viii. 104

Substitution of souls as a remedy for sickness, iii. 57; of puppet for soul of a sick man, iii. 62 _sq._; of animals for human victims, iv. 124, 165, 166 _n._ 1, 177, vii. 24, 33 _sq._, 249; of child for parent in sacrifice, iv. 188, 194; of criminals for innocent victims in human sacrifices, iv. 195; of effigies for human victims in sacrifice, iv. 215, 217 _sq._, viii. 94 _sqq._; of rice-cakes for human victims, viii. 89; of cakes for animal victims, viii. 95 _n._ 2

Subterranean Zeus, title of Pluto as god of fertility, vii. 66

_Subugo_ tree revered by the Masai, ii. 16

Subura at Rome, viii. 42, 43, 44

Succession to the chieftainship or kingship alternating between several families, ii. 292 _sqq._; in Polynesia, customs of, iv. 190 _sq._; to the crown under mother-kin (female kinship), v. 44, vi. 18, 210 _n._ 1

—— to the kingdom, in ancient Latium, ii. 266 _sqq._; determined by a race, ii. 299 _sqq._; determined by mortal combat, ii. 322; through marriage with the king’s widow, ii. 283, iv. 193 _sq._; through marriage with a sister, iv. 193 _sq._; conferred by personal relics of dead kings, iv. 202 _sq._

—— to the soul, iv. 196 _sqq._

Sucla-Tirtha in India, expulsion of sins in, ix. 202

Sudan, the negroes of, their regard for the phases of the moon, vi. 141; ceremony of new fire in the, x. 134; human hyaenas in the, x. 313

Sudanese, their conduct in an earthquake, v. 198; their respect for ravens, viii. 221

Sudeten Mountains in Silesia, bonfires on Midsummer Eve on the, x. 170

Suffering, principle of vicarious, ix. 1 _sq._; intensity of, a means to break the spell of witchcraft, x. 304

Sufferings and death of Dionysus, vii. 17

_Suffetes_ of Carthage, v. 116

Suffocation as a mode of executing royal criminals, iii. 242

Suffolk, anointing the weapon instead of the wound in, i. 203; contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210; May Day custom as to hawthorn in bloom in, ii. 52; cure for ague in, ix. 68; belief as to menstruous women in, x. 96 _n._ 2; duck baked alive as a sacrifice in, x. 303 _sq._

Sufi II., Shah of Persia, temporary substitute for, iv. 158

Sugar-bag totem in Australia, v. 101

—— -cane cultivated, vii. 121, 123; custom at planting, viii. 119; first-fruits of, offered to the sugar-cane god, viii. 119

Suicide of Buddhist monks, iv. 42 _sq._; epidemic of, in Russia, iv. 44 _sq._; as a mode of revenge, iv. 141; by hanging, iv. 282

——, hand of, cut off, iv. 220 _n._

——, religious, iv. 42 _sqq._, 54 _sqq._; in India, iv. 54 _sq._

Suicides, ghosts of, feared, iv. 220 _n._, v. 292 _n._ 3, ix. 17 _sq._; custom observed at graves of, v. 93

Suk, the, of British East Africa, power of medicine-men among the, i. 344 _sq._; their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82, 85; women’s work among the, vii. 117 _sq._; their rule as to partaking of meat and milk, viii. 84; give children the fat and hearts of lions to eat, viii. 142; their dread of menstruous women, x. 81

Sukandar River, in Mirzapur, ghosts shut up in a tree on the, ix. 60 _sq._

Sulka (Sulkas), the, of New Britain, their way of stopping rain, i. 252 _sq._; their rain-making by means of stones, i. 304; their sacred stones, ii. 148; their notion as to the phosphorescence of the sea, ii. 155 _n._ 1; their dread of a woman in childbed, iii. 151; will not speak of their enemies by their proper name, iii. 331; tell stories only at evening or night, iii. 384 _sq._; their belief as to meteors, iv. 65

Sulla at the temple of Diana on Mount Tifata, ii. 380; at Aedepsus, v. 212

“Sultan of the Oleander,” magical efficacy attributed by the Moors to the, x. 18

“—— of the Scribes,” an annual mock sultan at Fez, iv. 152 _sq._

Sultan Bayazid and his soul, iii. 50

Sultans veiled, iii. 120

Sumatra, images used in evil magic in, i. 58; magical images to obtain offspring in, i. 71; pregnant woman not to stand at the door in, i. 114; homoeopathic magic at sowing rice in, i. 136; rain-charm by means of a black cat in, i. 291; rain-charm by means of a stone in, i. 308 _sq._; ceremony at felling a tree in, ii. 37; special language used in searching for camphor in, iii. 406 _n._ 2; spirits of gold mines treated with deference in, iii. 409; personification of the rice in, vii. 191 _sq._, 196 _sq._; observation of the Pleiades in, vii. 315; kinship of men with crocodiles in, viii. 212; tigers respected in, viii. 215 _sqq._; use of bull-roarers in, xi. 229 _n._

Sumatra, the Battas (Bataks) of, i. 71, 193, 330, 398, ii. 41, 108, iii. 34, 45 _sq._, 104, 116, 296, 338, 405, v. 199, vi. 239, viii. 216, ix. 34, 87, 213; totemism among, xi. 222 _sqq._

——, Central, treatment of the afterbirth in, i. 193

——, Gayo, a district of, ii. 29, viii. 33

——, the Gayos of, ii. 125, iii. 409 _n._ 3, 410

——, Jambi kingdom in, iv. 154

——, the Karo-Bataks of, i. 277 _sq._, iii. 52, 263

——, the Kooboos of, xi. 162 _n._ 2

——, Lampong in, iii. 10

——, the Loeboes or Looboos of, vi. 264, xi. 182 _sq._

——, Mandeling in, i. 192 _sq._, vii. 197, viii. 216

——, the Mandelings of, ii. 36, iii. 296

——, the Minangkabauers of, i. 58, 140, 193, iii. 32, 36, 41, vii. 191, viii. 211 _sq._, 215, x. 79

——, Northern, the Gayos of, ii. 36

——, Passier in, iv. 51

——, the Solok district of, i. 278

Sumba, East Indian island, custom as to the names of princes in, iii. 376; annual festival of the New Year and of the dead in, vi. 55 _sq._

Sumerians, their origin and civilization, v. 7 _sq._

Summer, bringing in the, ii. 74, iv. 233, 237, 238, 246 _sqq._; myths of gods and spirits not to be told in, iii. 385 _sq._; on the Mediterranean rainless, v. 159 _sq._; in Greece rainless, vii. 69

—— called Aphrodite, vi. 41

——, King of, chosen on St. Peter’s Day, x. 195

—— and winter, personal names different in, iii. 386; dramatic battle of, iv. 254 _sq._

Summer festival of Adonis, v. 226, 232 _n._

—— solstice in connexion with the Olympic festival, iv. 90; swinging at the, iv. 280. _See also_ Solstice

—— trees, carried from house to house in Silesia, iv. 246; compared to May-trees, iv. 251 _sq._

Sun, prayers for children offered to the spirit of the, i. 72; prayers of women to the, after the departure of the warriors, i. 130; charm of the setting, i. 165 _sq._; asked to give a new tooth, i. 181 _sq._; magical control of the, i. 311 _sqq._; charms to cause the sun to shine, i. 311 _sqq._; prayers to the, at an eclipse, i. 312; ancient Egyptian ceremonies for the regulation of the, i. 312; human sacrifices offered by the Mexicans to the, i. 314 _sq._; chief deity of the Rhodians, i. 315; supposed to drive in chariot, i. 315; chariots and horses dedicated by the Rhodians and kings of Judah to the, i. 315, viii. 45; horses sacrificed to the, i. 315 _sq._; caught by net or string, i. 316; worshipped by the Lithuanians, i. 317 _sq._; the father of the Incas, i. 415; Parthian monarchs the brothers of the, i. 417 _sq._; incense deposited in sanctuaries of the, ii. 107; marriage of a woman to the, ii. 146 _sq._; worshipped by the Blackfoot Indians, ii. 146; virgins of, in Peru, ii. 243 _sqq._; not allowed to shine on sacred persons, iii. 3, 4, 6; sacrifices to, in ancient Egypt, iii. 227 _n._; represented by a bull, iv. 71 _sq._; represented as a man with a bull’s head, iv. 75; perhaps personated by the Olympic victors, iv. 91, vii. 86; sacrifice of first-born children to the, iv. 183 _sq._; called “the golden swing in the sky,” iv. 279; Adonis interpreted as the, v. 228; Osiris interpreted as the, vi. 120 _sqq._; called “the eye of Horus,” vi. 121; worshipped in Egypt, vi. 122, 123 _sqq._; the power of regeneration ascribed to the, vi. 143 _n._ 4; time of sowing determined by observation of the, vii. 187; Japanese deities of the, vii. 212; first-fruits offered to the, vii. 237, viii. 117; temple of the, at Cuzco, vii. 310; primitive mechanisms for observation of the, vii. 314; festival of new fruits said to have been instituted by the, viii. 75; origin of the Yuchi Indians from the mother of the, viii. 75; the great chief of the Natchez descended from the, viii. 135; appeal to the, at confession of sins, ix. 3; reappearance of, in the Arctic regions, ceremonies at, ix. 124 _sq._, 125 _n._ 1; spirit who lives in the, ix. 186; hearts of human victims offered to the, ix. 279, 280 _sq._, 298; Mexican story of the creation of the, ix. 410; rule not to see the, x. 18 _sqq._; not to shine on girls at puberty, x. 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, 68; not to be seen by Brahman boys for three days, x. 68 _n._ 2; impregnation of women by the, x. 74 _sq._; made to shine on women at marriage, x. 75; sheep and lambs sacrificed to the, x. 132; symbolized by a wheel, x. 334 _n._ 1, 335; in the sign of the lion, xi. 66 _sq._; magical virtues of plants at Midsummer derived from the, xi. 71 _sq._; in the sign of Sagittarius, xi. 82; calls men to himself through death, xi. 173, 174 _n._ 1; fern-seed procured by shooting at, on Midsummer Day, xi. 291; the ultimate cooling of the, xi. 307

——, the birth of the, at the winter solstice, heathen festival of, v. 303 _sqq._, x. 246, 331 _sq._; Christmas, an old pagan festival of, v. 303 _sqq._, x. 246, 331 _sq._

—— and Earth, marriage of the, ii. 98 _sq._, 148, v. 47 _sq._

——, eclipses of the, ceremonies at, i. 311, 312; beliefs and practices as to, iv. 73 _n._ 2, 77, x. 162 _n._; defilement or poison thought to be caused by, x. 162 _n._

——, father of Alectrona, viii. 45

——, the Great, title of head chief of Natchez Indians, ii. 262, 263, viii. 77 _sqq._

—— and Moon, their marriage celebrated by the Blackfoot Indians, ii. 146 _sq._; mythical and dramatic marriage of, iv. 71, 73 _sq._, 78, 87 _sq._, 90, 92, 105; conjunction of, viii. 15 _n._ 1

——, moon, and stars represented by globes at the Laurel-bearing festival at Thebes, iv. 88 _sq._; human victims sacrificed to, by the heathen of Harran, vii. 261 _sq._

——, priest of the, among the Blackfoot Indians, ii. 146 _sq._; Athenian, uses a white umbrella, x. 20 _n._ 1

——, the rising, salutations to, vi. 193, ix. 416

——, the setting, homoeopathic magic of, i. 165 _sq._; charms to prevent, i. 316 _sqq._, ix. 30 _n._ 2

——, temple of the, round, among Blackfoot Indians, ii. 147; at Cuzco, ii. 243, ix. 129, x. 132; at Baalbec, v. 163; among the Natchez, viii. 135

——, the Unconquered, Mithra identified with, v. 304

Sun-charms, i. 311 _sqq._, x. 331; the solstitial and other ceremonial fires perhaps sun-charms, xi. 292

—— clan of the Bechuanas, their magic to cause the sun to shine, i. 313

—— -dial of the Dyaks, vii. 314 _n._ 4

—— -god, the, Egyptian ceremony to aid, i. 67 _sq._; sacrifice for sunshine to, i. 291; no wine offered to, i. 311; the titles of, transferred to the kings of Egypt, i. 418; the Egyptian, i. 418, 419, vi. 123 _sqq._, ix. 341; draws away souls, iii. 64 _sq._; supposed to drive in a four-horse car, iv. 91; annually married to Earth-goddess, v. 47 _sq._; hymns to, vi. 123 _sq._; Sûrya, the Indian, xi. 1; wakened from his sleep by the fires of the Pongol festival, xi. 46

Sun goddess, the Mikado an incarnation of the, i. 417, iii. 2; of the Hittites, v. 133 _n._; the Japanese, ix. 213 _n._ 1

—— -stone used in making sunshine, i. 314

Sunda, names of father and mother not to be mentioned in, iii. 341; names of princes or chiefs not to be uttered in, iii. 376; names of certain animals tabooed in, iii. 415. _See also_ Sundanese

Sundal, in Norway, need-fire in, x. 280

Sundanese, their belief in the homoeopathic magic of house timber, i. 146; expel tree-spirit before they fell the tree, ii. 36. _See also_ Sunda

Sunday, children born on a Sunday can see treasures in the earth, xi. 288 _n._ 5

—— of the Firebrands, the first Sunday in Lent, x. 110

—— in Lent, the first, fire-festival on the, x. 107 _sqq._

—— of the Rose, the fourth Sunday in Lent, iv. 222 _n._ 1

Sunderbans, tigers called jackals in the, iii. 403

Sunderland, cure for cough in, ix. 52

Sunflower roots, revered by the Thompson Indians, ii. 13; ceremony at eating the, viii. 81

Sung-yang, were-tiger in, x. 310

Suni Mohammedans of Bombay cover mirrors at a death, iii. 95

Sunkalamma, a goddess, her effigy made of rice and eaten sacramentally by the Malas of Southern India, viii. 93

Sunless, Prince, Acarnanian story of, x. 21

Sunset, stories not to be told before, iii. 384

Sunshine, use of fire as a charm to produce, x. 341 _sq._

_Süntevögel_ or _Sunnenvögel_, butterflies, expelled in Westphalia on St. Peter’s Day, ix. 159 _n._ 1

Superb warbler, called women’s “sister” among the Kurnai, xi. 215 _n._ 1, 216, 218

Superhuman power supposed to be acquired by actors in sacred dramas, ix. 382, 383

Superiority of the goddess in the myths of Adonis, Attis, Osiris, vi. 201 _sq._; of goddesses over gods in societies organized on mother-kin, vi. 202 _sqq._; legal, of women over men in ancient Egypt, vi. 214

Supernatural basis of morality, iii. 213 _sq._

—— beings, their names tabooed, iii. 384 _sqq._

Superstition a crutch to morality, iii. 219; spring pageants originate in, iv. 269

Superstitions as to the making of pottery, ii. 204 _sq._; as to shooting stars, iv. 60 _sqq._; associated with the Twelve Nights, ix. 326 _sqq._; as to women at menstruation, x. 76 _sqq._; associated with May Day and Hallowe’en, x. 224; Index of, x. 270; about parasitic rowans, xi. 281 _sq._; about trees struck by lightning, xi. 296 _sqq._

Superstitious practices to procure good crops, vii. 100; at the Midsummer festival of St. John the Baptist, xi. 45

Supper, the harvest, vii. 134, 138. _See_ Harvest-supper

Supplementary days in the Egyptian year, vi. 6, ix. 340 _sq._; in the ancient Mexican year, vi. 28 _n._ 3; in the old Iranian year, vi. 67, 68; in the year of the Mayas of Yucatan, ix. 171, 340; in the Aztec year, ix. 339 _sq._ _See also_ Intercalary

Supply of kings, iv. 134 _sqq._

Supreme Being of the Ewe negroes, ix. 74 _sq._, 76 _n._ 1

—— Beings, otiose, in Africa, iv. 19 _n._

—— God of the Oraons, ix. 92 _sq._

—— gods in Africa, vi. 165, 173 _sq._, 174, 186, with note 5, 187 _n._ 1, 188 _sq._, 190

Surenthal in Switzerland, new fire made by friction at Midsummer in the, x. 169 _sq._

Surinam, the Bush negroes of, ii. 385, viii. 26

Surrey, the weald of, ii. 7

Survival of the fittest, the principle of, apparently enunciated by Empedocles, viii. 306; stated by Aristotle, viii. 306

Sûrya, the Indian sun-god, xi. 1

Susa, to the south of Abyssinia, the king of, eats behind a curtain, iii. 119

——, in Persia, scene of the Book of Esther laid at, ix. 360, 366

Sussex, belief as to cast teeth in, i. 177 _sq._; the weald of, ii. 7; belief in, as to ground on which blood has been shed, iii. 244; superstition as to clipped hair in, iii. 270 _sq._; cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture in, xi. 169 _sq._

Sutherland, the _corp chre_ in, i. 69

Sutherlandshire, the harvest Maiden in, vii. 162; custom at eating new potatoes in, viii. 51; the need-fire in, x. 294 _sq._; sept of the Mackays, “the descendants of the seal,” in, xi. 131 _sq._

Suzees of Sierra Leone, kings among the, iii. 18

_Svayamvara_, ancient Indian mode of determining a husband, ii. 306

Swabia, homoeopathic magic at sowing in, i. 138; stones tied to fruit-trees in, i. 140; the Harvest-May in, ii. 48; May-trees in, ii. 68; church bells rung on Midsummer morning in, to drive away witches, ii. 127; disposal of cut hair in, iii. 276; Whitsuntide mummers in, iv. 207; Shrovetide or Lenten ceremonies in, iv. 230, 233; the Old Woman at harvest in, vii. 136; Altisheim in, vii. 136; the Oats-goat at harvest in, vii. 282; Gablingen in, vii. 282; last standing corn called the Cow in, vii. 289; the Cow at threshing in, vii. 290; Obermedlingen in, vii. 290; the thresher of the last corn called the Sow in, vii. 298 _sq._; Friedingen in, vii. 298; Onstmettingen in, vii. 299; the “Twelve Lot Days” in, ix. 322; “burning the witch” on the first Sunday in Lent in, x. 116; custom of throwing lighted discs on the first Sunday in Lent in, x. 116 _sq._; Easter fires in, x. 144 _sq._; custom at eclipses in, x. 162 _n._; the Midsummer fires in, x. 166 _sq._; witches as hares and horses in, x. 318 _sq._; the divining-rod in, xi. 68 _n._ 4; fern-seed brought by Satan on Christmas night in, xi. 289

Swabian custom as to child’s teething, i. 180

—— story of soul in form of mouse, iii. 39 _n._ 1

Swahili of East Africa, their New Year’s Day, ix. 226 _n._ 1; their ceremony of the new fire, x. 140; birth-trees among the, xi. 160 _sq._; their story of an African Samson, xi. 314

Swahili charm by means of knotted cords, iii. 305 _sq._

Swallow, wooden effigy of, carried about the streets on the first of March, viii. 322 _n._

Swallow dance among the Kobeua and Kaua Indians of Brazil, ix. 381

—— Song, the Greek, viii. 322 _n._

Swallowing of souls by shamans, iii. 76 _sq._

Swallows as scapegoats, ix. 35; stones found in stomachs of, x. 17

Swami Bhaskaranandaji Saraswati, Hindoo gentleman worshipped as a god, i. 404

Swan, J. G., on the masked dances of the Indians of North-Western America, ix. 376 _sq._

Swan, guardian spirit of a woman as a, i. 200

Swan-woman, Tartar story of the, xi. 144

Swan’s bone, used by menstruous women to drink out of, x. 48, 49, 50, 90, 92

Swans, transmigration of bad poets into, viii. 308

Swans’ song in a fairy tale, xi. 124

Swanton, J. R., on the seclusion of girls at puberty among the Haida Indians, x. 45 _n._ 1

_Swastika_, carved on Hittite monument at Ibreez, v. 122 _n._ 1

Swazieland, knots as charms in, iii. 305

Swazies, the, of South-Eastern Africa, their rain-making, i. 249; their king a rain-maker, i. 350 _sq._

Swearing on stones, i. 160 _sq._

Sweat, contagious magic of, i. 206, 213; of famous warriors drunk, viii. 152

Sweating as a purification, iii. 142, 156, 184

Sweden, guardian-trees in, ii. 58; birch-twigs on the eve of May Day in, ii. 64 _sq._; bonfires and May-poles at Midsummer in, ii. 65; Midsummer Bride and Bridegroom in, ii. 92, v. 251; cattle crowned in spring in, ii. 127 _n._ 2; Frey and his priestess in, ii. 143 _sq._; customs observed in, at turning out the cattle to graze for the first time in spring, ii. 341 _sq._; oaks and pines in the peat-bogs of, ii. 352; dramatic contest between Winter and Summer on May Day in, iv. 254; Maypole or Midsummer-tree in, v. 250; kings of, answerable for the fertility of the ground, vi. 220; marriage custom in, to ensure the birth of a boy, vi. 262; custom at threshing in, vii. 149, 230; “Killing the Hare” at harvest in, vii. 280; the Yule Boar in, vii. 300 _sqq._; Christmas customs in, vii. 301 _sq._; belief as to eating white snake in, viii. 146; magpies’ eggs and young carried from house to house on May Day in, viii. 321 _n._ 3; the Yule Goat in, viii. 327 _sq._; heaps of stones or sticks to which passers-by add in, ix. 14; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15, 20 _sq._; offerings at cairns in, ix. 27; customs observed on Yule Night in, x. 20 _sq._; Easter bonfires in, x. 146; bonfires on the Eve of May Day in, x. 159, 336; Midsummer fires in, x. 172; the need-fire in, x. 280; bathing at Midsummer in, xi. 29; “Midsummer Brooms” in, xi. 54; the divining-rod in, xi. 69, 291; mistletoe to be shot or knocked down with stones in, xi. 82; mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, xi. 83; medical use of mistletoe in, xi. 84; mistletoe used as a protection against conflagration in, xi. 85, 293; mistletoe cut at Midsummer in, xi. 86; mystic properties ascribed to mistletoe on St. John’s Eve in, xi. 86; Balder’s balefires in, xi. 87; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in,