Mathematics

The Earliest Arithmetics in English

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Chapters

1. Chapter 1

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2. Chapter 2

In a composite treatise containing tracts written A.D. 1157 and 1208, on the calendar, the abacus, the manual calendar and the manual abacus, we have a number of the methods pre...

3. Chapter 3

¶ Her{e} by-gynnes þe craft of Addicioñ. In þis craft þ{o}u most knowe foure thyng{es}. ¶ Fyrst þ{ou} most know what is addicioñ. Next þ{o}u most know how mony rewles of figurys...

4. Chapter 4

¶ Her{e} he says, yf ou{er} þe fyrst fig{ur}e in þe ryȝt side be such a merke as is her{e} made, ʷ, þ{o}u schall{e} fyrst doubull{e} þe figur{e}, the quych stondes vnd{er} þ{a}t...

5. Chapter 5

[*leaf 157a] ¶ Now m{u}ltiply 4, þe quych comes next aft{er} 6, by þe last 2 of þe neþ{er} nounbur toward þe lyft side. as 2 tymes 4, þat wel be 8. sette þat 8 ou{er} þe figure...

6. Chapter 6

Therfore sithen the science of the whiche at this tyme we intenden{e} to write of standith{e} all{e} and about nombre: ffirst we most se, what is the p{ro}pre name therof{e}, an...

7. Chapter 7

+----+----+----+----+----+--------+----+----+----+-----+ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | +----+----+----+----+----+--------+----+----+----+-----+ | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10...

8. Chapter 8

Here folowith{e} the extraccio{u}n of rotis, and first in nombre q{ua}drat{es}. Wherfor me shall{e} se what is a nombre quadrat, and what is the rote of a nombre quadrat, and wh...

9. Chapter 9

here. And then yf you lyst, you [*119a] may adde the one to the other in the same place, or els you may adde them both together in a newe place: which waye, bycause it is moste...

10. Chapter 10

Which su{m}mes yf you do adde together into one su{m}me, you shal p{er}ceaue that it wyll be y^e same y^t appeareth of y^e other worki{n}g before, so that [*123b] bothe sortes a...

11. Chapter 11

The fourme of 6, for 600. And to be shorte: loke how you did expresse single vnities and tenthes in the lefte hande, so must you expresse vnities {and} tenthes of hundredes, in...

12. Chapter 12

[2: “Hæ necessariæ figuræ sunt Indorum characteros.” _MS. de numeratione._ Bib. Sloan. Mus. Brit. 513, fol. 58. “Cum vidissem Yndos constituisse IX literas in universo numero su...