Part 28
Westness Chapel, 108.
Westray, Orkney, 124.
Whithorn, Crosses at, 4.
William the Lion, 38.
Wilson, Sir Daniel, 2.
Winchester Cathedral, 61.
Winifred, St., 12.
Wooden Roofs, 60.
Wyre, Orkney, 113.
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FOOTNOTES:
[1] Skene’s _Celtic Scotland_, Vol. II. p. 46.
[2] Skene, Vol. II. p. 32.
[3] Romilly Allen, _Early Christian Symbolism_, p. 88.
[4] _Proceedings of Antiquarian Society of Scotland_, Vol. IX. p. 568.
[5] For an account of explorations and illustrations of crosses discovered by Sir H. E. Maxwell, see _Ayr and Galloway Association_, Vol. V. p. 1, and Vol. VI. p. 34.
[6] T. S. Muir, _Ecclesiastical Notes_, p. 226.
[7] _Ayr and Galloway Association_, Vol. VI. p. 17.
[8] Skene, Vol. II. p. 56.
[9] Dunraven’s _Irish Architecture_, Vol. I. p. xviii.
[10] Reeves’ _Adamnan_, p. 177.--Dr. Reeves quotes many instances of churches formed with wattles. Thus, the first church erected in Britain, at Ynswitrin, had the walls of the chapel constructed of twisted twigs; St. Gwynllyw, _circa_ 580, founded a temple constructed with boards and twigs. In Ireland, when St. Kieran was preparing to build his church, a friendly wild boar is said to have appeared and cut off twigs and ploughed up turf with his tusks so as to furnish the Saint with materials. St. Kevin constructed his oratory with wattles. At Raithin, St. Carthacus built himself a cell with reeds which Columba had provided. St. Voloc also built his abode with reeds and twigs.
[11] This name belonged to the Irish till about the tenth century, when it was transferred to the inhabitants of the existing Scotland.
[12] Petrie, p. 446.
[13] For illustrations of raths and cashels, see Lord Dunraven’s _Notes on Architecture_.
[14] Petrie, p. 129.
[15] J. Anderson, _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, 1st Series, p. 83.
[16] Petrie, p. 132.
[17] _Ibid._ p. 136.
[18] Dunraven, Vol. II. p. 141.
[19] Petrie, p. 162.
[20] Dunraven, Vol. I. p. xx.
[21] See Dr. J. Anderson’s _Lectures on Scotland in Early Christian Times_.
[22] Romilly Allen, pp. 82, 84.
[23] _Ibid._ p. 136.
[24] Skene, Vol. II. p. 88.
[25] Skene, Vol. II. p. 121.
[26] _Ibid._ p. 128.
[27] _Ibid._ p. 137.
[28] Skene, Vol. II. p. 212.
[29] “Pre-Conquest Churches of England.”--_Reliquary_, 1893.
[30] Skene, Vol. II. p. 227.
[31] Skene, Vol. II. p. 229.
[32] _Ibid._ p. 268.
[33] Skene, Vol. II. p. 309.--This round tower, no doubt, owes its origin to the Irish influence referred to, but, as will be pointed out, there are architectural reasons for assigning the structure to a later period.
[34] _Ibid._ p. 320.
[35] _Ibid._ p. 331.
[36] See _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, by Dr. Joseph Anderson, Vols. I. and II.
[37] _Early Christian Times_, Vol. II. p. 95.
[38] Anderson, Vol. II. Lecture IV.
[39] Romilly Allen, Lecture VI.
[40] Anderson, Vol. II. p. 80.
[41] _Ibid._ p. 130.
[42] Romilly Allen, p. 238.
[43] _Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_, Vol. III. pp. 127, 153, 206, 225; Muir’s _Ecclesiastical Notes_, p. 65.
[44] Anderson, Vol. I. p. 64.
[45] For Illustration see p. 64.
[46] Anderson, Vol. I. p. 59.
[47] Petrie, p. 291.
[48] _Ibid._ p. 395.
[49] _Ibid._ p. 320.
[50] Reeves’ _Adamnan_, p. 410.
[51] Skene, Vol. II. p. 368.
[52] _Ibid._ p. 374.
[53] _Celtic Scotland_, Vol. II. p. 376.
[54] Innes, _Sketches of Early Scotch History_, pp. 10-12.
[55] Innes, _Sketches of Early Scotch History_, p. 17.
[56] “Scottish Churches and Cathedrals,” by Dr. Joseph Robertson, _Quarterly Review_, 1849, p. 117.
[57] See _Castellated and Domestic Architecture_, Vol. I. p. 90, and Vol. III. p. 72.
[58] _Castellated and Domestic Architecture_, Vol. III., Introduction.
[59] Muir, _Old Church Architecture of Scotland_, p. 67.
[60] _Castellated and Domestic Architecture_, Vol. V., p. 130.
[61] See Introduction, p. 8.
[62] _Characteristics_, p. 141.
[63] _Ibid._ p. 142.
[64] For a further example of a primitive church and cells, see the Brough of Deerness, described by Sir H. Dryden in the following pages. It will be observed that the simple oblong church, with door in west end and one window in east end, is surrounded with a number of ruins of stone huts, which were no doubt the dwellings of the monastic family of the establishment; while near the land side are the remains of the cashel or fortification of the platform.
[65] _Notes_, p. 35.
[66] _Ibid._ p. 272.
[67] _Characteristics_, p. 163.
[68] _Notes_, p. 50.
[69] _Notes_, p. 51.
[70] _Ibid._ p. 280.
[71] _Ibid._ p. 51.
[72] _Ibid._ p. 52.
[73] _Notes_, p. 93.
[74] _Notes_, pp. 97-98.
[75] _Characteristics_, p. 205.
[76] _Notes_, p. 60.
[77] _Notes_, p. 60.
[78] _Characteristics_, p. 180.
[79] The churches in Orkney and Shetland present many fine examples of chanceled buildings. These, although described in Mr. Muir’s works, are more fully treated in the descriptions and illustrations kindly supplied by Sir H. Dryden, and now printed for the first time.
[80] _Notes_, p. 41.
[81] _Ibid._ p. 43.
[82] _Notes_, pp. 48 and 276.
[83] This church (Trinity) 61½ feet long; breadth, 21 feet. North wall has a round-headed window of undressed stones at east end, 2½ feet wide, splaying to 4½ feet inside. Arch of door obtusely pointed. On north side a small chapel connected by round-arched porch, not bonded into church. Entrance to chapel has inclined jambs. Chapel 23 feet long by 13½ feet broad inside; walls 2½ feet thick. In east wall small rectangular window, and an ambry on each side of window. Similar window in south wall. Small chapel, believed to be very ancient. Chapel of Carinish probably rebuilt by Amy M‘Ruari about 1390.--Captain Thomas, _Archæologia Scot._, Vol. V. p. 226.
[84] _Notes_, pp. 11 and 264.
[85] _Notes_, p. 23.
[86] _Ibid._ p. 42.
[87] _Ibid._ p. 42.
[88] _Ibid._ p. 44.
[89] _Ibid._ p. 44.
[90] _Ibid._ p. 278.
[91] _Notes_, p. 61.
[92] _Ibid._ p. 269.
[93] _Ibid._ p. 270.
[94] _Notes_, p. 180.
[95] _Ibid._ p. 192.
[96] Dr. J. Anderson regards this as a church mentioned in a document by Pope Gregory XI., of date 20th September 1375.--_Scotland in Early Christian Times._
[97] _Notes_, p. 30.
[98] _Ibid._ pp. 49, 278; _Characteristics_, p. 226.
[99] Teampull Chalumchille, Captain Thomas, _Archæologia_, Vol. V. p. 239.
[100] _Characteristics_, p. 132, and _Notes_, p. 200.
[101] _Notes_, p. 39.
[102] _Characteristics_, p. 50.
[103] _Ibid._ p. 51.
[104] _Notes_, p. 107. See also drawings and description of this church by Sir Henry Dryden (below).
[105] _Notes_, p. 42.
[106] _Ibid._ p. 283.
[107] _Ibid._ pp. 10, 262.
[108] _Notes_, p. 13.
[109] _Ibid._ p. 13.
[110] _Ibid._ p. 14.
[111] _Ibid._ p. 15.
[112] _Notes_, p. 8.
[113] _Notes_, p. 55.
[114] _Ibid._ p. 25.
[115] _Ibid._ p. 26.
[116] _Ibid._ p. 28. See also illustrations and description of this church by Sir Henry Dryden (below).
[117] _Ibid._ p. 38.
[118] _Characteristics_, p. 51.
[119] _Ibid._ p. 55.
[120] _Notes_, p. 43.
[121] _Ibid._ p. 109.
[122] See account of doorway in chapel on Brough of Birsay for notice of this point.
[123] See account of doorway in chapel on Brough of Birsay for notice of this point.
[124] See the first article on “Ancient Orcadia” in the _Orcadian_ of ... 1860.
[125] See account of Chapel on the Brough of Birsay.
[126] See account of windows in Egilsey.
[127] See observations on these entrances in notes on the Brough of Birsay.
[128] See Petrie’s _Round Towers_, pp. 162, 181-5.
[129] Ecclesiastical Notes on the Orkneys, &c.
[130] See account of the early Bishops of Orkney by Professor Munch, in _Bannatyne’s Miscellany_, Vol. III., 1855.
[131] See Petrie’s _Round Towers_, and Wilson’s _Prehistoric Annals_.
[132] See Petrie’s _Round Towers_.
[133] _History of Orkney_, p. 34.
[134] Britton, _Arch. Ant._, Vol. I.; North, _Arch. Soc._, Part 10, 1860; Billings’ _Temple Church_.
[135] See _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, by Joseph Anderson, LL.D., p. 62.
[136] See Introduction, p. 27.
[137] See Introduction, p. 14.
[138] _Ibid._ p. 11.
[139] In an interesting paper by him in the _Archæologia Scotica_, Vol. V., Part 2.
[140] Figs. 146 and 147 are from sketches by Mr. T. S. Robertson, architect, Dundee, whom we have to thank for assistance in connection with this church.
[141] _Historical Manuscript Commission_, 14th Report, App., Part III., p. 175 and 187.
[142] Page 11.
[143] _Quarterly Review_, June 1849, p. 120.
[144] The lines on south side of tower show foundations now exposed, and a built-up door in south wall of tower is not shown, being apparently not original.
[145] Introduction, p. 13.
[146] _Lecture II._, p. 24.
[147] Page 36.
[148] Page 38.
[149] From a drawing in the possession of Mr. David Douglas, publisher.
[150] The sketch is a very slight and hurried one, and is not at all finished in detail; but it is enough, when taken with the other drawings, to enable a fair idea to be formed of the completed church. The tower has had a clock dial, placed so as to conceal the south windows. The traceried windows of the south aisle of the nave are indicated, along with the lintelled doorway and a raised window, which may have been over an outside stair in connection with a gallery. The east window of the aisle is shown built up, with a square shuttered window inserted where the mullions formerly were, and the small window above has been enlarged for light to the gallery. The view of the chancel is particularly interesting, this part of the church having now almost disappeared. In the choir a mullioned window of three lights is shown above the sedilia, and a small door is knocked through the latter. The east end is shown lighted by three simple lancet windows.
[151] We are greatly indebted to the Rev. Mr. Thomson, Dunning, for assistance in regard to this church.
[152] _Celtic Scotland_, Vol. II., pp. 389-92.
[153] Page 28.
[154] First Volume, p. 462.
[155] We have to thank Sir Henry Dryden for liberty to use the measured drawings of St. Margaret’s Chapel, made by him in 1866.
[156] Introduction to _Registrum de Dunfermlyn_, p. 25.
[157] Introduction to _Registrum de Dunfermlyn_, p. 25.
[158] _Ibid._ p. 25.
[159] _Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland_, Vol. V. p. 522.
[160] See _Annals of Dunfermline_, by the Rev. Ebenezer Henderson, p. 211.
[161] _Annals of Dunfermline_, p. 205.
[162] _Ibid._ p. 342.
[163] We are indebted for the loan of this Plan, drawn by Mr. Henderson, to Mr. Robertson, Dunfermline, custodier of the buildings.
[164] Tytler, _History of Scotland_, Vol. I., year 1303-4.
[165] _Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland_, Vol. I., p. 514.
[166] We have to thank Sir Henry Dryden for permission to use the ground plan and other drawings and descriptions relating to St. Magnus, published in the transactions of the Architectural Institute of Scotland, 1858-61.
[167] We have to express our indebtedness to the late Mr. Robert Matheson, Architect, Edinburgh, for the foregoing sections and elevation and the plan of the triforium, with which he was good enough to supply us so long ago as 1866.
[168] See _Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland_, Vol. I. p. 519.
[169] See the _Orkneyinga Saga_, Introduction by Dr. J. Anderson.
[170] _Statistical Account._
[171] _Early Christian Symbolism_, p. 255.
[172] _Illustrations of the Shires of Aberdeen and Banff_, _Spalding Club_, p. 692.
[173] The churches of Berwickshire have been very fully treated by Mr. J. Ferguson, Duns, in a paper reprinted from the _Transactions of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club_, 1890. We are much indebted to Mr. Ferguson and Mr. George Fortune, architect, Duns, for assistance in regard to these churches.
[174] _Characteristics_, p. 12.