CHAPTER XXXVII.

THE REVOLUTIONS IN NEW GRANADA AND QUITO.

1809--1813.

Excitement in New Granada--Expedition against Quito--Reinstallation of the late Captain-General of Quito--Massacres by the Royalist Soldiery--Revolution at Cartagena--Outbreak on the Plains of Casanare--A Junta established at Pamplona--And at Socorro--Pacific Revolution at Bogotá--Establishment of a Junta--Social Anarchy--Proposals to summon a Congress--The State of Cundinamarca--Nariño appointed Dictator--Congress adopts the Federal System of Government and retires to Ibague--The Province of Cartagena declares itself an Independent State--Preparations of the Royalists--Torices named Dictator of Cartagena--Operations against Santa Marta--Arrival of a New Viceroy--The First Victory of the Patriots--Another Insurrection in Quito--Successes of Montufar and Macaulay--Treachery of the Pastusos--La Vendée of the Revolution--Installation of a Junta at Quito--Operations in the South--Quito declares itself an Independent State--Murder of Ruiz de Castillo--Victory of the Royalists at Mocha--Capture of Quito--Massacres at Popayán--The Policy of Nariño--The Congress at Leiva--Dr. Camilo Torres named President--Civil War--Arrival of another Viceroy--Cundinamarca and Antioquia declare themselves Independent States--Congress places Nariño in Command of the Army--Successes of Nariño--His Passage of the River Juanambú--Dispersion of his Army--He is sent in Irons to Spain--Operations of Bolívar against Santa Marta--Defeat of an Expedition from Cartagena--Bolívar conceives the Idea of Reconquering Venezuela--He crosses the Cordillera--His Memorial to the People of New Granada--President Torres adopts his Idea.....312