The Elements of Child-protection

_Importance of the Public Elementary School._--Of the various schools, it is only the public elementary school with which we need concern ourselves in this book. The State compe...

_Introductory._--The foundations of the classical criminal law have been shattered. New ideas begin to prevail, new institutions appear and develop. The old criminal law will so...

_History of Child-Labour._--During the Middle Ages child-labour seems not to have been very general. At the time of the guilds, improper utilisation of the working powers of chi...

_The Two Groups._--Previously we have spoken of punishable offences committed by children; we pass now to consider those committed against children. These latter may be classifi...

_Natural Selection and Artificial Selection._--The selective method practised by Nature works by means of the procreation of millions of individuals, and by the subsequent elimi...

_Introductory._--The protection of infant life is all the more necessary in view of the fact that it is during infancy that human beings are least able to withstand injurious ex...

_Introductory._--The _lex minimi_ (“law of parsimony”) is not merely a natural law, but is also the guiding principle both of legislative and of executive activity. From this la...

_The Legal Position of the Illegitimate Child._--The legal position of the illegitimate child is regulated by civil law only in respect of certain relationships; and the brief a...

_Terminology._--In this work, when we speak of “the care of foundlings,” the term is used throughout in the widest signification, to denote the general care of the children boar...

_Heredity in General._--Heredity is a general phenomenon of natural life. The offspring resembles the parent to a greater or less degree. In the human species, also, children on...

_Limited Powers of Minors._--The legal protection of the child against the consequences of its own acts is closely associated with the questions of parental authority and of gua...

_Introductory._--In individual countries there are three distinct factors engaged in the relief of destitution: local governing bodies, the central government, and the community...

_Statistical Data._--The statistics relating to child mortality are in an exceptionally well-developed state, and no unprejudiced student of sociology can afford to ignore them....

_Introductory._--The objects of this department of child-protection are, first, to prevent the child becoming ill; secondly, if it has become ill, to cure it. The hygiene of chi...

_Child-Protection and the Population Question._--In the struggle for existence among the nations, that nation is the victor which consists of the greatest number of individuals...

_Introductory._--The physical, mental, and moral health of human beings depends very largely upon the conditions in which they are brought up, upon the conditions which operate...

_Conditions of To-day._--In all departments of modern legal systems the principle gains general acceptance that persons under age require to be treated differently from adults....

_Miscarriages, Premature Births, and Still-Births._--The statistical data regarding miscarriages, premature births, and still-births are somewhat untrustworthy. There is no gene...

_Introductory._--The two chief purposes of human life are, first, the maintenance of the individuals of the species, and, secondly, the reproduction of the species. The laws rel...

_The Causes of Prostitution._--As in every commercial transaction, so also in the women-market, two factors are decisive--supply and demand. The demand arises from the fact that...

Introductory--The Causes of Criminality in Youth--The Classical Criminal Law--Gradual Transformation of the Classical Criminal Law--Special Legislation dealing with Youthful Cri...

Importance of the Public Elementary School--Methods of Instruction--The General Obligation of School Attendance--The Purpose of the Elementary School--Instruction versus Educati...

Limited Powers of Minors--The Tendency of Evolution--Nature of Guardianship--Guardianship of Poor Children--Guardianship of Illegitimate Children--The Defects of Individual Guar...

History of Child Labour--Diffusion of Child Labour--The Causes of Child Labour--Women’s Labour--The Consequences of Child Labour--The Consequences of Women’s Labour--Regulation...

The Legal Position of the Illegitimate Child--Reasons for these Legal Disabilities--Advantages and Disadvantages of Illegitimate Birth--Abortion, Premature Birth, Still-Birth--C...

Natural Selection and Artificial Selection--The Interests of the Future Generation--Inheritance and Education--Nature of Education--Character of the Child--Limits of Educability...

Terminology--History of the Care of Foundlings--The Latin System and the Germanic System--Some Modern Methods for the Care of Foundlings--Foundling Hospitals, Wet-Nursing, and B...

Heredity in General--Inheritance of Diseases--Individual Diseases--The Age of the Parents--The Marriage of Near Kin-- Disease in the Parents from the Legal Standpoint--Divorce--...

Statistical Data--Certain Contributory Causes--The Chief Causes of Infant Mortality--The Great Number of Children--Child Mortality in the Towns--The Effect of Housing Conditions...

Introductory--Advantages of the Natural Feeding of Infants-- History of Artificial Feeding--Causes of the Failure to Suckle--Wet-Nurses--Cow’s Milk--Other Methods of Artificial...