Part 39

=Adnation.=--_Inferior_, [Illustration] calyx adherent to ovary, same as superior calyx.

_Superior_, [Illustration] calyx free from ovary, same as inferior calyx.

=Placentation.=--_Free-central_, [Illustration] ovules attached to a central column in a one-celled ovary (Pink).

_Axillary_, [Illustration] ovules attached to a central column in a compound ovary.

_Parietal_, [Illustration] ovules attached to the outer walls of the ovary.

OVULE. [Illustration]

=Parts.=--_Nucleus_, _n_, the essential part in which the embryo is formed.

_Prīmĭne_, _p_, the exterior coat.

_Secundine_, _s_, the interior coat.

_Mícropyle_, _m_, the opening of the ovary coats.

_Funículus_, the stem to which the ovule is attached.

_Hilum_, _h_, the point of attachment on the ovule.

_Chalāza_, _c_, the place where the coverings and nucleus join

_Rhāphe_, _r_, the connection between the hilum and the chalaza.

N. B.--Through the funiculus, the rhaphe, and the chalaza the ovule receives its nourishment from the placenta. Through the micropyle it receives the tubular prolongation of the pollen.

=Kinds.=--_Orthótropous_ [Illustration] straight; no change in direction of parts (Buckwheat).

_Campylótropous_, [Illustration] curved; the micropyle brought near the chalaza (Bean).

_Anátropous_, [Illustration] inverted; the micropyle brought near the hilum, pointing to the placentæ. Rhaphe the whole length of the ovule (Magnolia).

_Amphítropous_, [Illustration] half inverted; short rhaphe (Mallow).

=Direction of Ovary.=--_Erect_, [Illustration]; _ascending_, [Illustration]; _horizontal_, [Illustration]; _pendulous_, [Illustration]; _suspended_, [Illustration].

FRUIT.

=Parts.=--_Seed_, the part containing the embryo.

_Pericarp_, the covering of the seeds, including the ovary and all adnate parts. The parts of the pericarp are _epicarp_, or outer coat; _mesocarp_, or middle coat; and _endocarp_, or inner coat.

=Dehiscence.=--_Septicīdal_, [Illustration] opening of the partitions.

_Loculicīdal_, [Illustration] opening at the dorsal suture.

_Septífragal_, [Illustration] valves falling away from partitions.

_Circumscissile_, [Illustration] opening by a circular horizontal line.

=Kinds.=--_Simple_, _aggregate_, _accessory_, _multiple_.

(1.) SIMPLE FRUITS.--_Fleshy_, _Stone_, _Dry_ (formed by a single pistil).

(a.) FLESHY FRUITS.--Indehiscent (with two or more seeds).

{_Berry_, rind membranous (Grape). {_Hesperidium_, rind leathery, separable (Orange). Seeds immersed { in a pulpy mass. {_Pēpo_, rind hard (Cucumber). { {Seeds in cells.--_Pome_, succulent calyx (Apple).

(b.) STONE FRUITS.--Indehiscent; one-celled; endocarp hard.

_Drupe_, three-coated; stone-cell entire (Peach).

_Tryma_, two-coated; stone-cell two-parted (Walnut).

_Etærio_, an aggregation of drupes (Raspberry).

(c.) DRY FRUITS.--Indehiscent, usually one seed with one coat.

_Achēnium_, [Illustration] coat separable from seed (Dandelion).

_Utricle_, coat inflated (Goosefoot).

_Caryópsis_, coat inseparable (Wheat).

_Glans_, invested with a cūpule, [Illustration] (Acorn).

_Samāra_, [Illustration] having winged appendages (Maple).

(c¹.) DRY FRUITS.--Dehiscent.

{_Follicle_, [Illustration] opening by a ventral suture {(Columbine). Single { pistil. {_Legūme_, [Illustration] opening by both sutures (Bean). { {_Loment_, [Illustration] jointed legume (Desmodium).

{_Capsule_, any compound dehiscent fruit. { Compound {_Sílique_, [Illustration] a two-valved capsule (Mustard). pistil. { {_Sílicle_, [Illustration] a short silique (Shepherd’s {Purse).

_Pyxis_, [Illustration] circumscissile dehiscence (Purslane).

(2.) AGGREGATE FRUITS, [Illustration]. A cluster of carpels on one receptacle taken as a whole (Raspberry).

(3.) ACCESSORY OR ANTHOCARPOUS FRUITS.--Those of which the most conspicuous portion, although appearing like a pericarp in some cases, does not belong to the pistil (Rose-hip).

(4.) MULTIPLE OR COLLECTIVE FRUITS.--Those which result from the aggregation of several flowers into one mass (Pine-apple, Mulberry).

_Stróbile_ or _Cone_, a scaly multiple fruit, resulting from the ripening of some kinds of catkins (Hop, Conifers).

_Gálbalus_, a closed cone (Juniper-berry, Red Cedar).

SEED. [Illustration]

=Parts.=--_Integuments_, seed-coats. _Nucleus_, part containing the embryo.

(1.) PARTS OF INTEGUMENTS:

_Testa_ (_episperm_), the outer or proper seed-coat.

_Tegmen_ (_endopleura_), the inner coat, sometimes wanting.

_Funículus Hílum_ (_h_), _Chalāza_ (_c_), _Rhāphe_ (_r_), are the same as in ovule.

_Aril_, covering exterior to the integuments (not in the ovule) (May-apple, Water-lily).

_Coma_, [Illustration] a tuft of hairs on certain seeds (Silkweed).

This is to be distinguished from pappus, which is a tuft on the fruit (Achenium).

(2.) PARTS OF NUCLEUS: [Illustration]

_Embryo_ (_e_), the initial plantlet.

_Radicle_ (_r_), [Illustration] the rudimentary stem or first internode.

_Cotylēdon_ (_c_), the seed leaf at the primary node.

_Plūmule_ (_p_), the growing points above the cotyledons.

_Albūmen_ (_a_), [Illustration] the food for the plantlet’s first growth, stored outside the embryo.

=Kinds.=--(1.) GENERAL FORM: _Orthotropous_, [Illustration]; _campylótropous_, [Illustration]; _anátropous_, [Illustration]; _amphítropous_, [Illustration] same as in ovule.

(2.) FORM OF COVERING:

_Conformed_, adhering closely to nucleus.

_Cellular_, loose (Pyrola).

_Winged_, [Illustration] having expanded appendages (Catalpa).

_Woolly_, covered closely with fibers (Cotton).

_Cōmose_, [Illustration] with coma at the end (Willow Herb).

(3.) TEXTURE OF ALBUMEN:

_Farinaceous_, mealy (Wheat).

_Oily_, mealy but mixed with oil (Poppy).

_Muciláginous_, like mucilage (Morning-glory).

_Ruminated_, wrinkled (Papaw).

(4.) NUMBER OF COTYLEDONS:

_Monocotylédonous_, [Illustration] (Corn).

_Dicotylédonous_, [Illustration] (Bean).

_Polycotylédonous_, [Illustration] (Pine).

(5.) POSITION AND ARRANGEMENT OF EMBRYO:

_Eccentric_, [Illustration] embryo on one side of albumen (Indian Corn).

_Perípheric_, [Illustration] curved around albumen (Four-o’clock).

_Accumbent_, [Illustration] applied to the cotyledons when the radicle is bent and lies along their edge (Water-cress).

_Incumbent_, [Illustration] applied to the cotyledons when the radicle rests against the back of one of them (Shepherd’s Purse).

_Conduplicate_, [Illustration] applied to cotyledons that are incumbent and so folded as to embrace the radicle (Mustard).

(6.) THE DIRECTION OF THE EMBRYO AS RESPECTS THE PERICARP.

_Ascending_, pointing to the apex.

_Descending_, pointing to the base.

_Centripetal_, pointing to the axis.

_Centrifugal_, pointing to the sides.

BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS

The living plants may be divided into two grand divisions--Flowering Plants and Flowerless Plants--with five main subdivisions, according to the complexity and structure of their reproductive organs, or seed structure. The scientific names of these groups are the _Thallophyta_, the _Bryophyta_, the _Pteridophyta_, the _Gymnosperms_, and the _Angiosperms_.

Each of the five main groups is divided into a number of lesser subdivisions, sometimes called _phyla_, orders, each of which is composed of several families.

Most systematic botanists begin the study of plants with the lowest forms of plants and proceed to the highest. In the following classification, however, the usual order has been _reversed_ because of its greater interest for a large majority of readers; the highest division is placed first and the lowest last.

In the earlier days of the science of botany nearly every botanist’s energies were devoted to this branch which we now call _systematic botany_. There are now named and described close on a quarter of a million of living species of plants altogether, including the lower and often nearly invisible forms, and of this vast number about one hundred and thirty thousand belong to the highest group of all--the Angiosperms. With nearly a quarter of a million described forms to deal with the value of such keys will be recognized.

SUB-KINGDOM I.--Flowering Plants (_Phanerogams_), or Spermophytæ.

(1) _Angiosperms_ (_anj´ĭ-o-sperms_)--Plants producing protected seeds.

The greatest group, the _Angiosperms_, with over a hundred and thirty thousand species, contains nearly all the plants that yield crops of economic importance to man, or that decorate his gardens, or that feed his sheep or cattle. They have netted-veined leaves. When this group is further examined, there are found to be two well marked divisions--Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons. The first has embryos with only one cotyledon or “seed leaf,” the second has embryos with two. The Angiosperms include over one hundred and thirty thousand species, divided among sixty-two orders, only the most important families of which can be given here.

ORDER I.--=Ranunculaceæ=: Herbs or small shrubs; about thirty genera.

_Anemone_ (windflower): Perennial herb. Dry copses. Massachusetts to New Jersey and west to Colorado.

_Anemonella_ (rose anemone): Open woods. Canada to Georgia and west through Mississippi Valley.

_Caltha_ (cowslip, marsh marigold): Perennial herb. United States and Canada.

_Clematis_ (virgin’s bower): Perennial. United States and Canada.

_Ranunculus_ (buttercup, crowfoot): Herb, annual or perennial. Canada, United States and Europe.

_Thalictrum_ (meadow rue): Perennial herb. United States and Canada.

ORDER II.--=Berberidaceæ=: Shrubs or perennial herbs; nineteen genera.

_Berberis_ (barberry): Fruit, a sour berry. Found in Europe; naturalized in New England.

_Podophyllum_ (May apple, mandrake): Perennial herb. Fruit, a berry. Found: Eastern North America; a species in Himalaya Mountains.

ORDER III.--=Papaveraceæ=: Annual or perennial herbs with milky or colored juice; about twenty-four genera.

_Papaver_ (poppy): Geographical home on southern edge of North Temperate Zone, spreading north and south. Great opium districts are the valley of Ganges, Asiatic Turkey, Persia, Egypt, Asia Minor, China. From India, fourteen million pounds annually. Persia and Turkey, seventy-one million pounds.

ORDER IV.--=Cruciferæ=: Herbs; about one hundred and seventy-two genera.

_Brassica_ (turnip, mustard, cabbage, cauliflower, rape): United States, Europe, India, Syria and Russia.

_Capsella_ (shepherd’s purse): Naturalized in United States; from Europe.

_Cochlearia_ (horseradish): Perennial. Root. Middle and southern edges of North Temperate Zone, from Great Britain to Asia and northeastern America.

_Isatis_ (woad): Biennial. Throughout Europe. Cultivated in Azores and Canary Isles.

_Nasturtium_ (watercress): Europe and northern Asia. Cultivated in Palestine, Hindustan, Japan.

ORDER V.--=Capparidaceæ=: Herbs, shrubs, trees; twenty-three genera.

_Capparis_ (caper): Small shrub. Southern France and Mediterranean countries, Sicily, Malta.

ORDER VI.--=Violaceæ=: Herbs; twenty-one genera.

_Viola_ (violet): Perennial. Canada; United States, west to Colorado; throughout Europe, some parts of China, Japan, India.

ORDER VII.--=Biximæ=: Shrubs; 29 genera.

_Bixa_ (arnotto): Tropical America. Cultivated in southern Europe, Burma, Philippine Islands, Hindustan.

ORDER VIII.--=Terustrœmiaceæ=: Shrubs and small trees; thirty-two genera.

_Thea_ (tea): Shrub. China. Cultivated between parallels of 25° and 35° throughout Asia. In Kangra, Gurhwal, Assam, Cachar, Sylhet, Chittagong, Darjeeling, Chota, Nagpur, Hindustan, Japan, Australia, Jamaica, Brazil, North America.

ORDER IX.--=Malvaceæ=: Herbs, shrubs.

_Gossypium_ (cotton): Tropical and sub-tropical. East Indies, China, Asiatic Islands, Greece, islands in eastern Mediterranean, Asia Minor, northern and western Africa, Australia, West Indies, southern United States, Venezuela, British Guiana, Brazil.

ORDER X.--=Sterculeaceæ=: Trees and shrubs.

_Theobroma_ (cocoa): Tropical and sub-tropical. Brazil and north of Brazil, West Indies, Mexico. Cultivated in Philippine Islands, southern Europe, India.

ORDER XI.--=Tiliaceæ=: Trees and shrubs; 40 genera.

_Corchorus_ (yellow jute): Southern belt of North Temperate Zone and Tropics. Cultivated in southern and western Asia, Grecian Archipelago, central and northern Africa.

ORDER XII.--=Linaceæ=: Shrubs and herbs; 94 genera.

_Linum_ (flax): Herb. Widely distributed. Hindustan, southern Egypt, throughout Europe, southern and middle Russia, northeastern America.

_Erythroxylon_ (coca): Shrub. Tropical and sub-tropical. Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, northern Brazil.

ORDER XIII.--=Zygophyllaceæ=: Trees, shrubs, herbs; seventeen genera.

_Guaiacum_ (lignum-vitæ): Tree. Tropical and sub-tropical. Exclusively American; native to West Indies.

ORDER XIV.--=Rutaceæ=: Small trees and shrubs; eighty-three genera.

_Citrus_ (orange, lemon, shaddock): In all regions of no frost. India. Cultivated in Persia, Syria, southern Europe, northern Africa, Spain, China, Japan, Sicily, Australia, Brazil, West Indies, Florida, southern California, Azores.

ORDER XV.--=Meliaceæ=: Trees; thirty-seven genera.

_Swietenia_ (mahogany): Large tree. Tropical and sub-tropical. West Indies, Bahamas, Central America, southern Florida. Cultivated in southern British India.

ORDER XVI.--=Iliciniæ=: Trees and shrubs; three genera.

_Ilex_ (Paraguay tea): Small tree. Paraguay. In Parana, ten million pounds produced annually.

ORDER XVII.--=Rhamnaceæ=: Trees and shrubs; thirty-seven genera.

_Ceanothus_ (New Jersey tea): Shrub. Eastern North America.

_Rhamnus_ (buckthorn): Shrubs, small trees. Southern Persia and southern Levant countries. Grows as far north as England.

ORDER XVIII.--=Ampelideæ=: Woody vine; few genera.

_Vitis_ (grape): Zone from 21° N. latitude to 48°. British Isles and Portugal, east to Persia. Middle Atlantic States to California. Cultivated in Australia.

ORDER XIX.--=Sapindaceæ=: Trees and shrubs; seventy-three genera.

_Acer_ (maple): Tree. Not south of 38° N. latitude, except in high mountains in northern United States and southern British America.

ORDER XX.--=Anacardeaceæ=: Trees and shrubs; forty-six genera.

_Anacardium_ (cashew nut): Tropics of Asia and America, Jamaica.

_Rhus_ (sumach): North America, Canada to Gulf States; Arkansas, Levant, and western Europe, Syria. Cultivated in Sicily, Italy, Turkey, Spain, Portugal.

ORDER XXI.--=Leguminosæ=: Herbs, shrubs, trees; four hundred genera.

_Acacia_ (gum arabic): Shrubs and small trees. Tropical and sub-tropical, but widely distributed. Australia, Africa, Asia, America.

_Arachis_ (peanut): Sub-tropical. Southern United States, southern and central Virginia, the Carolinas and Tennessee.

_Astragalus_ (gum tragacanth): Small shrub or herb. Sub-tropical. Persia, Greece, east Mediterranean Islands, Syria.

_Cassia_ (senna): Tropical and sub-tropical. Widely distributed.

_Cæsalpinia_ (Brazil wood): Trees. Brazil.

_Dalbergia_ (rosewood): Trees and vines. Brazil and southern Asia.

_Glycyrrhiza_ (licorice): Small shrub and herb. Italy and southern Europe, southern England. Cultivated in Spain and Portugal.

_Hæmatoxylon_ (logwood): Small tree. Yucatan, Guatemala, Honduras, Isthmus of Panama, West Indies. Cultivated in Burma.

_Indigofera_ (indigo): Shrub. India, Java, East Indies, north Africa, West Indies, Central Asia.

_Lens_ (lentil): Annual. Syria, Egypt, southern and central Europe, Hindustan.

_Phaseolus_ (bean): Annual herb. Tropics and Temperate Zones to forty-fifth parallels.

_Pisum_ (pea): Annual herb. Central and southern Europe, Egypt, Syria, Japan, India, China.

_Tamarindus_ (tamarind): Tree. Tropical and sub-tropical. Africa. Cultivated in Arabia, southern India, Ceylon, Java, Philippines, northern Australia, Pacific Isles, South America.

ORDER XXII.--=Rosaceæ=: Trees, shrubs, herbs; seventy-one genera.

_Fragaria_ (strawberry): Herb. Widely distributed, even to Kamchatka and Alaska.

_Prunus_ (plum): Tree. Temperate Zone, south of 60°. Europe, western Asia. Cultivated in northeast America.

_Prunus_ (cherry): Tree. North Africa, Holland, Portugal. Cultivated in southeastern Africa, America, Belgium, England.

_Prunus_ (apricot): Tree. Armenia, Persia, China, Japan, California.

_Prunus_ (peach): Tree. Southern half of North Temperate Zone in Asia, Europe, America, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland.

_Pyrus_ (apple): Tree. England, France, Germany, Netherlands, Prussia, Poland, United States, south Australia.

_Pyrus_ (pear): Tree. China, Syria, Persia, central and northern Europe, Belgium, France, Great Britain. Cultivated in North America.

_Pyrus_ (quince): Tree. Northern Persia, east and west. Cultivated in northeastern America, Portugal.

_Rubus_ (black raspberry and raspberry): Shrub. Temperate Zone, between 30° and 50° latitude. In North America, Europe north to sixtieth parallel, south to northern parts of Africa, Asia Minor, and eastward into India; also in British Isles.

ORDER XXIII.--=Saxifragaceæ=: Shrubs, herbs; seventy-three genera.

_Ribes_ (currant): Shrub. Lapland and southern Europe; also in the New World, northern United States to south and middle Canada.

_Ribes_ (gooseberry): Shrub. France, England, Germany and northeastern Russia, Siberia.

ORDER XXIV.--=Combretaceæ=: Shrubs, trees; seven genera.

_Terminalia_ (myrobalano): Large trees. Tropical India, along southern fringes of Ghaut Mountains, and in Burma.

ORDER XXV.--=Myrtaceæ=: Trees; seventy-six genera.

_Bertholletia_ (Brazil nut): Large tree. Tropical South America, Panama.

_Eugenia_ (cloves): Molucca Islands. Cultivated in Brazil, West Indies.

_Eugenia_ (allspice): Jamaica.

_Myrtus_ (myrtle): Tropical and sub-tropical. Southeastern Italy. Cultivated in all Mediterranean countries.

ORDER XXVI.--=Lythraceæ=: Tropical trees; thirty genera.

_Punica_ (pomegranate): Persia. Cultivated in Syria, Asia Minor, Levant, southern Europe, China, Japan, South and North America.

ORDER XXVII.--=Cucurbitaceæ=: Herbs; sixty-eight genera.

_Citrullus_ (watermelon): Herbaceous vine. Africa. Cultivated in southern Europe and southern and middle North America.

_Cucumis_ (cucumber): Northeastern India. Cultivated in Levant, southern Asia, southern Europe, Africa, southern Russia, United States.

_Cucumis_ (muskmelon): British India, Baluchistan, West Africa, Guinea, banks of Niger. Cultivated in Mediterranean States, India, China, Japan, middle and southern United States.

_Cucurbita_ (squash): Annual. Europe and western Asia. Cultivated in Pacific Islands, southern Asia, Africa.

_Cucurbita_ (pumpkin): Warm climates.

ORDER XXVIII.--=Umbelliferæ=: Herbs; one hundred and fifty-two genera.

_Apium_ (celery): Biennial. Great Britain, western Europe, Mediterranean shores, Peloponnesus, Caucasus, Palestine, South America, and western coast of North America to southern California.

_Coriandrum_ (coriander): Annual. Tartary. Cultivated in Hindustan, Burma, middle, southern and western Europe, North America.

_Carum_ (parsley): Biennial. Mediterranean countries and Asia Minor. Cultivated in Japan, England, and northeastern America.

_Carum_ (caraway seed): Lapland to Siberia. Cultivated in Great Britain and Continent south of 60°, North Africa, Hindustan, Burma, northeastern America.

_Cuminum_ (cumin): Northern Africa, middle and southern Europe, Syria, Hindustan, Bombay, Burma.

_Daucus_ (carrot): Biennial. Herb. All over Europe south of 60°, especially in France, Germany, northern Africa, southwestern Asia, China, Japan. Cultivated in North America.

_Fœniculum_ (fennel): Biennial. Levant. Cultivated in Hindustan, Atlantic States, France, Germany, Great Britain, southern Europe.

_Pinipinella_ (anise): Perennial. Egypt, Syria, Malta, Spain, southern Germany, Hindustan, Japan.

_Pencedanum_ (parsnip): Biennial. Europe, southern Greece. Cultivated in Asia and North America.

_Ferula_ (asafetida): Middle and western Asia.

ORDER XXIX.--=Rubiaceæ=: Trees, shrubs, herbs; three hundred and thirty-seven genera, including madder, coffee, tea, etc., according to most authorities.

_Cephaelis_ (ipecacuanha): Shrub. Tropical and sub-tropical. Bolivia, Colombia. Cultivated in West Indies, Hindustan, India, America.

_Cinchona_ (Peruvian bark): Trees. Tropical Andes. Cultivated in Ceylon, Jamaica.

_Coffea_ (coffee): Shrub. Persia. Cultivated in Arabia, East Indies, Mexico, Brazil, Guatemala, Cuba, British West Indies, Santo Domingo, Java, Padang, Sumatra, Macassar, Ceylon, British India, Manila.

_Rubia_ (madder): Perennial. West Asia, Mediterranean countries.

ORDER XXXVII.--=Borraginaceæ=: Herbs; sixty-eight genera.

_Symphytum_ (comfrey): Perennial herb. Peloponnesus and Greek islands. Cultivated in middle Europe and older parts of the United States.

ORDER XXXVIII.--=Convolvulaceæ=: Herb; thirty-two genera.

_Ipomoea_ (sweet potato): Perennial. Asia and America. Cultivated in southern United States, Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, southern New Jersey, southern Spain, Italy.

ORDER XXXIX.--=Solanaceæ=: Herb; sixty-six genera.

_Atropa_ (deadly nightshade): Europe, western Asia. Cultivated in North America.

_Capsicum_ (red pepper, cayenne pepper): Annual. South America, southern Asia. Cultivated in southern Europe and in United States, West Indies, middle Africa, southern Asia.

_Lycopersicum_ (tomato): Annual. South and Central America. Cultivated in Italy, southern France, Spain, Greece, northern Africa, Islands of southern Asia, England (under glass), Virginia, Carolinas.

_Nicotiana_ (tobacco): Santo Domingo, South Atlantic States of United States of America. Cultivated in Virginia, Kentucky, Carolinas, Venezuela, Cuba, Brazil, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Holland, Flanders, France, Alsace, Hungary, European Turkey, China, Japan, southern Africa, Australia.

_Solanum_ (potato): Chile. Cultivated wherever cereals flourish.

ORDER XL.--=Pedalineæ=: Herb; ten genera.

_Sesamum_ (sesame): Sunda Islands. Cultivated in India, western Asia, southern Europe, northern Africa, America.

ORDER XLI.--=Verbenaceæ=: Tree; fifty genera.

_Tectona_ (teak): Tropical. East Indies, Burma, Philippines.

ORDER XLII.--=Labiatæ=: Herb; one hundred and thirty-six genera.

_Lavandula_ (lavender): Greece and Grecian Isles. Cultivated in Hindustan, Atlantic States of North America, Levant.

_Marrubium_ (hoarhound): Perennial. Levant, Peloponnesus, etc. Cultivated all over Europe, and in Temperate Zone in Asia, and Atlantic States in North America.

_Mentha_ (pennyroyal): England, Hindustan, Japan, Persia, India, Egypt. In a belt from eastern side of Mississippi Valley to Japan.

_Mentha_ (spearmint): England, etc., as above.

_Nepita_ (catnip): Perennial or annual. Europe, western Asia, Levant, North America.

_Origanum_ (marjoram): Levant, Mediterranean countries, Europe, as far north as fiftieth parallel. Sweet marjoram, native in Greece.

_Rosmarius_ (rosemary): Evergreen. Southern Europe, Greek islands in the Peloponnesus. Cultivated in western Europe, Japan, Egypt, Hindustan, Asia.

_Salvia_ (sage): Mediterranean countries. Cultivated in middle-southern Europe, British Isles, North America, British India.

_Thymus_ (sweet thyme): Perennial. Spain, southern Europe, Mediterranean States, mountains of Greece, and islands of Archipelago, British Isles, southern Siberia.

ORDER XLIII.--=Chenopodiaceæ=: Herb; eighty genera.

_Beta_ (beet): Europe and western Asia. Cultivated in Europe, west Africa, temperate British India, North America.