viii. 107

Subordination of the individual to the community, the principle of ancient society, v. 300

Substitutes put to death instead of kings, iv. 56 _sqq._, 115, 160, 194 _sq._; slaves killed as substitutes for their masters at a king’s funeral, iv. 117; for human sacrifices, iv. 124, 214 _sqq._, v. 146 _sq._, 219 _sq._, 285, 289, vi. 99, 221, ix. 396 _sq._, 408; voluntary, for capital punishment in China, iv. 145 _sq._, 273 _sqq._; temporary, for the Shah of Persia, iv. 157 _sqq._; voluntary, for corporal punishment in China, iv. 275 _sq._; for animal sacrifices, viii. 95 _n._ 2

“Substitutes for a person” in China, puppets burnt to avert misfortune,