The Evolution of States

IV.--HOLLAND 291 § 1. The Rise of the Netherlands 293 § 2. The Revolt against Spain 301 § 3. The Supremacy of Dutch Commerce 310 § 4. Home and Foreign Policy 318 § 5. The Declin...

The following treatise is an expansion, under a new title, of one originally published (1900) under the name of _An Introduction to English Politics_. Several friendly reviewers...

Politics, in its most general and fundamental character, is the strife of wills on the ground of social action. As international politics is the sum of the strifes and compromis...

A survey of the ancient history best known to us may help to make clearer the fatality of strife and the impossibility of solving it save by transcending the physical plane. The...

The politico-economic history of Greece has been less cleared up than that of Rome, by reason not only of the greater complexity of the problem, but of the predominance of liter...

The word "progressive," however, raises one of the most complex issues in sociology. It would be needless to point out, were it not well to anticipate objection, that the forego...

By singling out one set of the forces of aggregation and disintegration touched on in the foregoing general view, it is possible to get a more concrete idea of what actually wen...

In republican Greece, as in republican Rome, we have already seen the tendency to the accumulation of wealth in few hands, as proved by the strifes between rich and poor in most...

It is still common, among men who professedly accept the theory of evolution, to speak of special culture developments, notably those of sculpture and literature in Greece, art...

While Byzantine civilisation thus stagnated, the Saracen civilisation for a time actually gained by contact with it, inasmuch as Byzantium possessed, if it could not employ, the...

The culture conditions of Rome seem to cause no perplexity even to those who find Greek civilisation a mystery. They are certainly obvious enough. By reason of the primary natur...

No quite satisfactory history of Italy has appeared in English. The standard modern Italian history, that of Cesare Cantù, has been translated into French; but in English there...

To understand aright the phenomenon of medieval Italian civilisation we need first to realise that it was at bottom a fresh growth on the culture roots of the cities of Romanise...

In the twelfth century, then, we find in the full flush of life a number of prosperous Italian republics or "communes," closely resembling in many respects the City-States of an...

Given the monarchic and feudal environment, the chronic strife within and between the Italian cities can be seen to be sufficient in time to undo them;[598] and some wonder natu...

It lies on the face of the foregoing surveys that the principle which gives mass-form to all politics--to wit, the principle of nationality--makes at once for peace and war, co-...

When the early history of Scandinavia is studied as a process of social evolution rather than as a chronicle of feuds and of the exploits of heroes of various grades,[638] it is...

Systematic commerce in the north of Europe, broadly speaking, begins with the traffic of the Hansa towns, whose rise may be traced to the sudden development of civic life forced...

The special interest of Dutch history for English and other readers led in past generations to a more general sociological study of it than was given to almost any other. L. Gui...

The best general history of Switzerland available in English is Mr. E. Salisbury's translation (1899) of the _Short History_ of Prof. Dändliker. It has little merit as literatur...

For European history Portugal is signalised in two aspects: first, as a "made" kingdom, set up by the generating of local patriotism in a medieval population not hereditarily di...

It is after the great Civil War that English political development becomes most directly instructive, because it is thenceforward that the modern political conditions begin to b...

Nearly all the conceivable materials of disaffection, save personal misconduct on the king's part,[1089] went to prepare the Great Rebellion. Religious antipathies, indeed, no l...

The broad outcome of the monarchic restoration under Charles II is the intensifying of the royalist sentiment by way of reaction from the Rebellion and the autocracy of the Prot...

At all times within the historic period trade and industry have reacted profoundly on social life; and as we near the modern period in our own history the connection becomes mor...