Part 40

_Spinacia_ (spinach): Annual. Persia. Cultivated in middle of North Temperate Zone, from Hindustan to western shores and islands of Europe, eastern United States of North America, South Pacific Islands.

ORDER XLIV.--=Polygonaceæ=: Herb; thirty genera.

_Fagopyrum_ (buckwheat): Central Asia and Tartary, Russia. Cultivated in Canada, northern United States, northern and central Europe.

_Rheum_ (rhubarb): Perennial. Tartary. Cultivated as far north as fiftieth parallel, China, especially in provinces of Shensi, Kansu, and Szechuen.

ORDER XLV.--=Piperaceæ=: Shrub; eight genera.

_Piper_ (pepper): Southern Asia. Cultivated in southern India, Java, Sumatra, and Malabar.

ORDER XLVI.--=Myristicaceæ=: Trees, shrubs; one genus.

_Myristica_ (nutmeg): Molucca Islands. Cultivated in Sumatra, Island of Bourbon, Mauritius, Madagascar, West Indies.

ORDER XLVII.--=Lauraceæ=: Tree; thirty-four genera.

_Cinnamomum_ (cinnamon): East India Archipelago. Cultivated in Ceylon, West Indies, South America, Pacific Isles.

_Cinnamomum_ (camphor): Trees. Japan, Formosa, China, Borneo. The camphor gum of commerce was introduced into Europe by the Arabs.

ORDER XLVIII.--=Santalaceæ=: Herbs, shrubs, trees; twenty-eight genera.

_Santalum_ (sandalwood): Trees. East Indies, Asia, Malaysia, Pacific Islands, India, China.

ORDER XLIX.--=Euphorbiaceæ=: Herbs, shrubs, trees; one hundred and ninety-five genera.

_Buxus_ (box): Evergreen, shrub, and small trees. Southern Europe, western Asia, Syria, Persia, and south of Black Sea. Cultivated in middle States of North America and Virginia.

_Croton_ (croton-oil plant): Cultivated in southeastern Hindustan and East India Islands.

_Hevea_ (caoutchouc): Large tree. South America. Cultivated in southern Asia, middle Africa, northern Australia.

_Manihot_ (tapioca): Tropical and sub-tropical South America. Cultivated in southern Asia and western Africa.

_Ricinus_ (castor-oil plant): Annual. Southern Asia, eastern Africa. Cultivated in Japan, Bengal, eastern and northern Africa, southern Europe and United States, especially Kansas.

ORDER L.--=Urticaceæ=: Trees, shrubs, herbs; one hundred and eight genera.

_Cannabis_ (hemp): Annual. Chinese Tartary, northern India, southwestern Siberia. Cultivated in China, Japan, Persia, Hindustan, Egypt, southern Africa, Russia, European states, Canada, United States.

_Ficus_ (fig): Tree. Subtropical. Western Asia. Cultivated through Mediterranean countries west to Canary Isles.

_Humulus_ (hop): Perennial herb. Middle Europe, Siberia, Levant, Asia Minor, Japan, North America, foot-hills of Rocky Mountains, and along upper Arkansas River, Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, Lake Winnipeg, North Atlantic States. Cultivated in Egypt.

_Morus_ (mulberry): Tree. Cultivated in western New England, southern upper Canada, Dakotas, Kansas and the South. White mulberry is a native of China and Japan. Cultivated in Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, Armenia.

_Ulmus_ (elm): Tree. From Mediterranean countries to the middle of European Russia, from southern banks of St. Lawrence River to Gulf of Mexico, and westerly to foot-hills of Rocky Mountains.

ORDER LI.--=Juglandaceæ=: Trees; five genera.

_Juglans_ (butternut): Northeastern North Africa. Cultivated in middle Europe and England.

_Juglans_ (walnut): Southwestern New York and southward to Gulf of Mexico and westward beyond Mississippi River. Cultivated in eastern middle States and southern New England, England and southern Europe.

_Hicoria_ (hickory nut): North and middle States of North America from Atlantic to Mississippi River, and cultivated in corresponding latitude in Europe.

_Hicoria_ (pecan nut): Southern North America. Cultivated in Prussia and England.

ORDER LII.--=Cupuliferæ=: Trees; ten genera.

_Castanea_ (chestnut): Eastern coast of North America, west to eastern Kentucky and Tennessee. Cultivated in middle and southern England, middle and southern Europe, northern Africa, Levant, and southern and eastern Asia.

_Corylus_ (hazelnut): Levant. Cultivated between 35° and 55° latitude in Northern Hemisphere, eastern parts of Western Hemisphere, and western Old World.

_Fagus_ (beech): Temperate Zones up to 60° north latitude, south to 50°.

_Quercus_ (oak): Temperate Zones above 35°, and in a zone between 30° and 60° around the globe.

ORDER LIII.--=Salicaceæ=: Shrubs, trees; numerous genera.

_Salix_ (weeping willow): Western and southern Asia. Cultivated in southern England.

_Salix_ (curled willow): England. Cultivated in eastern United States.

ANGIOSPERMS (LEAVES PARALLEL-VEINED)

ORDER LIV.--=Orchidaceæ=: Woody vine; three hundred and thirty-four genera.

_Vanilla_ (climbs over lofty trees): Tropical and sub-tropical southern Mexico, coast of Vera Cruz. Cultivated in Guatemala, Mauritius, Bourbon, Madagascar, Java.

ORDER LV.--=Zingiberaceæ=: Herbs; thirty-six genera.

_Curcuma_ (turmeric): Farther India and Asiatic isles, southern Asia and Malay Peninsula. Cultivated in Hindustan, Cochin-China, southern India, Bengal, Java, Pacific Isles.

_Elettaria_ (cardamom): Perennial. Tropical Asia. Cultivated in southern India, Madras, Allepy, Ceylon.

_Maranta_ (arrowroot): Tropical America, Florida.

_Musa_ (banana): Asia. Cultivated in Indian Archipelago, China, Cochin-China, Hindustan, Australia, Pacific Islands, Madagascar, western Africa, Sicily, southern Spain, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Peru, northern Brazil, Guiana, West Indies, southern Florida, and Louisiana.

_Musa_ (manila): Philippines. Cultivated in India and southern Asia.

_Zingiber_ (ginger): Sub-tropical. Southern Asia. Cultivated on western coast of Africa, in the West Indies, and southern slopes of Himalayas.

ORDER LVI.--=Bromeliaceæ=: Herbs; twenty-seven genera.

_Ananassa_ (pineapple): Perennial root. Tropical. Bahama Islands. Cultivated in South America, Florida, southern shores of Europe, East Africa, Pacific Isles, India.

ORDER LVII.--=Iridaceæ=: Herbs; fifty-seven genera.

_Crocus_ (saffron): Throughout southern parts of North Temperate Zone.

ORDER LVIII.--=Dioscoreaceæ=: Shrubs; eight genera.

_Dioscorea_ (yam): Tropical and sub-tropical Africa.

_Dioscorea_ (Chinese yam): America, Asia, Malaysia. Cultivated in Japan, East Indies, Siam.

ORDER LIX.--=Liliaceæ=: Herbs; one hundred and eighty-seven genera.

_Asparagus_: Perennial herb. Japan, Levant. Cultivated in England, Holland, central Europe, Mediterranean countries, sandy places of Poland, southern Russia, Hindustan, North America.

_Aloe_: Southern Asia, Arabia, southern Africa. Cultivated in southern Europe, northern Africa, British West Indies.

ORDER LX.--=Palmæ=: Shrubs and small and large trees; one hundred and thirty-seven genera.

_Areca_ (betelnut): Sunda Isles, Philippines, Cochin-China, Sumatra, southern India.

_Cocos_ (cocoanut): East India Archipelago, Arabia, Persia, Malay. Cultivated in eastern Africa, western America, Brazil, West Indies, islands of Central America.

_Metroxylon_ (sago palm): Malacca, southern China. Cultivated in Eastern Archipelago.

_Phœnix_ (date palm): Between 15° and 30° north latitude, from Atlantic Coast to the River Indus; Sahara oases. Cultivated in Acre, Palmyra, Jaffa.

ORDER LXI.--=Gramineæ=: Herbs; one thousand two hundred and ninety-eight genera.

_Avena_ (oats): West central Asia, east central Europe. Cultivated in Scotland, Ireland, Norway, Canada, United States.

_Hordeum_ (barley): Annual. Temperate western Asia. Cultivated in northern Russia, Siberia, etc.

_Oryza_ (rice): Southern Asia. Cultivated in India, China, Japan, East Indies, Africa, southern Europe, Hungary, South America, southern United States.

_Setaria_ (millet): China, Japan, India. Cultivated wherever oats and rye are, except in United States.

_Saccharum_ (sugar-cane): Perennial. Cochin-China. Cultivated in West Indies, Brazil, Mexico, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Mauritius, southern India, Pacific Islands, northern Australia.

_Sorghum_ (broom corn): Annual. Middle Africa. Cultivated in southern India, northern Africa, southern and middle Europe, throughout United States.

_Secale_ (rye): Southern Russia and north of Black and Caspian Seas. Cultivated in northern Germany, Poland, Sweden, Norway, Russia, western Europe, United States.

_Triticum_ (wheat): Cultivated in western Asia, western America, southern Russia, central and western Europe, southern Italy, Turkey, Syria, northern and southern Africa, Brazil, Chile, Australia. Great wheat-growing regions are southwestern plains of Russia and central plain of North America, and in southern California, northern India, England.

_Zea_ (Indian corn or maize): America. Cultivated in United States, upper Canada, South America, Mexico, southern Europe, Africa, western Asia.

ORDER LXII.--=Coniferæ=: Shrubs, trees; thirty-two genera.

_Abies_ (fir): Northeastern North America, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, middle States, western Wisconsin. Cultivated in England.

_Chamæcyparis_ (cypress): Evergreen, cypress. Cultivated between 30° and 42° N. latitude in both hemispheres, Carolinas, Georgia, Florida.

_Lumpirus_ (cedar): Trees and shrubs. Middle and western Europe, northern Asia, North America.

_Larix_ (larch): Mountains of middle Europe, north of New York to Pacific Ocean.

(2) _Gymnosperms (jĭm´ṉō̇-sperms)._--Plants producing naked seeds (_i. e._, seeds not inclosed in an ovary), as the common pine and hemlock.

This second division of flowering plants (_phanerogams_) includes four living groups: (a) Coniferæ, including all evergreen trees, such as pine, fir, redwood (_Sequoia_), etc.; (b) Cycadaceæ, trees such as cypress, palmetto, etc.; (c) Gnetaceæ; (d) Ginkgo. There are about five hundred living species.

ORDER LX.--

ORDER LXX.--

SUB-KINGDOM II.--Flowerless Plants, or Cryptogamia (_krĭp´ṯō̇-gā´mĭ-ȧ_).

(3) _Pteridophyta (tĕr-ĭ-dŏf´ĭ-ta)._

This group does not include over five thousand species altogether. All its members have a well-marked differentiation into leaves and stems, some with large leaves like the Bracken fern and some with small leaves like the Club-moss. All are provided with well-differentiated wood and phlœm, which are arranged in bundles in the stem. All the members, also, have a well-marked alternation of generations, but it differs from that of the bryophytes, for the leafy plant which is conspicuous is the spore-producing generation, while the sexual generation is a very small and inconspicuous little structure, as simple as an alga except for its sexual organs. To this cohort belong all the ferns, all the Equisetums, or Horsetails, and the Club-mosses and Selaginellas.

(4) _Bryophyta (brĭ-ŏfĭ´-tȧ)._

The _Bryophyta_ form a much smaller group, reported to have about sixteen thousand species. Some of these appear, as do the mosses, to have true leaves, but their apparent leaves are not really like those of the higher plants. They have no true wood or vessels. They have a definite alternation of generations, but the spore-producing generation grows on to the “leafy” sexual generation, and is generally, but wrongly, called its “fruit capsule.” To this group belong the Mosses and Liverworts.

(5) _Thallophytes (thāl´ō-fitz)._

The _Thallophytes_ have the largest number of species after the Angiosperms, and number about eighty thousand species all told. They are all comparatively simple in structure and have no differentiation into stems and roots. The Thallophytes include the algæ, the large fungi, the toadstools, and all the parasitic and disease producing forms of plants.

ALGÆ are divided into FLORIDEÆ, the Red Seaweeds, and the orders _Dictyoteæ_, _Oösporeæ_, _Zoösporeæ_, _Conjugatæ_, _Diatomaceæ_, and _Cryptophyceæ_.

FUNGI include the molds, mildews, mushrooms, puffballs, etc., which are variously grouped into several sub-classes and many orders. The _Lichenes_ or Lichens are now considered to be of a mixed nature, each plant partly a Fungus and partly an Alga.

=THREE CELEBRATED PICTURES OF ANIMAL FAVORITES=

BOOK OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS

TABULAR VIEW OF REPRESENTATIVE ANIMAL TYPES

ANIMALS IN CLASSIFIED GROUPS:

=I. Wild Animals:=

(1) THE MAMMALS: (_a_) The Monkey Tribe; (_b_) Animals of Prey; (_c_) Gnawing Animals; (_d_) Hoofed Animals; (_e_) Toothless Animals; (_f_) Thick-Skinned Animals; (_g_) Pouched Animals; (_h_) Flying Animals; (_i_) The Seals; (_j_) The Whales.

(2) THE BIRDS: (_a_) Birds of Prey; (_b_) Climbing Birds; (_c_) Singing Birds; (_d_) Wading Birds; (_e_) Swimming Birds; (_f_) Running Birds; (_g_) Game Birds.

(3) THE REPTILES: Lizards; Chameleons; Snakes; Crocodiles; Tortoises; Turtles.

(4) AMPHIBIANS: Frogs; Toads; Salamanders.

(5) THE FISHES: (_a_) Bony Fishes; (_b_) Cartilaginous Fishes; (_c_) Armored Fishes; (_d_) Lungfishes.

(6) THE MOLLUSCS: Snails; Cuttlefish; Squids; Octopus; Tusk Shells; Bivalves; Oysters.

(7) JOINTED-LIMBED ANIMALS: Crabs; Lobsters; Scorpions; Spiders; Insects; Grasshoppers.

(8) BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS: Straight-Winged Insects; Ants and Bees; Flies.

(9) STARFISHES AND SEA-URCHINS.

(10) SIMPLEST FORMS OF LIFE.

=II. Domesticated Animals:=

(1) DOMESTICATED MAMMALS: Alpaca; Ass; Camel; Cat; Cattle; Dog; Elephant; Gayal; Goat; Guinea Pig; Horse; Llama; Rabbit; Reindeer; Sheep; Swine; Yak; Zebu.

(2) DOMESTICATED BIRDS: Canary; Chickens or Fowls; Guinea; Goose; Ostrich; Parrot; Peacock; Pigeon; Swan; Turkey.

(3) DOMESTICATED INSECTS: Bee; Cochineal; Silkworm Moth.

PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS CONCERNING ANIMALS

WORLD MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMAL LIFE

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS. MAMMALS: The Monkey Tribe; Animals of Prey; Hoofed Animals; Gnawing Animals; Thick-skinned Animals; Toothless Animals; Pouched Animals; Flying Mammals; The Seal Family; Whales. BIRDS: Song Birds; Birds of Prey; Game Birds; Running Birds; Wading Birds; Swimming Birds. CROCODILES AND OTHER REPTILES. FROGS AND OTHER AMPHIBIA. FISHES. LOBSTERS AND CRABS. INSECTS: Beetles, Butterflies and Moths; Ants; Bees and Wasps; Spiders; Grasshoppers and Locusts; Flies and Mosquitoes. SIMPLE MARINE ANIMALS: Starfish; Jellyfish; Corals; Sponges; Protozoa. DOMESTICATED ANIMALS: Domesticated Mammals; Domesticated Birds; Domesticated Fish and Insects. DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS.

Of all the sciences, Zoology is the most extensive. It is estimated that over two million species of living creatures exist in the world. Between the elephant and the whale, the giants of animal creation, and the mite that is just discernible with the human eye, there are myriads of creatures differing in size, form and habit.

WHY AND HOW ANIMALS ARE CLASSIFIED

It is highly desirable, therefore, to have before us a bird’s-eye view of the Animal Kingdom even if it is only occasionally brought into actual use by the average reader. Classification, it should be understood, is only a process of comparison for the purpose of enabling us to determine the exact place of each animal in the plan of Nature. In other words it is simply a scientific method of naming the various animals from the relation of their resemblances.

We are chiefly indebted to the great Swedish scientist Linnæus for the scientific method of naming animals. For his purpose, Linnæus used the Latin as the universal language of science. For example, he named the dog in his classification _Canis familiaris_, using a generic word and a specific word--just as they are used in the name of George Washington. In scientific classification, however, these names have become abstract terms, and they represent certain grades or degrees of resemblance which are spoken of as species, genera, families, orders, classes, and so on.

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE DOG

In this way we determine the exact place of each animal. The dog belongs to the kingdom _Animalia_, sub-kingdom _Metazoa_, class _Mammalia_, order _Carnivora_, family _Canidæ_, genus _Canis_, species _Familiaris_, variety _Hound_ (possibly) and its individual name, perhaps, is “Rover.”

The important thing is that the reader should have a picture of the actual animal representing each class in his mind’s eye. He should master the distinctions between the _great groups_, or classes, before proceeding to a more minute classification.

TABULAR VIEW OF REPRESENTATIVE ANIMAL TYPES

The present day classification of animal life falls into two great divisions: (1) _Protozoa_, representing those composed of a single cell; and (2) _Metazoa_, those whose bodies are composed of many cells. The Protozoa, so far as known, form a single division or branch of the animal kingdom, and the Metazoa comprise various higher branches. In the following table the divisions are given from the highest forms to the lowest, rather than in the reverse order frequently given, and sets out the chief characteristic and animal examples of each division.

ANIMAL KINGDOM (_Kingdom Animalia_)

SUB-KINGDOM METAZOA (Gr. _meta_, after; _zȯon_, animal).--Animals with cellular tissues, true eggs, and blastoderm. The group comprises all animals except the Protozoa.

CLASS I. =Mammalia= (Lat., _mamma_, breast).--Animals which suckle their young, bringing them into the world alive. _Examples_: man, monkey, ox, elephant and whale.

ORDER I. =Primates= (Lat., _primus_, first).

_Sub-Order I._ =Bimana= (Lat., _bis_, twice; _manus_, a hand).--Two-handed animals. _Example_: man.

_Sub-Order II._ =Quadrumana= (Lat., _quatuor_, four; _manus_, a hand).--Four- handed animals. _Example_: the monkey.

ORDER II. =Chiroptera= (Gr., _cheir_, a hand; _pteron_, a wing).-- Hand-winged animals. _Example_: the bat.

ORDER III. =Insectivora= (Lat., _insecta_, insects; _voro_, “I devour”).--Insect-eaters. _Examples_: the hedgehog and mole.

ORDER IV. =Carnivora= (Lat., _caro_, _carnis_, flesh).--Flesh- eaters. _Examples_: lion, tiger, fox and weasel.

ORDER V. =Rodentia= (Lat. _rodere_, to gnaw).--Gnawing animals. _Examples_: rat, rabbit and beaver.

ORDER VI. =Ungulata= (Lat., _ungula_, nail, claw or hoof).--Hoofed animals.

_Sub-Order I._ =Hyracoidea= (Gr., _hyrax_, shrew-mouse).--_Example_: Syrian hyrax.

_Sub-Order II._ =Proboscidea= (Lat., from the Gr., _proboskis_, an elephant’s trunk; literally a front-feeder), proboscis-bearers. _Example_: elephant.

_Sub-Order III._ =Perissodactyla= (Gr., _perisos_, superfluous; _daktulos_, finger or toe), odd-toed animals. _Examples_: tapir, rhinoceros, horse, ass, and zebra.

_Sub-Order IV._ =Artiodactyla= (Gr., _artios_, equal; _daktulos_, finger or toe), equal-toed animals.

GROUP I. =Pecora= (Lat., plural of _pecus_, cattle) or Ruminantia (Lat., _rumen_, a paunch).--Ruminating or cud- chewing animals. _Examples_: ox, sheep, goat, antelope, deer and giraffe.

GROUP II. =Tragulina= (Gr., _tragos_, goat), or Deerlets. _Example_: kanchil.

GROUP III. =Tylopada= (Gr., _tylos_, a knob or swelling, and _pous_, _podos_, a foot).--Ruminants with digits encased in cutaneous pads. _Example_: camel.

GROUP IV. =Suina= (Lat., _sus_, a pig).--Swine-like animals. _Examples_: swine, peccary and hippopotamus.

ORDER VII. =Sirenia= (Lat., _siren_, a sea nymph).--Sea-cows. _Examples_: manatee and dugong.

ORDER VIII. =Cetacea= (Gr., _ketos_, a whale), animals of the whale kind. _Examples_: whale and dolphin.

ORDER IX. =Edentata= (Lat., _edentatus_, toothless).--Toothless animals. _Examples_: sloth, anteater and armadillo.

ORDER X. =Marsupialia= (Lat., _marsupium_, a pouch).--Pouched animals. _Examples_: kangaroo and opossum.

ORDER XI. =Monotremata= (Gr., _monos_, single; _trema_, orifice). --Egg-laying mammals. _Examples_: duckbill or water mole.

CLASS II. =Aves= (Lat., _avis_, a bird).--Birds, animals produced from eggs by the application of heat, usually supplied by the body of the mother bird in close contact with them. They are always clothed with feathers, which are a part of their special construction for flight. _Examples_: eagle, swan, ostrich and lark.

ORDER I. =Birds of Prey= (_Raptores_).--Sharp, curved beak and talons; strong legs; three toes front, one behind. _Examples_: vultures, falcons, secretary birds, owls.

ORDER II. =Perching Birds= (_Insessores_).--Short, slender, legs; three toes front, one behind. _Examples_: swallows, trogons, kingfishers, humming-birds, warblers, thrushes, crows, starlings, finches, hornbills, birds of paradise.

ORDER III. =Climbing Birds= (_Scansores_).--Toes paired; beak usually hooked. _Examples_: toucans, parrots, woodpeckers, cuckoos.

ORDER IV. =Doves and Pigeons= (_Columbæ_).--Legs weak; wings long and pointed. _Examples_: doves, pigeons.

ORDER V. =Game Birds= (_Gallinæ_).--Legs stout, short; beak stout, arched. _Examples_: pheasants, grouse, partridge, turkey, peacock, guinea, prairie chicken, domestic chickens.

ORDER VI. =Ostrich Family= (_Cursores_).--No keel or breast bone; rudimentary wings; stout legs. _Examples_: ostrich, cassowary, bustard.

ORDER VII. =Wading Birds= (_Grallatores_).--Legs and neck long; knee free from body. _Examples_: cranes, herons, snipes, plovers, storks, flamingo.

ORDER VIII. =Swimming Birds= (_Natatores_).--Web-footed. _Examples_: swans, ducks, geese, pelicans, petrels, auks, penguins, gulls, cormorants.

CLASS III. =Reptilia= (Lat., _repo._ “I creep”)--Reptiles, cold- blooded animals, protected by scales and not infrequently by hard, bony plates. They are mostly oviparous, but developed from the eggs more or less casually by the heat of the sun. “Reptile” is not an apt name, for there are many members of the class that do not creep. _Examples_: crocodile, lizard, tortoise and snake.

ORDER I. =Serpents= (_Orphidia_).--Body long, cylindrical, scaly, usually limbless; numerous vertabræ and ribs; no eyelids. Lower jaw loosely united in front. _Examples_: rattlesnakes, vipers, boas, pythons, cobras, copperheads, water snakes.

ORDER II. =Lizards= (_Lacertilia_).--Body with long tail; usually four limbs; scaly; bones of the jaw firm. _Examples_: striped and green lizards, horned toads, chameleons, iguana.

ORDER III. =Tortoises and Turtles= (_Chelonia_).--Horny and bony shell within which the head and limbs can be drawn; no teeth; eyelids; four legs. _Examples_: turtles, tortoise, gophers, terrapins.

ORDER IV. =Crocodiles and Alligators= (_Crocodilia_).--Covered with scales and bony plates, teeth in sockets; heart with four cavities; eyelids and earlids. _Examples_: Crocodile and alligator.