Part 3

287. =Brush Manufacturers.= 268

288. =Ivory Cutters and Workers.= 269

289. Combs, 271

290. Piano Keys, 271

291. Rulers (Paper), 272

292. =Pearl Workers.= 273

293. =Tortoise-Shell Workers.= 273

294. =Gum-Elastic Manufacture.= 274

295. Men's Clothing, 276

296. Shoes, 276

297. Toys, 276

298. =Gutta Percha Manufacture.= 277

299. =Hair Workers.= 277

299. Artists, 277

300. Dressers, 278

301. Dyers, 280

302. Growers, 281

303. Manufacturers, 281

304. Merchants, 281

305. =Willow Ware.= 282

Wood Work.

306. Carvers, 284

307. Kindling Wood, 285

308. Pattern Makers, 286

309. Rattan Splitters, 286

310. Cigar Boxes, 286

311. Turners, 287

Agents.

312. Express and other Conveyances, 287

313. General, 288

314. Literary, Book, and Newspaper, 289

315. Mercantile, 291

316. Pens, 291

317. Sewing Machines, 291

318. School, 292

319. Telegraph Instruments, 292

320. Washing Machines, 292

Manufacturers and Colorers of Ladies' Apparel.

321. Artificial Flowers, 292

322. Belts, 295

323. Bonnet Ruches, 295

324. Dress Trimmings, 296

325. Embroidery, 298

326. Feathers, 300

327. Hoop Skirts, 301

328. Muslin Sets, 304

329. Parasols and Umbrellas, 305

330. Sempstresses, 308

331. Sewing Machine Operatives, 310

Fur Workers.

332. Dyers, 312

333. Sewers, 312

Fitters, Cutters, and Sewers of Ladies' and Children's Wear.

334. Bonnets, 314

335. Bonnet Frames, 319

336. Bonnet Wire, 320

337. Children's Clothes, 321

338. Cloaks and Mantillas, 321

339. Costumes, 323

340. Dresses, 324

341. Dress Caps and Headdresses, 326

342. Fans, 328

343. Ladies' Under Wear, 329

344. Over Gaiters, 330

345. Patterns of Ladies' and Children's Clothes, 330

346. Shoes, 331

347. Stays, 334

Straw Workers.

348. Bleachers and Pressers, 335

349. Braiders, 336

350. Sewers, 337

Renovators.

351. Gentlemen's Wear, 339

352. Ladies' Wear, 340

Gentlemen's Clothing.

353. Army and Navy Uniform, 340

354. Buttons, 340

355. Canes, 342

356. Caps, 342

357. Coats, 345

358. Cravats, 345

359. Hats (Hat Braiders, 349), 345

360. Oil Clothing, 350

361. Pantaloons, 350

362. Regalias, 350

363. Shirts, 350

364. Suspenders, 354

365. Tailoresses, 355

366. Vests, 356

367. =Upholsterers.= 357

368. Beds, 358

369. Carpets, 358

370. Curled Hair Pullers, 359

371. Curtain Trimmings, 359

372. Furniture Goods, 360

373. Mattresses, 360

374. Venetian Blinds, 361

375. Window Shades, 361

Manufacturers of Books, Ink, Paper, and Pencils.

376. Book Folders, 363

377. Book Sewers, 365

378. Card Makers, 367

379. Card Stencillers, 369

380. Cover and Edge Gilders, 370

381. Electrotypers, 370

382. Envelope Makers, 370

383. Folders and Directors of Newspapers, 372

384. Ink, 373

385. Label Cutters, 373

386. Lead Pencils, 374

387. Operatives in Paper Factories, 374

388. Paper Bag Makers, 376

389. Box Makers, 376

390. Marblers, 379

391. Rulers, 379

392. Press Feeders, 380

393. Printers, 380

394. Sealing-Wax Makers, 385

395. Stereotypers, 385

396. Type Rubbers and Setters, 386

397. Wall-Paper Gilders, 387

398. =Chemicals.= 389

399. Baking Powder, 390

400. Bar Soap, 390

401. Blacking, 390

402. Candles, 391

403. Chalk, 392

404. Emery Paper, 392

405. Fancy Soap, 392

406. Fire Works, 392

407. Flavoring Extracts, 393

408. Glue, 394

409. Gunpowder, 394

410. Oils, 394

411. Paints, 394

412. Patent Medicines, 395

413. Pearlash, 395

414. Perfumery, 395

415. Quinine, 397

416. Salt, 397

417. Soda, 399

418. Starch, 399

419. White Lead, 400

420. Whiting, 400

Communicating Mediums between Employers and Others.

421. Assistants in Benevolent Institutions, 400

422. Commissioners of Deeds, 402

423. Housekeepers, 402

424. Keepers of Intelligence Offices, 403

425. Lighthouse Keepers, 405

426. Pawnbrokers, 406

427. Postmistresses, 407

428. Sewing-Machine Instructors, 408

429. Shepherdesses, 409

430. Toll Collectors, 409

Contributors to the Comfort or Amusement of Others.

431. Bathhouse Attendants, 409

432. Brace and Truss Makers, 410

433. Chiropodists, 411

434. Cuppers and Leechers, 413

435. Fishing-Tackle Preparers, 413

436. Fortune Tellers, 415

437. Guides and Door Attendants, 415

438. Lodging and Boarding House Keepers, 415

439. Makers of Artificial Eyes, 416

440. Limbs, 418

441. Teeth, 418

442. Nurses for the Sick, 419

443. Steamboat and Railroad Newsvenders, 421

444. Street Musicians, 421

445. Tavern Keepers, 422

446. Travelling Companions, 423

Mistresses and Domestics.

447. Mistresses, 423

448. Domestics, 424

449. Chambermaids, 426

450. Cooks, 428

451. Dining-Room Waiters, 429

452. Ladies' Maids, 430

453. Nurses for Children, 430

454. Saloon Attendants, 431

455. Washers, Ironers, and Manglers, 431

Miscellaneous Occupations, and Workers therein.

456. Backgammon-Board Finishers, 433

457. Balloon Makers, 433

458. Billiard-Table Finishers, 434

459. Bill Posters, 434

460. Block Cutters, 434

461. Boatwomen, 435

462. Bone Collectors, 435

463. Bottlers and Labellers, 435

465. Broom Makers, 436

464. Bronzers, 436

466. Canvas and Cotton Bag Makers, 437

467. Car and Carriage Painters, 438

468. Carriage Trimmers, 489

469. Chair Seaters, 440

470. China Menders, 441

471. Cigar Makers, 442

472. Cigar-End Finders, 444

473. Cinder Gatherers, 444

474. Clear Starchers, 444

475. Clock Makers, 444

476. Clothes-Pin Makers, 445

477. Clothes Repairers, 445

478. Cork Assorters and Sole Stitchers, 445

479. Daguerreotype Apparatus, 446

480. Feather Dressers, 447

481. Flag Makers, 447

482. Furniture Painters, 448

483. Gilders of Mirror Frames, 449

484. Globe Makers, 450

485. Hobby-Horse Finishers, 450

486. Horse Coverings, 451

487. House Painters, 452

488. Japanners, 452

489. Knitters, 454

490. Lace Bleachers, 457

491. Lacquerers, 458

492. Life Preservers, 458

493. Lucifer Matches, 458

494. Mat Makers, 460

495. Manufacturers of Musical Instruments, 460

Melodeons and Organs, 461

Pianos, 462

Seraphines, 463

496. Musical-String Makers, 463

497. Netters, 464

498. Oakum Pickers, 464

499. Paper Hangers, 465

500. Polishers, 465

501. Pin Finders, 465

502. Rag Cutters, 465

503. Rag Gatherers, 466

504. Rope and Twine Makers, 468

505. Sail and Awning Makers, 470

506. Shoe-Peg Makers, 470

507. Shroud Makers, 470

508. Sign Painters, 471

509. Snuff Packers, 472

510. Stencil Makers, 473

511. Street Sweepers, 473

512. Tip Gilders, 473

513. Tobacco Strippers, 474

514. Toy Makers, 475

515. Varnishers and Varnish Makers, 476

516. Water Carriers, 476

Employments for the Afflicted.

517. Blind Women, 477

518. Deaf Mutes, 477

519. The Lame, 477

Unusual Employments.

520. United States, 477

521. England, 478

522. France, 481

523. Other Countries, 482

Minor Employments.

524. United States, 484

525. England, 484

526. France, 485

527. =Occupations in which no Women are Engaged.= 486

528. None in the United States, 486

529. Very few, 486

530. OPENINGS IN THE SOUTH FOR CERTAIN branches of business, 487

531. PRICE OF BOARD FOR WORKWOMEN, AND REMARKS OF EMPLOYERS, 488

532. NUMBER OF WORK HOURS, 489

532. EXTRACTS FROM CENSUS REPORT OF 1860, in advance of publication, 490

=Industrial Statistics of Paris.=

France, in 1848, 492

THE EMPLOYMENTS OF WOMEN.

PROFESSIONAL, LITERARY, AND SCIENTIFIC PURSUITS.

=1. Amanuenses.= Amanuenses are employed to write from dictation, generally by authors. Prescott, who was nearly blind for several years, employed one or more. Editors whose papers have an extensive circulation, sometimes require the services of an amanuensis. Female secretaries, or writers out of books, were not unusual in Rome. "Origen," says Eusebius, "had not only young men, but young women to transcribe his works, which they did with peculiar neatness." Some persons in London (whose employment, perhaps, scarcely brings them under this title, yet we know not where else to place them) make it a business to write letters for beggars, for which they are paid a small sum by each applicant. Amanuenses are usually employed by the week, month, or year. Some education is of course necessary, and will doubtless influence their pay. Experience increases their value still more; and those who have to exercise their brains, are of course best paid. I have been told by competent authority, that amanuenses are usually paid according to agreement; that authors of distinction can afford to pay a good price, and that the most common salary is $600.

=2. Astronomers.= Maria Cunitz is mentioned as an astronomer of the seventeenth century in Germany. Miss Caroline Herschel discovered two moons and several comets. Miss Maria Mitchell, of Nantucket, Mass., discovered a new planet, and received, in consequence, a medal from the King of Denmark. She formerly observed for the Coast Survey, but was not officially recognized. She computes for the _Nautical Almanac_. She writes: "I know of no lady astronomers who are practical observers. Very good works have been written on the subject by women. An observing room is never warmed by a fire; and as a small part, at least, of the roof must be opened to the air, the exposure is according to the weather, as the observations must be made in clear evenings. I do not consider the danger to the health great. I know of no way in which astronomical observations can be made to pay women. They could, without doubt, make better observers than men, with the same amount of practice. The same delicacy of touch and of perception that makes them good at the needle, would make them efficient in the delicate manipulations of the micrometer. But I know of no man well paid as an observer only. There are always volunteer candidates in this department of an observatory. Women can make as good computations as men, and do their work more neatly; but here, also, the field is occupied by men, although, I think, never as volunteers without pay. I have no doubt many of the computations professedly made by men, are really the work of women employed as assistants. This has always been the case in the long and tedious computations made for astronomical objects in the early efforts of the science. My own observatory is wholly a private affair, and supported entirely by my own means, which are my daily earnings as computer to the _Nautical Almanac_. I employ no assistant." I am happy to say Miss Mitchell receives the same salary for the observations and reckonings of the _Nautical Almanac_ that would be given to a man. In 1856, at the Smithsonian Institute, a paper was read by Professor Foote, on the heat of the sun's rays; after which a paper by Mrs. Foote was read by Professor Henry, giving an account of experiments made by herself on the same subject. Miss Harriet Bouvier (now Mrs. Peterson) has written a very good work on astronomy for schools. Mrs. Somerville, a distinguished astronomer of England, has added much information to the science by her discoveries. "Miss Anne Sheepshanks, sister to the late astronomer, has been elected a fellow of the Astronomical Society."