimate things, 157 _sqq._; to annul evil omens, 170-174; for the making of rain, 247 _sqq._

—— Sympathetic, i. 51 _sqq._; the two branches of, 54; examples of, 55 _sqq._

—— and religion, i. 220-243, 250, 285, 286, 347, 352; confused together, 226 _sqq._; their historical antagonism comparatively late, 226; Hegel on, 423 _sqq._

Magical control of rain, i. 247 _sqq._; of the sun, 311 _sqq._; of the wind, 319 _sqq._

—— dramas to promote vegetation, ii. 120

—— origin of certain religious dramas, ii. 142 _sq._

—— type of man-god, i. 244

Magician, public, his rise to power, i. 215 _sqq._

Magician’s progress, the, i. 214 _sqq._, 335 _sqq._

Magicians claim to compel the gods, i. 225; gods viewed as, 240 _sqq._; importance of rise of professional magicians, 245 _sqq._; as kings, 332 _sqq._; develop into kings, 420 _sq._ _See also_ Medicine-men

_Mahabharata_, the, ii. 306

Maharajas, a Hindoo sect, i. 406, ii. 160

Maidu Indians, i. 122, 357

_Maillotins_, ii. 63

Maimonides, i. 140, ii. 100 _n._ 2

Maize, continence at sowing, ii. 105

Makalakas, the, i. 394

Makatisses, the, i. 71

Makrizi, i. 252, ii. 151 _n._ 2

Malay charms, i. 57 _sq._

—— magic, i. 110 _sq._, 114 _sq._, 127

—— Peninsula, the wild tribes of the, i. 360

—— region, divinity of kings in, i. 398

Malays, their superstitious veneration for their rajahs, i. 361; regalia among the, 362

Maldive Islands, ii. 153, 154

Malecki (Maeletius, Menecius), J., ii. 366 _n._ 2

Man, E. H., ii. 253

“Man, the True,” i. 413

—— -god, the two types of, i. 244 _sq._; notion of a man-god belongs to early period of religious history, 374 _sq._

_Mana_, supernatural or magical power in Melanesia, i. 111 _n._ 2, 227, 228 _n._ 1, 339

Mangaia, i. 378

_Mania_, a bogey, i. 22

Manii at Aricia, i. 22

Manius Egerius, i. 22

Manna, ceremony for the magical multiplication of, i. 88 _sq._

Mannhardt, W., i. 140 _n._ 6, ii. 47, 78 _sq._, 84, 87

_Mantras_, sacred texts, i. 403 _sq._

_Manu, the Laws of_, i. 366, 402

Maoris, the, i. 71; magic of navel-string and afterbirth among the, 182 _sq._; their belief as to fertilising virtue of trees, ii. 56

Maraves, the, i. 393, ii. 31

Marcellus of Bordeaux, i. 84

Marduk, chief Babylonian god, as a magician, i. 240 _sq._; his wives, ii. 130

Marett, R. R., i. 111 _n._ 2

Marigolds, magic of, i. 211

Marquesas or Washington Islands, human gods in the, i. 386 _sq._

Marriage to trees, i. 40 _sq._, ii. 57; of trees to each other, 24 _sqq._; mock, of leaf-clad mummers, 97; the Sacred, 121 _sqq._; of the gods, 129 _sqq._; bath before, 162

Marsh-marigolds, a protection against witches, ii. 54; on May Day, 63

Martius, C. F. Phil. von, i. 359

Martyrdom of St. Hippolytus, i. 21

Masai, power of medicine-men among the, i. 343 _sq._

Mashona, the, i. 393

Maskers, representing the dead, ii. 178

Maspéro, Sir Gaston, i. 230, ii. 133 _sq._

“Mass of the Holy Spirit,” i. 231 _sq._

Mass of Saint Sécaire, i. 232 _sq._

Master, the Heavenly, i. 413

—— of Sorrows, i. 280

Matabeles, king of the, i. 48; as rain-maker, 351 _sq._

—— magical effigies among the, i. 63

Maternal uncle preferred to father, mark of mother-kin, ii. 285

Maurer, K., ii. 280 _n._ 1

Mauss and Hubert, Messrs., i. 111 _n._ 2

May Bride, the, ii. 95, 96

May bridegroom, ii. 91, 93

—— -bush, ii. 84, 85, 89, 90, 142

—— Day, celebration of, ii. 59 _sqq._; licence of, 67, 103 _sq._

—— Fools, ii. 91

—— garlands, ii. 60 _sqq._, 90 _sq._

—— King, ii. 85 _sq._

—— Lady, the, ii. 62

—— -poles, ii. 59, 65 _sqq._

—— Queen, ii. 84, 87 _sq._

—— Rose, the Little, ii. 74

—— -trees, ii. 59 _sq._, 64, 68 _sq._; or may-poles, fertilising virtue of, 52

Mayos or Mayes, ii. 80

Medicine-men (magicians, sorcerers), power of, among African tribes, i. 342 _sqq._; power of, among the American Indians, 355 _sqq._; progressive differentiation of, 420 _sq._; develop into kings, 420 _sq._; the oldest professional class, 420. _See also_ Magicians

Melampus and Iphiclus, i. 158

Melanesia, homoeopathic magic of stones in, i. 164; supernatural power of chiefs in, 338 _sqq._

Merker, Captain M., i. 343

Merlin, i. 306

Messiah, pretended, i. 409

Metsik, a forest spirit, ii. 55

Mexican kings, their oath, i. 356

Mexicans, human sacrifices of the ancient, i. 314 _sq._

Micah, quoted, i. 223

Mice and rats, teeth of, in magic, i. 178 _sqq._

Midsummer, new fire made at, ii. 242; festival of, 272 _sq._

—— bonfires, ii. 65, 141

—— Bride, ii. 92

—— customs, ii. 127; in Sweden, ii. 65

—— Eve, a witching time, ii. 127

Mikado, the, an incarnation of the sun goddess, i. 417

Miklucho-Maclay, Baron von, ii. 253 _sq._

Milk, witches steal milk on Walpurgis Night or May Day, ii. 52 _sqq._; witches steal milk on Midsummer Eve, 127; witches steal milk on Eve of St. George, 334 sqq; not given away on St. George’s Eve, 339

—— -pails wreathed with flowers, ii. 338, 339

—— -stones, i. 165

Milkmen of the Todas sacred or divine, i. 402 _sq._

Milton on chastity, ii. 118 _n._ 1

Minangkabauers of Sumatra, i. 58, 140

Miris of Assam, the, ii. 39

Mirror or burning-glass, fire made by means of, ii. 243, 245 _n._

Mistletoe venerated by the Druids, ii. 358, 362

Moab, Arabs of, i. 276

Mock sun, i. 314

Moffat, Dr. R., i. 351

Mohammed, on the fig, ii. 316

Mommsen, Th., i. 23 _n._ 3, ii. 174 _n._ 1, 175 _n._ 1, 296

Monarchy in ancient Greece and Rome, tradition of its abolition, i. 46; rise of, 216 _sqq._; essential to emergence of mankind from savagery, 217; hereditary and elective, combination of the two, ii. 292 _sqq._

Money, old Italian, i. 23

Montanus, the Phrygian, i. 407

Montezuma, i. 416

Moon, singing to the, i. 125; charm to hasten the, 319; in relation to child-birth, ii. 128; woman chosen to represent the, 146

_Morbus regius_, jaundice, i. 371 _n._ 4

Morgan, Professor M. H., ii. 207 _n._ 1

“Mother of Kings,” ii. 277

—— of the Gods, i. 21

—— of the Rain, i. 276

Mother-kin, ii. 271; in succession to Roman kingship, 271; among the Aryans, 283 _sqq._; superiority of maternal uncle to father under mother-kin, 285. _See also_ Female Kinship

Mother’s brother preferred to father, mark of mother-kin, ii. 285

Motu, the, i. 317, ii. 106

Motumotu, the, i. 317, 327, 337; or Toaripi, the, in New Guinea, 125

Moulton, Professor J. H., ii. 182 _n._ 2, 189 _n._ 3, 247 _n._ 5

Moxos Indians, i. 123

Muata Jamwo, the, ii. 262

Mukasa, god of the Baganda, ii. 150

Müller, Max, i. 333 _sq._

_Mulongo_, “twin,” name applied by the Baganda to the navel-string, i. 195, 196

Mummers dressed in leaves, branches, and flowers, ii. 74 _sqq._, 78 _sqq._

Mundaris, the, ii. 39, 46

Mundas, the, ii. 57

Munro, Dr. R., ii. 352

Mura-muras, i. 255 _sq._

Mycenae, golden lamb of, i. 365

Mysteries of Eleusis, ii. 138 _sq._

Mytilene, kings at, i. 45

_Nabataeans, Agriculture of the_, ii. 100

Nabu, marriage of the god, ii. 130

_Nahak_, rubbish used in magic, i. 341

Nails knocked into trees, ii. 36, 42; a charm against witchcraft, 339 _sq._

—— pegs, or pins knocked into images, i. 61, 64, 65, 68, 69

Nails, parings of, used in magic, i. 57, 64, 65, 66

Names of kings changed to procure rain, i. 355

Nandi, power of medicine-men among the, i. 344

_Nanja_ spots or local totem centres, i. 96, 97

_Nat_, spirit, ii. 46

Natchez, the, i. 249; their perpetual fires, ii. 262 _sq._

“Nativity of the sun’s walking-stick,” i. 312

Navarre, rain-making in, i. 307 _sq._

Navel-string, contagious magic of, i. 182-201; regarded as brother or sister of child, 186, 189; called the “twin,” 195; seat of external soul, 200 _sq._

Navel-strings hung on trees, ii. 56

Negative magic or taboo, i. 111 _sqq._

Nemi, the lake of, i. 1 _sqq._; sanctuary of Diana at, 2 _sqq._; the priest of, 8 _sqq._, 40, 41, ii. 376, 386, 387

Neoptolemus, ii. 278

Nerthus, procession of, ii. 144 _n._ 1

Nets, marriage of girls to, ii. 147

New birth, simulation of, i. 380 _sq._

—— -born children brought to the hearth, ii. 232

—— Caledonia, i. 78; homoeopathic magic of stones in, 162 _sqq._

—— Caledonians, the, i. 312, 313, 314

—— fire, ii. 237; made at Midsummer, 243; made at beginning of a king’s reign, 262, 267

—— Guinea, influence of magicians in, i. 337 _sq._

—— Year festival, i. 251

_Ngai_, god, ii. 44, 150

Nias, i. 109, 143

Nicholson, General, worshipped, i. 404

Niebuhr, B. G., ii. 269

Nightingale in magic, i. 154

Nile, the Upper, rain-makers on the, i. 345 _sqq._; the bride of the, ii. 151

Nine animals sacrificed daily at a festival, ii. 365

—— years’ festival at Upsala, ii. 364 _sq._

Noah’s ark, i. 334

_Nonae Caprotinae_, ii. 314

Nootkas, superstitions as to twins among the, i. 263 _sq._

Norse trinities, ii. 364

Noses bored, i. 94

Numa, his birthday, ii. 273; a priestly king, 289

—— and Egeria, i. 18, ii. 172 _sq._, 193, 380

Numa’s birthday, ii. 325, 348; “Numa’s crockery,” ii. 202

Numbering the herds on St. George’s Day, ii. 338

Numicius, the river, ii. 181

Nuns of St. Brigit, ii. 240 _sq._

Nurin, i. 275, 276

Nusku, Babylonian fire-god, i. 67

Nyanza, Lake, god of, i. 395

Oak, its diffusion in Europe, ii. 349 _sqq._; worship of the, 349 _sqq._; oracular, at Dodona, 358; worshipped in modern Europe, 370 _sqq._

—— and thunder, the Aryan god of the, ii. 356 _sqq._; sky, rain, and thunder, god of the, 349 _sq._

—— evergreen, in making fire, ii. 251; the Golden Bough grew on an, 379

—— branch in rain charm, i. 309

—— -god married to the oak-goddess, ii. 142; and oak-goddess, marriage of, 189; how he became a god of lightning, thunder, and rain, 372 _sqq._

—— groves in ancient Ireland, ii. 242 _sq._

—— leaves, crown of, ii. 175, 176 _sq._, 184

—— -nymphs at Rome, ii. 172, 185

—— -tree guarded by the King of the Wood at Nemi, i. 42

—— -trees, sacrifices to, ii. 366

—— -wood, Vesta’s fire at Rome fed with, ii. 186; perpetual fire of, 365, 366; ceremonial fires kindled by the friction of, 372

—— -woods on the site of ancient Rome, ii. 184 _sqq._

—— -worship of the Druids, ii. 9

Oaken image dressed as a bride, ii. 140 _sq._

Oaks at Troezen, i. 26; of Ireland, ii. 363; sacred among the old Prussians, 43

Oaths on stones, i. 160 _sq._

Ocrisia, ii. 195

Octopus in magic, i. 156

Odin as a magician, i. 241 _sq._; the Norse god of war, ii. 364

Oedipus, ii. 115

Oenomaus, ii. 300

Oesel, island of, i. 329

Offspring, charms to procure, i. 70 _sqq._

Ojebways, magical images among the, i. 55

Olaf, King, i. 367

Old men, government by, in aboriginal Australia, i. 334 _sq._

Oldenberg, Professor H., i. 225 _n._, 228, 235 _n._ 1, 269, 270

Olives planted and gathered by pure boys and virgins, ii. 107

Olympia, races for the kingdom at, ii. 299 _sq._

Omahas, the, i. 249, 320

Omens, homoeopathic magic to annul evil omens, i. 170-174

Omphale and Hercules, ii. 281

_Omumborombonga_ (_Combretum primigenum_), the sacred tree of the Herero, ii. 213 _sq._, 218, 219 _sq._, 233

_Omuwapu_ tree (_Grevia spec._), ii. 219

Opprobrious language levelled at goddess to please her, i. 280

Oracles given by king, i. 377

Oraons, marriage of Sun and Earth among the, ii. 148; spring festival of the, 76 _sq._

Oracular spring at Dodona, ii. 172

Ordeal of battle among the Umbrians, ii. 321

Orestes at Nemi, i. 10 _sq._, 21 _n._ 2, 24; at Troezen, 26; cured of his madness, 161

Orgies, sexual, as fertility charms, ii. 98 _sqq._

Orontes, the river, ii. 160

Osiris threatened by magicians, i. 225

Ostyaks, tree-worship among the, ii. 11

Ovambo, the, i. 63, 209, ii. 46

Ovid, ii. 176, 177, 191; on Nemi, i. 4, 17

Pacific, human gods in the, i. 386 _sqq._

Padstow, custom of the Hobby Horse at, ii. 68

_Pages_, medicine-men, i. 358

Paint-house, the, ii. 111

Paintings, prehistoric, of animals in caves, i. 87 _n._ 1

Pais, E., i. 23 _n._

Pales, ii. 326, 327, 328, 329, 348

Pallades, female consorts of Ammon, ii. 135

Palladius, ii. 314

Pallene, daughter of Sithon, ii. 307

Palm-tree, ceremony of tapping it for wine, ii. 100 _sq._ _See also_ Date-palm

Panamara in Caria, i. 29

Paparuda, i. 273

Parasitic plants, superstitions as to, ii. 250, 251 _sq._

Parilia, the, ii. 123, 229, 273; a shepherds’ festival, 325 _sqq._

Parjanya, the ancient Hindoo god of thunder and rain, i. 270, ii. 368 _sq._

Parkinson, R., i. 175

Parricide, Roman punishment of, ii. 110 _n._ 2

Parsees, the, ii. 241

_Partheniai_, i. 36 _n._ 2

_Parthenos_ as applied to Artemis, i. 36

Parthian monarchs brothers of the Sun, i. 417 _sq._

Partridge, C., ii. 394 _n._ 2

Patara, Apollo at, ii. 135

Paternity, uncertainty of, a ground for a theological distinction, ii. 135; of kings a matter of indifference under female kinship, 274 _sqq._, 282

Patriarchal family at Rome, ii. 283

Paulicians, the, i. 407

Payaguas, the, i. 330

Payne, E. J., i. 415 _n._ 2

Pear-tree as protector of cattle, ii. 55

Peat-bogs of Europe, ii. 350 _sqq._

_Peking Gazette_, i. 355

Peleus, ii. 278

Pelew Islands, human gods in, i. 389

Pelopidae, the, ii. 279

Pelops, ii. 279

—— and Hippodamia, ii. 299 _sq._

Penates, the, ii. 205 _sq._

Pennefather River in Queensland, i. 99, 100

Peoples said to be ignorant of the art of kindling fire, ii. 253 _sqq._

Peperuga, i. 274

Pepys, S., i. 369, ii. 52, 333

Pergrubius, a Lithuanian god of the spring, ii. 347 _sq._

Periphas, king of Athens, ii. 177

Perkunas or Perkuns, the Lithuanian god of thunder and lightning, ii. 365 _sqq._; derivation of his name, 367 _n._ 3

Perperia, i. 273

Perpetual fires, origin of, ii. 253 _sqq._; associated with royal dignity, ii. 261 _sqq._

Perseus and Andromeda, ii. 163

Peru, Indians of, i. 265, ii. 146; the Incas of, 243 _sq._

Perun, the thunder-god of the Slavs, ii. 365

Peruvian Indians, i. 56

—— Vestals, ii. 243 _sqq._

Pessinus, i. 47

Peter of Dusburg, ii. 366 _n._ 2

Phaedra and Hippolytus, i. 25

Pheneus, lake of, ii. 8

Phigalia, i. 31

Philostratus, i. 167

Phosphorescence of the sea, superstitions as to the, ii. 154 _sq._

Picts, female descent of kingship among the, ii. 280 _sq._, 286

Piers, Sir Henry, ii. 59

Pig, blood of, drunk as a means of inspiration, i. 382; in purificatory rites, ii. 107, 108, 109; expiatory sacrifice of, 122

Pigeon used in a love-charm, ii. 345 _sq._

Pile-villages in the valley of the Po, ii. 8; of Europe, 352 _sq._

Pipal-tree (_ficus religiosa_), ii. 43

Pipiles, the, of Central America, ii. 98

Pity of rain-gods, appeal to, i. 302 _sq._

Placenta (afterbirth) and navel-string, contagious magic of, i. 182-201

Plantain-trees, navel-strings of Baganda buried at foot of, i. 195

Plants, homoeopathic magic to make plants grow, i. 136 _sqq._; influenced homoeopathically by a person’s act or state, 139 _sqq._; influence persons homoeopathically, 144 _sqq._; sexes of, ii. 24; marriage of, 26 _sqq._

Plataea, festival of the Daedala at, ii. 140 _sq._

Plato, i. 45, 104

Plebeians, the Roman kings, ii. 289

Pleiades, rising of the, i. 32

Pliny the Elder, i. 49; on sacredness of woods, ii. 123; the Younger, i. 6

Ploughing by women as a rain-charm, i. 282 _sq._

Plover in connexion with rain, i. 259, 261

Plutarch, i. 28, 80, ii. 172, 196, 320 _n._ 3, 325 _n._ 3; on Numa and Egeria, i. 18

Pole-star, homoeopathic magic of the, i. 166

Political evolution from democracy to despotism, i. 421

Polybius, ii. 354

Polydorus, ii. 31

Poplar, the white, at Olympia, a substitute for the oak, ii. 220

Porphyry, i. 390, ii. 12

Porta Capena at Rome, i. 18

_Porta Querquetulana_, ii. 185 _n._ 3

Poso in Celebes, i. 379, ii. 29

Potrimpo, old Prussian god, ii. 248

Pottery, primitive, employed in Roman ritual, ii. 202 _sqq._; superstitions as to the making of, 204 _sq._

_Pramantha_, ii. 249

Prayers for rain, ii. 359, 362; to Thunder, 367 _sq._; to an oak, 372

Precautions against witches, ii. 52 _sqq._

Precious stones, homoeopathic magic of, i. 164 _sq._

Pregnancy, ceremony in seventh month of, i. 72 _sq._

Pregnant cows sacrificed to the Earth goddess, ii. 229; victims sacrificed to ensure fertility, i. 141; women employed to fertilise crops and fruit-trees, i. 140 _sq._

Pretenders to divinity among Christians, i. 407 _sqq._

Priest drenched with water as a rain-charm, ii. 77; rolled on fields as fertility charm, 103; of Diana at Nemi, i. 8 _sqq._

—— of Nemi, i. 8 _sqq._, 40, 41, ii. 376, 386, 387. _See also_ King of the Wood

Priestesses, inspired, i. 379 _sq._, 381 _sq._

Priestly kings, i. 44 _sqq._

Priests, magical powers attributed to priests by French peasants, i. 231-233; inspired, 377 _sqq._

Princesses married to foreigners or men of low birth, ii. 274 _sqq._

Private magic, i. 214 _sq._

Procopius, ii. 365

Procreative virtue attributed to fire, ii. 233

Proculus Julius, ii. 182

Progress, intellectual, dependent on economic progress, i. 218; social, 421

Promathion’s _History of Italy_, ii. 196, 197

Prometheus, ii. 260

Prophetic powers conferred by certain springs, ii. 172

Prophets, the Hebrew, their ethical religion, i. 223

Propitiation essential to religion, i. 222

Prostitution before marriage, practice of, ii. 282, 285, 287

Prothero, G. W., ii. 71 _n._ 1

Provence, magical powers attributed to priests in, i. 232

Prpats, i. 274

_Prunus Padus_, L., ii. 344

Prussians, the old, their worship of trees, ii. 43

Prytaneum, fire in the, ii. 260

Psylli, the, i. 331

Public magic, i. 215

Purification by fire, ii. 327, 329

Purificatory rites for sexual crimes, ii. 107 _sqq._, 115, 116

Pururavas and Urvasi, ii. 250

Pythagoras, maxims of, i. 211, 213 _sq._

Pythaists at Athens, i. 33

Python, sacred, ii. 150

Quack, the, ii. 81

Quartz-crystals used in rain-making, i. 254, 255, 304

Queen of Egypt married to the god Ammon, ii. 131 _sqq._; of Athens married to Dionysus, 136 _sq._; of May, ii. 84, 87 _sq._; Charlotte Islands, i. 70; sister in Uganda, licence accorded to the ii. 275 _sq._

Queensland, rain-making in, i. 254 _sq._

_Querquetulani_, Men of the Oak, ii. 188

Quirinal hill, the, ii. 182, 185

Quirinus, ii. 182, 185, 193 _n._ 1

Quiteve, the, i. 392

Quivering of the body in a rain-charm, i. 260, 361

Ra, the Egyptian sun-god, i. 418, 419

Race, the King’s, ii. 84; succession to kingdom determined by a, 299 _sqq._; for a bride, 301 _sqq._

Races at Whitsuntide, ii. 69, 84

Raccoons in rain-charm, i. 288

Rain, extraction of teeth in connexion with, i. 98 _sq._; the magical control of, 247 _sqq._; made by homoeopathic or imitative magic, 247 _sqq._; Mother of the, 276; supposed to fall only as a result of magic, 353; excessive, supposed to be an effect of sexual crime, ii. 108, 113; Zeus as the god of, 359 _sq._

Rain-bird, i. 287

“Rain-bush,” ii. 46

—— -charm by ploughing, i. 282 _sq._

—— Country, i. 259

—— -doctor, i. 271

—— -god as dragon, i. 297

—— -gods compelled to give rain by threats and violence, i. 296 _sqq._; appeal to the pity of the, 302 _sq._

Rain King, i. 275, ii. 2

—— -maker among the Arunta, costume of the, i. 260; assimilates himself to water, 269 _sqq._

—— makers, their importance in savage communities, i. 247; in Africa, their rise to political power, 342 _sqq._, 352; on the Upper Nile, 345 _sqq._; unsuccessful, punished or killed, 345, 352 _sqq._

—— -making by means of the dead, i. 284 _sqq._; by means of animals, 287 _sqq._; by means of stones, 304 _sqq._

“Rain-stick,” i. 254

“Rain-stones,” i. 254, 305, 345, 346

—— -temple, i. 250

—— totem, i. 258

Rainbow in rain-charm, picture of, i. 258

Rajahs among the Malays, supernatural powers attributed to, i. 361

Ramsay, Sir W. M., i. 36 _n._ 2

Rats and mice, teeth of, in magic, i. 178 _sqq._

Raven in wind-charm, i. 320

Raven’s eggs in magic, i. 154

Ray, S. H., ii. 208 _n._ 3

Red colour in magic, i. 79, 81, 83

—— Karens of Burma, ii. 69

—— woollen threads, a charm against witchcraft, ii. 336

Reddening the faces of gods, custom of, ii. 175 _sq._

Regalia of Malay kings, i. 362 _sq._; supernatural powers of, 398

Regia, the king’s palace at Rome, ii. 201

_Regifugium_ at Rome, ii. 290; perhaps a relic of a contest for the kingdom, 308 _sqq._

Regillus, battle of Lake, i. 50

Reinach, Salomon, i. 27 _n._ 6, 87 _n._ 1, ii. 232 _n._ 2, 241 _n._ 1

Reincarnation, belief of the aboriginal Australians in, i. 96, 99 _sq._; certain funeral rites perhaps intended to ensure, 101 _sqq._

Religion defined, i. 222; two elements of, a theoretical and a practical, 222 _sq._; opposed in principle to science, 224; transition from magic to, 237 _sqq._, ii. 376 _sq._

—— and magic, i. 220-243, 250, 285, 286, 347; Hegel on, 423 _sqq._

Religious dramas sometimes originate in magical rites, ii. 142 _sq._

Remulus, ii. 180

Renan, E., i. 236 _n._ 1

Renouf, Sir P. le P., i. 418

_Rex Nemorensis_, i. 11

Rhetra, i. 383

Rheumatism caused by magic, i. 207 _sq._, 213

Rhodians worship the sun, i. 315

Rhys, Sir John, i. 17 _n._ 2, ii. 363 _n._ 4

Ribald songs in rain-charm, i. 267

Rice, charm to make rice grow, i. 140; in bloom treated like pregnant woman, ii. 28 _sq._; chastity at sowing, 106

Ridgeway, Professor W., ii. 103

Rig Veda, i. 294; quoted, ii. 368 _sq._

“Ringing out the grass,” ii. 344

Rivers as lovers of women in Greek mythology, ii. 161 _sq._

Rivers, Dr. W. H. R., i. 230 _n._, 403 _n._ 1, 421 _n._ 1

Rivos, harvest-god of Celts in Gaul, i. 17

Rivros, a Celtic month, i. 17 _n._ 2

Robertson, Sir George Scott, i. 133

Rock-crystals in rain-charms, i. 345

Rogations, Monday of, ii. 166

Rolling on the fields as a fertility charm, ii. 103; at harvest, ii. 104

—— cakes on the ground for omens, ii. 338

Roman fire-customs compared to those of the Herero, ii. 227 _sqq._

—— kings as deities in a Sacred Marriage, ii. 172 _sq._, 192, 193 _sq._; as personifications of Jupiter, 266 _sq._; list of, 269 _sq._; rule of succession among, 270 _sq._; plebeians, not patricians, 289; how nominated, 295 _sq._; their mysterious or violent ends, 312 _sqq._; their obscure birth, 312 _sq._

—— kingship, descent of, in the female line, ii. 270 _sq._; abolition of the, 289 _sqq._; a religious office, 289

—— punishment of parricide, 110 _n._ 2

Rome, the kings of, ii. 171 _sqq._; oak woods on the site of ancient, 184 _sqq._

Romove, Romow, or Romowo, ii. 366 _n._ 2

Romulus, fig-tree of, ii. 10, 318; legend of his birth from the fire, 196; hut of, 200; death of, 181 _sq._, 313

Roscher, W. H., ii. 137 _n._ 1, 383 _n._ 3

Roscoe, Rev. J., ii. 276 _n._ 2, 318 _n._ 1, 322 _n._ 2

Rose, the Little May, ii. 74

Rostowski, S., ii. 366 _n._ 2.

Rouen, St. Romain at, ii. 164 _sqq._

Roumania, rain-making ceremonies in, i. 273 _sq._

Round huts of the ancient Latins, ii. 200 _sqq._

Rouse, Dr. W. H. D., i. 15 _n._ 3, ii. 82

Rowan or mountain-ash used as a charm, ii. 331

—— tree, a protection against witches, ii. 53, 54

Royalty conservative of old customs, ii. 288

Rukmini, wife of Krishna, ii. 26

Runaway slave, charm to bring back a, i. 317

Runes, the magic, i. 241

Russia, St. George’s Day in, ii. 332 _sqq._

Russian celebration of Whitsuntide, ii. 64, 93

—— sect of the Christs, i. 407 _sq._

Sacred beasts in Egypt, i. 29 _sq._

—— groves in ancient Greece and Rome, ii. 121 _sqq._

—— Marriage, the, ii. 120 _sqq._

—— men, i. 386

—— sticks representing ancestors, ii. 222 _sqq._

—— women, i. 391

Sacrifices offered to regalia, i. 363, 365; to trees, 366

Sacrificial King at Rome, i. 44

St. Anthony’s fire treated by homoeopathic magic, i. 81 _sq._

—— Bride in the Highlands of Scotland, ii. 94

—— Bridget, ii. 94 _sq._, 242. _See_ St. Brigit

—— Brigit, holy fire and nuns of, at Kildare, ii. 240 _sqq._

—— Columba, i. 407, ii. 242 _sq._

—— Dasius, ii. 310 _n._ 1

—— Eany’s Well, ii. 161

—— Fillan, well of, ii. 161

—— Francis of Paola, i. 300

—— George and the Dragon, ii. 163 _sq._; and the Parilia, 324 _sqq._; patron saint of cattle, horses, and wolves, 330, 336, 337, 338; chapel of, 337; as a spirit of trees or vegetation, 343 _sq._; as giver of offspring to women, 344 _sqq._; in relation to serpents, 344 _n._ 4; in Syria, 346

—— George’s Day (23rd April), ii. 56, 75, 79, 103, 164 _n._ 1, 330 _sqq._; eve of, a time when witches steal milk from the cows, 334 _sqq._

—— Gervais, spring of, i. 307

—— Hippolytus, i. 21

—— James, i. 266; quoted, 223, 224

St. John, Eve of, in Sweden, ii. 65; Sweethearts of, 92

—— John the Baptist, day of, i. 377; his Midsummer festival, ii. 273

—— Leonhard, i. 7 _sq._

—— Mary, Wells of, ii. 161; _in Araceli_, 184

—— Ouen, ii. 165, 168

—— Paul, i. 407

—— Peter, as giver of rain, i. 307

—— Peter’s Day (29th June), ii. 141

—— Romain and the dragon of Rouen, ii. 164 _sqq._; the shrine (_fierte_) of, 167, 168, 170 _n._ 1

—— Sécaire, Mass of, i. 232 _sq._

Saints, violence done to images of saints in Sicily to procure rain, i. 300; images of saints dipped in water as a rain-charm, 307 _sq._

Sakai, the, i. 360

Sakkalava, the, i. 397

Ṣakvarī song, i. 269 _sq._

_Sâl_ trees, ii. 41; and flowers, 76 _sq._

_Salagrama_, fossil ammonite, ii. 26, 27 _n._ 2

Salic law, re-marriage of widow under, ii. 285

Salmon, twins thought to be, i. 263

Salmoneus, King of Elis, i. 310, ii. 177, 181

Salt, abstinence from, i. 124, 266, ii. 98, 105, 149; as a charm, 331

Samagitians, the, ii. 125; their sacred groves, 43

_Sami_ wood (_Prosopis spicigera_), ii. 248, 249, 250 _n._

Samnites, marriage custom of the, ii. 305

Samoa, gods of, in animal and human form, i. 389

Sandwich Islands, King of, i. 377. _See also_ Hawaii

Santiago, the horse of, i. 267

Sarah and Abraham, ii. 114

Sardinia, Midsummer customs in, ii. 92

_Satapatha-Brâhmana_, i. 380

Saturn personified at the Saturnalia, ii. 310 _sq._

—— and Jupiter, ii. 323

Saturnalia, ii. 272; as a fertility rite, 99; how celebrated by Roman soldiers on the Danube, 310; Saturn personified at the, 310 _sq._; King of the, 311; the festival of sowing, 311 _sq._

Savile, Lord, his excavations at Nemi, i. 3 _n._ 2

Saxo Grammaticus, i. 160, ii. 280

Saxons, marriage with a stepmother among the, ii. 283; of Transylvania, 337

_Scaloi_, i. 274

Scamander, the river, supposed to take the virginity of brides, ii. 162

Scandinavia, female descent of the kingship in, ii. 279 _sq._

Sceptre of Agamemnon, i. 365

Schinz, Dr. H., ii. 213 _n._ 2, 218

Scotland, magical images in, i. 68-70

Scott, Sir Walter, i. 326

Scratching the person with the fingers forbidden, i. 254

Scrofula, kings thought to heal scrofula by their touch, i. 368 _sqq._

Scythian kings, their regalia, i. 365

Scythians put their kings in bonds, i. 354

Sea, virgins married to the jinnee of the, ii. 153 _sq._; phosphorescence of the, 154 _sq._

Seasons, Athenian sacrifices to the, i. 310

Secret societies, i. 340

Semiramis, ii. 275

Sena, island of, ii. 241 _n._ 1

Seneca, on sacred groves, ii. 123

Serpent, dried, in ceremony for stopping rain, i. 295 _sq._; or dragon of water, 155 _sqq._

Serpents in relation to St. George, ii. 344 _n._ 4

Servia, rain-making ceremony in, i. 273

Servius on Virbius, i. 20 _sq._, 40

—— Tullius, laws of, ii. 115, 129; and Fortuna, 193 _n._ 1, 272; legend of his birth from the fire, 195 _sq._; his death, 320 _sq._

Sewing forbidden, i. 121, 128

Sexes, influence of the, on vegetation, ii. 97 _sqq._; of plants, 24

Sexual communism, tradition of, ii. 284

—— crime, blighting effects attributed to, ii. 107 _sqq._

—— intercourse practised to make the crops and fruits grow, ii. 98 _sqq._

—— orgies as a fertility charm, ii. 98 _sqq._

Shaking of victim as sign of its acceptance, i. 384 _sq._

Shans of Burma, i. 128

Sheaf of oats made up to represent St. Bride or Bridget, ii. 94 _sq._; the last, 94 _n._ 2

Sheep, black, sacrificed for rain, i. 290

—— driven through fire, ii. 327

Shepherd’s prayer, ii. 327 _sq._

Shepherds’ festival, ancient Italian, ii. 326 _sqq._

Shetland, witches in, i. 326

Shrew-mouse in magic, i. 83

Shuswap Indians, i. 265

Siam, King of, ii. 262; divinity of, i. 401

Sibyl, the, and the Golden Bough, i. 11

Sicily, attempts to compel the saints to give rain in, i. 299 _sq._

Sick people passed through a hole in an oak, ii. 371

Sickness, homoeopathic magic for the cure of, i. 78 _sqq._

Silesia, Whitsuntide customs in, ii. 89

Silk-cotton trees reverenced, ii. 14 _sq._

Silvanus, forest god, ii. 121, 124

Silver poplar a charm against witchcraft, ii. 336

Silvii, the family name of the kings of Alba, ii. 178 _sqq._, 192

Silvius, first king of Alba, ii. 179

Similarity in magic, law of, i. 52, 53

Simplification, danger of excessive simplification in science, i. 332 _sq._

Singer, the best, chosen chief, ii. 298 _sq._

Sins, confession of, i. 266

Sinuessa, waters of, ii. 161

Sister’s children preferred to man’s own children, mark of mother-kin,