Part 21

The transition, in the marshal’s style, is interesting enough. First we have “the Marshal,” or rather “the Master Marshal”; then “the Marshal of England,” as a more high-sounding style; next a confusion due to the fact that the Marshals also held an earldom through the 13th century, and so became, in common parlance (though not in strictness), “Earls Marshall”; lastly, even so early, we have seen,[644] as 1344, there occurs the cumbrous and unmeaning phrase “officium comitis marescalli et mariscalciæ Angliæ.” Proving, though it does, the rapid accretion of error and confusion in the Middle Ages, the double style obtained recognition in the Patent of 1386.[645] It is singular that, even at the present day, the “Peerages” style the duke of Norfolk “Earl Marshal and hereditary marshal of England,” although he is simply “Earl Marshal” under the creation of 1672.[646]

An apology is hardly needed for introducing here a characteristic challenge, addressed by the young Earl Marshal in the chivalrous spirit of the time, “a noble et honnore S^r le conte de Soissons sire de Coucy.” This quaint epistle begins thus:

Honure S^r Pour ce que vous estez homme donneur approue de vaillance et de chevalerie et de grant renomee comme bien est cogneu es plusieurs lieux honnorables, et je suis joesne, etc.... Je envoie devers vous Notynghant mon heraut, etc.

Then follow the terms of the challenge:

et apres les trois cops de lance, trois pointes despee, trois pointes de dague, et trois cops de hache a pie.

Every precaution would seem to be taken against the survival of either combatant. The letter closes with due formality:

Escript a Londres le x^o jour de Janvier lan de grace mille ccc iiii^{x(x)} et neuf selon le compte de leglise d’Angleterre.

* * * * *

Par le conte Mareschall’ et de Notyngham S^r de Moubray et de Segrave mareschall’ d’Angleterre.

This document, I believe, has not hitherto been known.

* * * * *

And now, when we turn to the ‘Modus,’ we find in the chapter treating “De Casibus et Judiciis difficilibus” a startling statement that, if difficulties arose,--

tunc comes senescallus, comes constabularius, _comes marescallus_, vel duo eorum, eligent viginti quinque personas de omnibus paribus regni, etc., etc.

It need scarcely be said that no such right belonged _ex officio_ to these three magnates, or was even claimed by them. Yet no one has suggested, so far as I know, that there must have been a reason for inserting this clause, and that in such reason we may find a note of time. Ordainers were elected, under Edward II., in 1310, and a Commission under Richard II. in 1386. No one, it is certain, could have introduced the reference to an “Earl Marshal” in 1310, for Thomas, future marshal of England; was then only a boy of ten. But in 1386 there was, in Nottingham, an Earl Marshal, and one who was, at the time, taking a leading part. Indeed the three chiefs of the opposition at the time were Gloucester, Derby, and Nottingham, who respectively represented the Constable, the Steward,[647] and the Marshal. Add to this that it was in the Parliament of 1386 that we find the precedent of Edward II. prominent in the minds of men,[648] and that it was also in this Parliament that appeal was made to a supposed statute, and that the ‘Modus’ contains a chapter “De Absentia regis in Parliamento” (a grievance in 1386), and we have at least a fair presumption that the ‘Modus’--at any rate in the form that has reached us--dates from the constitutional crisis of 1386.[649]

I shall now close this article, which has already exceeded its original limits, with a document hitherto unknown, I believe, to English historians. The Rolls of Parliament preserve, in the proceedings of 1397 against Gloucester, the appeal of treason presented to the king by the nobles of his party at Nottingham (5th Aug., 1395). But that appeal is not known to us at first hand. I believe that I have found the terms of the document, which correspond, it will be seen, with the printed version. But instead of closing with the words “soit enterment quasse et adnulle,” as in the Rolls of Parliament (iii. 341), it proceeds:

laquelle bille nous le prouuerons pour vray avec laide de Dieu et de sa benoiste mere tant comme la vie nous dure.

Then follows, in parallel columns, the interesting portion of the document, namely, the five articles of accusation, which are, it will be found, largely different and much shorter than on the Rolls. Opposite them is a notable confession which, from evidence it contains, I assign to the duke of Gloucester.

P[re]mierement comment ilz Beauz seignors je vous prie a voloient auoir depose mons^{r}. tous mercy et vous prie que vous veulliez dire a Monsr le Item. Ilz le constraindirent Roy que il pregne garde de mon a leur donner pouoir par letres filz, quar sil nest chastie a lencontre de sa regalie et tant quil est jeune, il me les libertes de sa couronne. resembleira, et je fiz faussete et traison a mons^r mon pere, Item. Ils le voloient auoir et ai pense et eusse mis a prins par force hors de son execution contre mons^r le Roy chastel et lauoir amene tout contre mon neveu de Rottheland partout ou ilz voloient et et mon cousin le mareschal et prins son grant seel deuers plus^s autres(;) dedens xv jours eulz. ilz eussent este mors et madame la este mors et madame la Royne Item. Le vouloient auoir envoiee arriere en France, et assailli dedens sa tour de fait du royaulme ce que nous Londres lui estant dedens a eussions voulu. Et avions sa festedu Noel. ordonne de rendre tous les hommages a ceulx qui eussent Item. Depuis ont ilz persevere este de nostre part. Si preng en leur traison et tant quilz en grace ce que Mons^r me fera ont ymagine et ordene dauoir quar jai bien desire la mort. destruit et mis a mort ceulx qui furent entour la personne de Mons^{r}.

From internal evidence this confession must (if genuine) proceed from an uncle of the king, who can only be the duke of Gloucester. I believe him to have sent it from his prison at Calais, after his arrest and deportation thither by the “Earl Marshal of England.”

Such documents as this still lurk here and there in MS. Their discovery rewards, at rare intervals, the toil of original research, as in those I have printed above bearing on the Commune of London. To this research, as Dr. Stubbs has urged, historians have now to look;[650] but for it, in England, at the present time, there is neither inducement nor reward.[651]

NOTE

On page 21 I speak of Mr. Andrew Lang “tracing the occurrence in scattered counties of the same clan name to the existence of exogamy among our forefathers.” This view, which (as I there state) was adopted by Mr. Grant Allen, is set forth in his notes to Aristotle’s ‘Politics’ (Ed. Bolland, 1877), pp. 96, 99, 101. To show that I have in no way misrepresented that view, I append these extracts:

the _sibsceaft_, or kinship, which, when settled within its own mark of land, is known in early Teutonic history as the _Markgenossenschaft_. Whether in Greece, Rome, or England, not to mention other countries, the members of each of these kinships all bore the same patronymic name, etc., etc.

Take the case of early England, one finds the traces of the clan of Billingas in Northampton, Lancashire, Durham, Lincoln, Yorkshire, Sussex, Salop, and other widely-separated districts (Kemble).

The members of these clans bear each the clan patronymic, perform the same superstitious rites, and are bound to mutual defence ... in England a man of the Billinga clan, or of the Arlinga clan, might be a Somersæta, or a Huicca, or a Lindisfara by local tribe. This curious scattering of the _family_ names through the _local_ settlements in England has puzzled Mr. Kemble, who accounts for it by the confusion of the English invasion, and by later wandering and colonisations. But if the Arlingas, Billingas, and so forth, were once scattered over North Germany, as the men of the Sun or Tortoise clans are scattered all over America and Australia, it would necessarily happen that when a Jutland tribe invaded the south of England, it would leave families settled there of the same name as a Schleswig tribe would leave in the north or west of England.

Mr. Lang then goes on to urge the probability that, as in Australia, this phenomenon had its origin in exogamy. But I question, in my paper on the subject, the ‘clan’ phenomenon itself. Mr. Lang, like others, wrote under the influence of Kemble; and it is the very object of my paper to show the danger of building theories on Kemble’s rash conclusions.

Index

A

_Abattis_, meaning of, 47.

Adrian IV., his alleged donation of Ireland, 171–175, 177–179, 199, 200.

----, his “bull Laudabiliter,” 171 _et seq._

Ailwin (Æthelwine) son of Leofstan, 105, 118.

Albemarle, William earl of, 287.

----, ----, Cecily wife of, 287.

Albert of Lotharingia, “clerk,” 36–38.

Albineio, William de, 152.

Aldermannebury, Simon de, 254.

Aldermen, _see_ London.

Alenzun, Matthew de, 254.

Alexander III., his alleged confirmation of “Laudabiliter,” 172, 176, 180, 182, 184, 185, 189, 193, 198.

----, his ‘Black Book’ letters to Henry II., 172, 173, 174, 175, 185–190, 191–194, 196–199.

Allen, Mr. Grant, 5, 16, 22, 23, 25, 321.

Amiens, _échevins_ of, 235.

Andrew of London, 110, 111.

Andrews, Dr., 19.

Anschetil, 121.

Archer, Mr. T. A., opposed to Mr. Oman, 43, 48, 50, 51.

----, ----, on Strongbow, 309–310.

Archers, English, in 14th century, 296, 297, 299, 300.

Archers in Ireland, use of, 157, 160.

Armies, English, in 14th century, 262 _et seq._

Array, Commissions of, 295, 296.

Arthur, succession of, 216, 218.

Arundel, William (1st) earl of, 126–127, 132–134.

----, Honour of, 130–131, 132–134.

Ashdown, battle of, 40.

Assize in Normandy, 250.

Assize of Northampton, 233.

B

Bain, Mr. Joseph, 292, 293, 294.

Balnai, Adam de, 99.

Bannockburn, battle of, 289 _et seq._

Barbour’s Brus, 290–291.

Barons, feudal, in Ireland, 160, 162.

Barons, greater, _see_ London.

Basset, Richard, 121.

Beaumont (Normandy), Holy Trinity of, 116.

Becket, _see_ Beket.

Beket, Gilbert, 101, 102, 247.

----, Thomas, 114, 122, 154, 248.

Belet, Michael, 87.

Bémont, M., 302, 303, 305, 313, 314, 318.

Benefices, Inquest (1212) on ecclesiastical, 267.

Berkeley, _carta_ of Roger de, 59–60.

Bigot, Hugh le, 99.

Bigod, Roger, 152.

Bigod, Roger, 305, 306, 314.

Bishops Stortford castle, 120.

‘Blanch ferm’ in Domesday, 65, 66.

‘Blanch’ money, _see_ Exchequer.

Blemund, Blemunt, William, 107, 108.

Bloomsbury, origin of its name, 108.

Blund, Geoffrey, 253.

----, Robert, 234.

----, Stephen, 254.

Bond, Mr. Thomas, 135.

Bosham, deanery of, 116.

Bosham, _firma_ of, 91.

Boulogne, Count Eustace of, 28, 109, 110, 115, 120.

----, Faramus of, 120, 281.

----, William of, 120.

----, Inquest on Honour of, 270.

Bradwell, Essex, 270.

Braose, William de, 152, 253.

Bray, Thomas, 147–149.

Brewer, Prof., errors of, 146–149.

Brito, Meinfininus, 121, 123.

Bruce, _see_ Bannockburn.

Bucherel, Andrew, 264; _see also_ Bukerel.

Buchuinte, Bucquinte, Bucca Uncta, Andrew, 98, 110–113, 121, 124.

----, ----, justiciar of London, 99, 108.

----, ----, Ralf son of, 101, 108.

----, John, 101, 111, 112, 234.

----, Laurence, 101.

Bucuinte, Geoffrey, 254.

Bukerel, Richard, 120.

----, Stephen, 101, 120.

Bukerel family, 110, 121; _see also_ Bucherel.

_Burh_, the Old English, _see_ Clark.

Burke, Father, 194.

Burrows, Prof. Montagu, 279.

C

Caen, a London family derived from, 106–107.

Calais, Gloucester imprisoned at, 320.

Cambridge, Longchamp at, 214.

Cambridgeshire, sheriff of, 122.

Camden on the marshalship, 305, 313.

Camville, Gerard de, 217.

Canterbury, Stephen archbishop of, 267.

Carew, Sir George, error of, 146, 149.

_Cartæ Antiquæ_, origin of, 88.

Cashel, council of, 183, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193, 194.

“Castlemanni” of Durham, the, 288.

Castle-mounds, 52–54.

Castle Rising, 130.

Challenge, a chivalrous, 317.

Chamberlains, _see_ Exchequer.

Chapel and the township, the, 10–11.

Charters of William I., 28–37; _see also_ Henry II., John.

Chertsey, William abbot of, 121.

Chester, Hugh bishop of, 253, 254.

Chichester, Hilary bishop of, 115, 117.

Chivalry, _see_ Challenge.

Christchurch, _see_ Twynham _and_ London (Holy Trinity).

Churches, _see_ Benefices.

Cinque Ports, institutions of, 244, 245.

Clan-names in England, alleged, 16 _et seq._, 321, 322.

Clare, Walter son of Richard de, 310; _see also_ Pembroke.

Clark, Mr. G. T., on castles, 52–53, 56, 82, 279.

Clement III., death of, 210–213.

Clifford, Robert de, marshal, 306, 307.

Cnihtengild, the English, _see_ London.

Cœlestine II., 212–213.

Cogan, Richard de, 145.

Coinage, new (1180), 86, 88–89.

Coke’s Institutes, 302, 304, 313.

Commune, the sworn, 223, 224.

----, ----, in London, 224 _et seq._

----, ----, in Normandy, 244 _et seq._

_Constabularii, Honor_, 280–281.

Cornage, 282–288.

Constantine, donation of, 178, 189, 195, 197.

_Constitutio domus regis_, the, 82, 310, 311.

Coote, Mr., 103, 105, 226, 227, 228.

Cordel, Hugh, 120.

Cornhill, Gervase of, 107, 111, 112, 117, 120.

----, Henry of, 107, 111, 253, 254, 256.

----, Reginald of, 256.

Cornwall, Crown rents in, 71.

Coronation, of Matilda wife of William I., 35.

---- of Henry II., 303, 304.

---- of Richard I., 201–206.

---- of Eleanor wife of Henry III., 203–206, 303, 304, 311.

----, of Richard II., 302.

Coronation services (“officia”), 203–206, 303.

Coroner, serjeanty of being, 270.

Coucy, the (count of Soissons) sire de, 316.

Coupland, Noutegeld of, 287.

Courci, John de, 143.

----, ----, book of his ‘Gestes,’ 149.

----, ----, conquers Ulster, 161–163.

----, ----, origin of, 162.

Courci, Jordan de, 162.

Courcy, Robert de, 99.

Courtenay, Reginald de, 152.

Coutances, Algar bishop of, 99.

Cows paid for cornage, 287.

Crecy, battle of, 45, 299–301.

Cressy, Hugh de, 152.

Cricklade, Wilts, 83.

Cumberland, cornage tenants of, 283–285.

----, Noutegeld in, 287.

_Curia regis_ in Treasury, the, 94.

----, at Westminster, 111.

D

Danegeld, _see_ Middlesex; Towns.

Dean, miners from forest of, 294.

Deaneries of houses of secular canons, 115–116.

_Den_, the forest, 20.

Derman of London, 106; _see also_ Thierri.

Dermot, king, 142–144, 158–159, 169, 179–180.

Devon, early _firma_ from, 73.

----, stereotyped rents in, 70.

_Dialogus de Scaccario_, authority of, 64 _et seq._

----, cited, 311.

Dimock, Mr. J. F., 141, 146–148, 182, 183, 192.

Diplomatic, a point of, 30–36.

Disseisin, formula of Novel, 114, 127.

Domesday, appeal to, 94.

---- compared with the Inquest of 1212, 265–266, 274.

----, finance in, 65–67, 68–73.

----, place-names in, 24.

----, record of assessment in, 57.

----, tenants variously described, 37–38.

Dorchester, Wulfwig bishop of, 29.

Dover castle, constableship of, 278–282.

----, wards and towers of, 279.

Dover, Foubert de, 279.

Duket, Nicholas, 234.

Durham, cornage in palatinate of, 287, 288.

----, troops from, 294.

E

Eadwine, alderman of London, 112.

Earle, Prof., 15, 19, 23, 27.

Edward the Confessor, 28, 36, 38, 98, 99.

Edward II.; _see_ Bannockburn.

Edward II., deposition of, 318.

Eleanor, queen, wife of Henry II., 236, 250.

Ely, Geoffrey, bishop of, 87.

Ely, Walter de, 254.

Enfeoffment, _see_ _Vetus_.

Essex, Henry de, Constable, 281.

Essex, Maurice (of Tiltey), sheriff of, 109, 118.

Essex, place-names of, 2 _et seq._

Eustace, nephew of Fulchred, 101, 124.

Eustace, the sheriff, 38.

Exchequer, chamberlains of the, 77, 81–85, 95.

----, at Westminster, 79–81.

----, watchman of the, 80.

----, a development of the Treasury, 80–84, 93–95.

----, enrolment at, 89.

----, records of the, 202–204; _see also_ Sheriffs.

----, tallies of, 63, 74–75.

----, pleas held at the, 64, 86, 89.

----, its chequered table, 64, 74, 94.

----, standards of account at, 65–66, 70, 85–87, 89–93.

Exchequer, changes in system of, 66–69, 72–75, 94.

----, antiquity of assay at, 66, 69.

----, its ‘combustion’ tally, 75.

----, barons of, 62, 85, 86, 89.

Exeter, endowment from ferm of, 85–87.

----, foreign merchants at, 245.

Exogamy, alleged traces of, 21, 321–322.

Eyton, Mr., 24, 60, 79, 133, 134, 151, 152.

F

Fafiton, Robert, 258.

Falkirk, battle of, 298.

Fantosme, Jordan, 232.

Feipo, Futepoi, Totipon, Adam de, 142.

Fergant, Bartholomew, 248–9.

Ferm, _see_ _Firma_.

Fiennes family alleged constables of Dover, 279–281.

_Firma comitatus_, the, origin of, 72–73, 230.

_Firma unius noctis_, the, 70–72.

Fitz Alan, William, barony of, 128.

Fitz Audelin, William, 151, 152, 161, 182–183, 190.

Fitz Count, Brian, 76, 78.

Fitz Gerald, Maurice, 156.

Fitz Gerold, Warin, (I.) chamberlain, 83, 101.

----, ----, (II.) chamberlain, 84.

Fitz Osbern, earl William, 29, 30.

Fitz Reinfred, Roger, 87.

Fitz Stephen, Robert, 153.

Fitz Urse becomes MacMahon, 162.

Fitz Walter, Peter, 229, 231, 253.

Fitz Walter, Robert, 253.

Five-knight unit, the, 56, 155.

Fleming, Richard le, 142, 155.

Freeman, Prof., 29–32, 34, 36, 38, 40–46, 49, 52, 137, 155, 289, 292, 312.

Fulcher, 116.

Fulcoin, Fulkoin, Fulquin, Fulcoi, the sheriff, 121–123.

Fulk son of Ralf, 120.

_Furnellis_, Alan de, 87.

----, G. de, 88.

Futepoi, _see_ Feipo.

G

Gasquet, Father, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 181, 193, 196, 200.

George, Mr. Hereford, 45.

Gerpunvilla, William de, 152.

Gervase son of Agnes, 101.

Gilbert the Sheriff (founder of Merton Priory), 121–123.

Gilbert son of Reinfred, 268.

Gilds, endowments by, 104–105.

Giraldus Cambrensis, 143, 144, 145, 157, 159, 160, 164–167, 172, 178–188, 190–198.

----, early translations of, 147–149.

Giry, M., 237, 239, 244, 247–252.

Glanville, Ranulf de, 87.

Gloucester, Milo de, 121, 123, 306.

Gloucester, Robert earl of, 76, 78.

Gloucester, Thomas duke of, 315, 318; his arrest and confession, 319–320.

Glove as gage, the, 153.

Green, Mr. J. R., 5, 16, 289.

Gross, Dr., 228, 237.

Guest, Dr., 5, 6.

Gundeville, Hugh de, 152.

H

Hacon the dean, 101, 106.

_Haga_ not _villa_, 15.

Hall, Mr. Hubert, on the Treasury and Exchequer, 62, 67–68, 74–75, 79–80, 84, 85.

----, on the Inquest of Sheriffs, 125 _et seq._

----, on the coronation of Richard I., 205–6.

----, on the Red Book Inquisitions, 262–273, 275.

----, on castle-ward, 278, 282, 286.

----, on Dover Castle, 279–280.

----, on cornage, 282–286.

----, misreads his MSS., 312–313.

_Ham_, the suffix, 2 _et seq._

Hampshire, _Firma unius noctis_ in, 71–72.

Hartshorne, Mr., 56.

Hastings, battle of, 40–52, 301.

Haverhell, Brichtmer de, 229.

----, William de, 233.

Haya, Ralf de, 152.

Heir, making an, 111.

Helion, Tehel de, 38.

Henry II. and London, 222, 223, 228, 232–233, 256.

----, and Ireland, _see_ Ireland.

Henry II., his charters before his accession, 82.

Henry son of Henry II., 251.

Henry son of Ailwin (Æthelwine), first mayor of London, 105, 225, 253.

Hereford, earldom of, 30.

Highworth, Wilts, 83.

Hinde, Mr. Hodgson, 284, 285.

Holand, Thomas de, earl of Kent, marshal, 314.

Household, the king’s, _see_ _Constitutio_.

Hoveden, Roger, 184, 188, 197, 201, 205, 208–209, 213, 215, 216, 217.

Howlett, Mr., 208.

Howorth, Sir Henry, 289.

Howth, the Book of, 146–149, 162, 163.

----, interpolations in, 148–149.

----, share of Christopher lord of Howth in, 149.

Hubert ‘juvenis,’ 110, 114.

Hugh, son of Wulfgar, 101, 102, 118, 120–121.

Huitdeniers or Octodenarii, Osbert, justiciar of London, 113–114, 116, 121.

Humfraville, Ida de, 254.

----, Richard de, 254.

Hundred and the township, the, 12.

Hundreds, Inquest of 1212 taken by, 265–266, 275.

Hunt, Rev. W., 208.

Huntingdon, Austin priory at, 122.

Hunts, sheriffs of, 121–123.

I

_Ing_, the suffix, 3 _et seq._

Ingelric the priest, 28–30, 36, 115.

_Ingham_, the suffix, 15–16.

Innocent X., 199–200.

Inquest of 1212, the great, 261 _et seq._

Inquest of Sheriffs, _see_ Sheriffs.

Inquest, sworn, in London, 98–100.

----, of 1212, 268, 273, 274.

Insula, Robert de, 286.

Interdict under John, 267.

Ipra (Ypres), William de, 100.

Ireland, the Conquest of, 137 _et seq._

Ireland, its golden age, 137–140, 165, 166, 169.

----, Scandinavian settlers in, 140, 144.

----, Norman invaders of, 140, 156 _et seq._

----, feudal settlement of, 143, 155, 159, 160.

----, poem on conquest of, 141 _et seq._

----, Henry II. in, 150–152, 189, 192–194, 199–200.

----, internecine conflict in, 159.

----, policy of see-saw in, 163–164.

----, failure of its conquest, 164, 167.

----, corruption of church in, 165–166, 175.

----, publication of ‘Laudabiliter’ in, 181, 192, 194.

----, Henry II. recognised as king in, 184–185, 187; _see also_ Howth; ‘Laudabiliter.’

Ireland, scutage of, 129, 131, 134.

Irish, tendencies of, 138–139, 164–165, 168–170.

----, mode of warfare of, 156–158.

----, their character impugned, 174, 175, 183–187, 197, 199, 200.

Islington, Newington Barrow in, 106.

Italian citizens of London, 110.

J

Jews, debts to, 130.

John, exactions of, 274.

----, the great Inquest (1212) under, 262.

----, in Ireland, 165.

----, his struggle with Longchamp, 207–218.

John, takes the oath to the Commune, 224.

----, claims to succeed Richard, 215–218.

----, confirms ‘liberties’ to London, 235.

----, his charters to London, 256.

John ‘the Mad’ (‘the Wode’), 145.

John son of Ralf son of Everard, 120.

K

Kemble, Mr., 2, 6, 9, 16–26.

Kent, ‘sulungs’ of, 26–27.

Kingsford, Mr., 316.

Kitchin, Dean, 221, 243.

Knight service, tenure by, 56–61; _see also_ Five-knight.

Knights’ fees, numbers of, 289–290.

L

Laci, Hugh de, 142, 155; Walter de, 150.

Lafaite, John, 113.

Laigle, Richer de, 246, 249.

Lancashire, Inquest of 1212 in, 268–269.

----, troops from, 295.

Lang, Mr. Andrew, 21, 321–322.

‘Laudabiliter,’ the ‘Bull,’ 171 _et seq._

Law, _see_ Assize, _Curia Regis_, Disseisin, Enfeoffment, Exchequer, Glove, Heir, Inquest, Peace, Pleas, Possession, Seisin.

Leicestershire, troops from, 294–296.

Leinster, feudal settlement of, 155, 160.

Leofstan the goldsmith, 106.

Leofstan son of Orgar, 105.

l’Estrange, Guy, 128.

----, John, 128.

_Liber Rubeus_, _see_ Red Book.

Liebermann, Prof., 144–145.

Lincoln Castle, 208–209, 211, 214, 217, 218.

Lincolnshire, Inquest of 1212 in, 275.

----, troops from, 294, 296.

Lisieux, Arnulf bishop of, _see_ Sées.

----, Hugh bishop of, 35.

Lismore, Christian (papal legate) bishop of, 183, 186.

Llandaff, Ralf, archdeacon of, 187.

Loftie, Mr., 99, 103–105, 221, 226, 228, 239, 240.

London, aldermen of, 219, 237–9.

----, aldermen of, officers of the wards, 241–243, 255.

----, Aldersgate, 110, 114.

----, greater barons of, 252–253.

----, Blacstan’s ward in, 112.

----, Bloomsbury, 108.

----, Bucklersbury, 121.

----, charter of Henry I. to, 229, 233, 235.

----, charters of, their custody, 256.

----, citizens of, 119, 233–235.

----, Commune of, 219 _et seq._

----, ‘daibelle’ in, 256.

----, _donum_ or _auxilium_ of, 257.

----, Dowgate, 246.

----, Eadwine an alderman of, 112.

----, Edmund an alderman (1137) of, 101.

----, its election of Stephen, 97.

----, the English Cnihtengild of, 102–106, 221.

----, exchequer at, _see_ Westminster.

----, folkmoot of, 221.

----, foreign influence in, 222, 245–247.

----, Fulcred chamberlain of, 121, 124.

----, hanging of a citizen in, 113.

----, Husting of, 111, 221, 222, 242, 256.

----, sworn inquest in, 99–100.