Part 240

+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ | =Cen-| =Literature= | =Philosophy and | =Science= | | tu- | | Education= | | | ries=| | | | | | Poets, Dramatists, | Philosophers, |Discoverers, Natura-| | |Historians, Orators,| Educators, | lists, Physicists, | | |Essayists, Novelists| Psychologists, | Mathematicians, | | | |Moralists, Logicians| Chemists, | | | | | Physicians, | | | | | Biologists | +------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ | _14th|GEOFFREY CHAUCER, |... |... | | Cent.|English poet (1340?-| | | |A. D._|1400). | | | | | | | | | =1300|John de Wycliffe, | | | | A. D.|English reformer; | | | | to |translator of the | | | | 1400 |Scriptures (1324?- | | | |A. D.=|1384). | | | | | | | | | |Francesco Petrarch | | | | |(Petrarca), Italian | | | | |writer of sonnets | | | | |(1304-1374). | | | | | | | | | |Giovanni Boccaccio, | | | | |Italian novelist | | | | |(1313-1375). | | | | | | | | | |Mohammed Shems ed- | | | | |Din Hafiz, Persian | | | | |poet (1300?-1390). | | | +------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ | _15th|Lorenzo I. de’ |... |... | | Cent.|Medici, prince of | | | |A. D._|Florence, poet, | | | | |scholar, and patron | | | | =1400|of art and litera- | | | | A. D.|ture (1448-1492). | | | | to | | | | | 1500 | | | | |A. D.=| | | | +------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ | _16th|LUDOVICO ARIOSTO, |Sir Thomas More, |NIKOLAUS COPERNICUS,| | Cent.|Italian poet (1474- |English poet, phil- |German astronomer | |A. D._|1533). |osopher (1480-1535).|(1473-1543). | | | | | | | =1500|DESIDERIUS ERASMUS, |FRANCIS BACON, Baron|TYCHO BRAHE, Danish | | A. D.|Dutch scholar (1467-|Verulam, Viscount |astronomer (1546- | | to |1536). |St. Albans, English |1601). | | 1600 | |philosopher and es- | | |A. D.=|WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE,|sayist (1561-1626). | | | |the greatest English| | | | |dramatist (1564- | | | | |1616). | | | | | | | | | |MICHEL EYQUEM DE | | | | |MONTAIGNE, Seigneur,| | | | |French essayist | | | | |(1533-1592). | | | | | | | | | |MIGUEL DE CERVANTES | | | | |SAAVEDRA, Spanish | | | | |novelist (1547- | | | | |1616). | | | | | | | | | |EDMUND SPENSER, | | | | |English poet (1553?-| | | | |1599). | | | | | | | | | |Giordano Bruno, | | | | |Italian anti-Chris- | | | | |tian writer (1550- | | | | |1600). | | | | | | | | | |Luis Camoëns, | | | | |Portuguese poet | | | | |(1524-1597). | | | | | | | | | |TORQUATO TASSO, | | | | |Italian poet (1544- | | | | |1595). | | | | | | | | | |Ben Jonson, English | | | | |dramatist (1573 or | | | | |1574-1637). | | | +------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ | _17th|FELIX LOPE DE VEGA |RENÉ DESCARTES, |JOHANN KEPLER, | | Cent.|CARPIO, Spanish poet|French philosopher, |German astronomer | |A. D._|and dramatist (1562-|mathematician (1596-|(1571-1630). | | |1635). |1650). | | | =1600| | |WILLIAM HARVEY, | | A. D.|Joseph Addison, |GOTTFRIED WILHELM |English anatomist | | to |English poet and |LEIBNITZ, German |and physician (1578-| | 1700 |essayist (1672- |philosopher, mathe- |1657). | |A. D.=|1719). |matician (1646- | | | | |1716). |Galileo Galilei, | | |John Dryden, English| |Italian astronomer | | |poet (1631-1700). |JOHN LOCKE, English |(1564-1642). | | | |philosopher and | | | |John Bunyan, English|theologian (1632- |EVANGELISTA | | |preacher and writer |1704). |TORRICELLI, Italian | | |(1628-1688). | |physicist (1608- | | | |BARUCH (Benedict) |1647). | | |JOHN MILTON, English|SPINOZA, Dutch- | | | |poet (1608-1674). |Jewish philosopher |Marcello Malpighi, | | | |(1632-1677). |Italian anatomist | | |Pedro Calderon de la| |(1628-1694). | | |Barca, Spanish |Thomas Hobbes, | | | |dramatist (1600- |English philosopher |Jacques, or James, | | |1681). |(1588-1679). |Bernoulli, Swiss | | | | |mathematician (1654-| | |MOLIÉRE, real name |Blaise Pascal, |1705). | | |Jean Baptiste |French philosopher | | | |Poquelin, French |and mathematician |SIR ISAAC NEWTON, | | |dramatist (1622- |(1623-1662). |English philosopher | | |1673). | |and mathematician | | | | |(1642-1727). | | |Blaise Pascal, | | | | |French author, | |Robert Boyle, Irish | | |mathematician (1623-| |chemist and philos- | | |1662). | |opher (1626-1692). | | | | | | | |Nicolas Boileau- | | | | |Despréaux French | | | | |poet, satirist and | | | | |critic (1636-1711). | | | | | | | | | |JEAN RACINE, French | | | | |dramatic poet (1639-| | | | |1699). | | | | | | | | | |FRANÇOIS DE SALIGNAC| | | | |DE LA MOTHE FÉNELON,| | | | |archbishop of | | | | |Cambray, French | | | | |prelate and author | | | | |(1651-1715). | | | +------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ | _18th|Jonathan Swift, |Emanuel Swedenborg, |LINNÆUS (Karl von | | Cent.|Irish divine and |Swedish philosopher,|Linné), Swedish | |A. D._|satirist (1667- |theosophist (1688- |naturalist (1707- | | |1745). |1772). |1778). | | =1700| | | | | A. D.|BARON CHARLES DE |George Berkeley, |ANTOINE LAURENT | | to |SECONDAT DE |Irish metaphysician |LAVOISIER, French | | 1800 |MONTESQUIEU, French |(1684-1753). |chemist (1743-1794).| |A. D.=|jurist and writer | | | | |(1689-1755). |IMMANUEL KANT, |MARIE FRANÇOIS | | | |German metaphysician|XAVIER BICHAT, | | |ALEXANDER POPE, |(1724-1804). |French physiologist | | |English poet (1688- | |and anatomist (1771-| | |1744). |William Paley, |1802). | | | |English theologian, | | | |FRANÇOIS MARIE |philosopher (1743- |JOSEPH PRIESTLEY, | | |AROUET DE VOLTAIRE, |1805). |English physicist, | | |French author, poet,| |chemist, philospher,| | |wit, dramatist, his-|Johann Gottlieb |theologian (1733- | | |torian, philosopher |Fichte, German meta-|1804). | | |and skeptic (1694- |physician (1762- | | | |1778). |1814). |Jean le Rond | | | | |d’Alembert, French | | |Edmund Burke, En- |Johann Heinrich |mathematician (1717-| | |glish statesman and |Pestalozzi, Swiss |1783). | | |orator (1729 or |educationist (1745- | | | |1730-1797). |1827). |Carl Wilhelm | | | | |Scheele, Swedish | | |Comte Gabriel Honoré|Auguste Comte, |chemist (1742-1786).| | |Riquetti de |French philosopher | | | |Mirabeau, French |(1798-1857). | | | |orator and revolu- | | | | |tionist (1749-1791).|Sir William | | | | |Hamilton, Scottish | | | |ROBERT BURNS, Scotch|metaphysician (1788-| | | |poet (1759-1796). |1856). | | | | | | | | |DAVID HUME, Scotch |Jean Jacques | | | |historian and phi- |Rousseau, French | | | |losopher (1711- |philosopher, (1712- | | | |1776). |1778). | | | | | | | | |EDWARD GIBBON, En- | | | | |glish historian | | | | |(1737-1794). | | | | | | | | | |Denis Diderot, | | | | |French philosopher | | | | |and writer (1713- | | | | |1784). | | | | | | | | | |JOHANN WOLFGANG | | | | |GOETHE, German | | | | |author (1749-1832). | | | | | | | | | |JOHANN CHRISTOPH | | | | |FRIEDRICH VON | | | | |SCHILLER, German | | | | |poet (1759-1805). | | | | | | | | | |GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM | | | | |LESSING, German | | | | |author (1729-1781). | | | | | | | | | |JEAN JACQUES | | | | |ROUSSEAU, French | | | | |philosopher and | | | | |writer (1712-1778). | | | | | | | | | |BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, | | | | |American philos- | | | | |opher, statesman | | | | |(1706-1790). | | | | | | | | | |HONORÉ DE BALZAC, | | | | |French novelist | | | | |(1799-1850). | | | | | | | | | |Baroness Anne Louise| | | | |Germaine de Staël | | | | |(Staël-Holstein), | | | | |French authoress | | | | |(1766-1817). | | | | | | | | | |William Cowper, En- | | | | |glish poet (1731- | | | | |1800). | | | | | | | | | |Oliver Goldsmith, | | | | |Irish poet, histori-| | | | |an and novelist | | | | |(1728-1774). | | | | | | | | | |Thomas Gray, English| | | | |poet (1716-1771). | | | | | | | | | |SAMUEL JOHNSON, En- | | | | |glish lexicographer | | | | |and miscellaneous | | | | |writer (1709-1784). | | | +------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ | _19th|DANIEL WEBSTER, |GEORG WILHELM |GEORGES LÉOPOLD | | Cent.|American statesman |FRIEDRICH HEGEL, |CHRÉTIEN FRÉDERIC | |A. D._|and orator (1782- |German philosopher, |DAGOBERT CUVIER, | | |1852). |metaphysician and |French naturalist | | =1800| |pantheist (1770- |(1769-1832). | | A. D.|Percy Bysshe |1831). | | | to |Shelley, English | |Thomas Young, En- | | 1900 |poet (1792-1822). |Friedrich Froebel, |glish physicist | |A. D.=| |German educationist |(1773-1829). | | |John Keats, English |(1782-1852). | | | |poet (1796?-1821). | |ELESSANDRO VOLTA, | | | |Arthur Schopenhauer,|Italian physicist | | |LORD GEORGE GORDON |German philosopher |(1745-1827). | | |BYRON, English poet |(1788-1860). | | | |(1788-1824). | |MARQUIS PIERRE SIMON| | | |John Stuart Mill, |DE LAPLACE, French | | |SIR WALTER SCOTT, |English philosopher |astronomer and | | |Scotch novelist and |and and political |mathematician (1749-| | |poet (1771-1832). |economist (1806- |1827). | | | |1873). | | | |WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, | |Jean Baptiste Pierre| | |English poet (1770- |Rudolf Hermann |Antoine de Monet de | | |1850). |Lotze, German philo-|Lamarck, French | | | |sopher (1817-1881). |naturalist (1744- | | |THOMAS CARLYLE, | |1829). | | |British essayist and|HERBERT SPENCER, | | | |historian (1795- |English philosopher |Michael Faraday, | | |1881). |(1820-1903). |English physicist | | | | |(1791-1867). | | |LEOPOLD VON RANKE, |Frederick Wilhelm | | | |German historian |Nietzsche, German |Antoine Laurent de | | |(1795-1886). |moralist (1844- |Jussieu, French | | | |1900). |botanist (1748- | | |Samuel Taylor | |1836). | | |Coleridge, English |William James, Amer-| | | |metaphysician and |ican psychologist |Augustin Pyramus de | | |poet (1772-1834). |and philosopher |Candolle, Swiss | | | |(1842-1910). |botanist (1778- | | |Viscount François | |1841). | | |Auguste de |Hugo Münsterberg, | | | |Chateaubriand, |German psychologist |John James Audubon, | | |French author (1768-|(1863-1917). |American ornitholo- | | |1848). | |gist (1780-1851). | | | |James Burrill | | | |JAMES FENIMORE |Angell, American |Baron Friedrich | | |COOPER, American |educator and diplo- |Heinrich Alexander | | |novelist (1779- |mat (1829-1916). |von Humboldt, German| | |1851). | |naturalist (1769- | | | |Victor Cousin, |1859). | | |William Cullen |French philosopher | | | |Bryant, American |(1792-1867). |Sir Humphrey Davy, | | |poet and journalist | |English chemist | | |(1794-1878). |George Holmes |(1778-1829). | | | |Howison, American | | | |FRANÇOIS PIERRE |philosopher (1834- |Matthew Fontaine | | |GUILLAUME GUIZOT, |1917). |Maury, American | | |French historian and| |hydrographer (1806- | | |statesman (1787- |Josiah Royce (1855- |1873). | | |1874). |1917). | | | | | |Asa Gray, American | | |WASHINGTON IRVING, | |botanist (1810- | | |American author | |1888). | | |(1783-1859). | | | | | | |Louis Agassiz, natu-| | |BARTHOLD GEORG | |ralist (1807-1873). | | |NIEBUHR, German his-| | | | |torian and philolo- | |August Weismann, | | |gist (1776-1831). | |German naturalist | | | | |(1834- ----). | | |ESAIAS TEGNÉR, | | | | |Swedish poet (1782- | |Maria Mitchell, | | |1846). | |American astronomer | | | | |(1818-1889). | | |HEINRICH HEINE, Ger-| | | | |man poet and miscel-| |Ernst Heinrich | | |laneous writer | |Haeckel, German nat-| | |(1800?-1856). | |uralist (1834- | | | | |----). | | |THOMAS BABINGTON | | | | |MACAULAY, English | |HERMANN LUDWIG | | |historian, essayist,| |FERDINAND HELMHOLTZ,| | |poet and statesman | |German physicist, | | |(1800-1859). | |anatomist and physi-| | | | |ologist (1821-1894).| | |ELIZABETH BARRETT | | | | |BROWNING, wife of | |Thomas Henry Huxley,| | |Robert Browning, En-| |English naturalist | | |glish poetess, | |(1825-1895). | | |(1809-1861). | | | | | | |LORD KELVIN (William| | |ROBERT BROWNING, En-| |Thompson), British | | |glish poet (1812- | |physicist (1824- | | |1889). | |1907). | | | | | | | |WILLIAM MAKEPEACE | |James Prescott | | |THACKERAY, English | |Joule, English | | |novelist (1811- | |physicist (1818- | | |1863). | |1889). | | | | | | | |EDGAR ALLEN POE, | |Gustav Theodor | | |American poet (1809-| |Fechner, German | | |1849). | |physicist, philos- | | | | |opher, writer (1801-| | |NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE,| |1887). | | |American author | | | | |(1804-1864). | |John Tyndall, | | | | |British physicist | | |CHARLES DICKENS, En-| |(1820-1893). | | |glish novelist | | | | |(1812-1870). | |LOUIS PASTEUR, | | | | |French chemist | | |GEORGE ELIOT (Marian| |(1822-1895). | | |Evans), English nov-| | | | |elist (1820?-1880). | |CHARLES ROBERT | | | | |DARWIN, English | | |RALPH WALDO EMERSON,| |naturalist (1809- | | |American essayist | |1882). | | |and philosopher | | | | |(1803-1882). | |Baron Justus von | | | | |Liebig, German | | |HENRY WADSWORTH | |chemist (1803-1873).| | |LONGFELLOW, American| |Cesare Lombroso, | | |poet (1807-1882). | |Italian criminalo- | | | | |gist, (1836-1909). | | |ALFRED TENNYSON, | | | | |English poet (1809- | |Martin Lister, En- | | |1892). | |glish naturalist and| | | | |physician (1827- | | |VICOMTE VICTOR MARIE| |1912). | | |HUGO, French poet | | | | |and romance writer | |Caroline Lucretia | | |(1802-1885). | |Herschel, Anglo- | | | | |German astronomer | | |James Russell | |(1750-1848). | | |Lowell, American | | | | |poet and critic | |Pierre Charles | | |(1819-1891). | |L’Enfant, French | | | | |military engineer | | |HENRIK IBSEN, Norwe-| |(1755-1825). | | |gian dramatist | | | | |(1828-1906). | |Johannes Müller, | | | | |German physiologist | | |Francis Parkman, | |(1801-1858). | | |American author | | | | |(1823-1893). | |Friedrich Wöhler, | | | | |German chemist | | |Hippolyte Adolphe | |(1800-1882). | | |Taine, French author| | | | |and critic (1828- | |Henry Augustus | | |1893). | |Rowland, American | | | | |physicist (1848- | | |COUNT LYOF N. | |1901). | | |TOLSTOI, Russian | | | | |novelist (1828- | |Nathaniel Southgate | | |1910). | |Shaler, American | | | | |geologist (1841- | | |Charles Augustin | |1906). | | |Sainte-Beuve, French| | | | |literary critic | |Simon Newcomb, Amer-| | |(1804-1869). | |ican astronomer | | | | |(1835-1909). | | |BJÖRNSTJERNE | | | | |BJÖRNSON, Norwegian | |Wilhelm Max Wundt, | | |author (1832-1910). | |German physiologist | | | | |(1832-1916). | | |JOSEPH ERNEST RENAN,| | | | |French orientalist, | |D. I. Mendeleeff, | | |author and critic | |Russian chemist | | |(1823-1892). | |(1834-1907). | | | | | | | |John Ruskin, English| |J. H. van ’t Hoff, | | |writer on art, espe-| |Dutch chemist (1852-| | |cially painting | |1911). | | |(1819-1900). | | | | | | |Elie Metchnikoff, | | |Henry D. Thoreau, | |Russian bacteriolo- | | |American author | |gist (1845-1916). | | |(1817-1862). | | | | | | |Robert Koch, German | | |Alexandre Dumas, | |physician (1843- | | |French novelist and | |1910). | | |dramatist (1803- | | | | |1870). | |Francis Galton, | | | | |British anthropolo- | | |Théophile Gautier, | |gist (1822-1911). | | |French poet, nov- | | | | |elist and critic | |Julius von Sachs, | | |(1811-1872). | |German botanist | | | | |(1832-1897). | | |G. Sand (Mme. | | | | |Dudevant), French | |Sir Michael Foster, | | |novelist (1804- | |British physiologist| | |1876). | |(1834-1907). | | | | | | | |Fedor Dostoyevski, | |S(ilas) Weir | | |Russian novelist | |Mitchell, American | | |(1821-1881). | |neurologist (1829- | | | | |1914). | | |Dante Gabriel | | | | |Rossetti, English | | | | |artist, poet (1828- | | | | |1882). | | | | | | | | | |Ivan Turgeneff, Rus-| | | | |sian novelist (1818-| | | | |1883). | | | | | | | | | |Walt Whitman, Ameri-| | | | |can poet (1819- | | | | |1892). | | | | | | | | | |Christian Matthias | | | | |Theodor Mommsen, | | | | |German historian | | | | |(1817-1892). | | | | | | | | | |John Greenleaf | | | | |Whittier, American | | | | |poet (1807-1892). | | | | | | | | | |Oliver Wendell | | | | |Holmes, American | | | | |physician, poet and | | | | |essayist (1809- | | | | |1894). | | | | | | | | | |Alphonse Daudet, | | | | |French novelist | | | | |(1840-1897). | | | | | | | | | |Samuel Langhorne | | | | |Clemens (Mark | | | | |Twain), American | | | | |humorist (1835- | | | | |1910). | | | | | | | | | |Henry James, Ameri- | | | | |can novelist (1843- | | | | |1916). | | | | | | | | | |Emile Zola, French | | | | |novelist (1840- | | | | |1902). | | | | | | | | | |Johan August | | | | |Strindberg (1849- | | | | |1912). | | | | | | | | | |James Whitcomb | | | | |Riley, American poet| | | | |(1853-1916). | | | +------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ | _20th|Theodore Roosevelt, |Gabriele d’Annunzio,|Charles William | | Cent.|American author, |Italian poet and |Eliot, American | |A. D._|publicist and |dramatist (1864- |educator (1834- | | |twenty-sixth presi- |----). |----). | | =1900|dent of the United | | | | A. D.|States (1858- ----).|Hermann Sudermann, |Rudolf Eucken, | | to | |German dramatist |German philosopher | | 2000 |Arthur James |(1857- ----). |(1846- ----). | |A. D.=|Balfour, British | | | | |statesman, philo- |Edmond Rostand, |George Herbert | | |sophical writer |French dramatist |Palmer, American | | |(1848- ----). |(1864- ----). |moralist (1842- | | | | |----). | | |William II., third |Maurice Maeterlinck,| | | |German emperor |Belgian novelist and|William DeWitt Hyde,| | |(1859- ----). |dramatist (1862- |educator and philos-| | | |----). |opher (1858- ----). | | |David Lloyd George, | | | | |British statesman |Gerhard Hauptmann, |John Dewey, American| | |(1863- ----). |German dramatist |educational psychol-| | | |(1862- ----). |ogist (1859- ----). | | |Sir Wilfrid Laurier,| | | | |Canadian statesman |Perez Galdos, |George Trumbull | | |(1841- ----). |Spanish poet (1845- |Ladd, American psy- | | | |----). |chologist (1842- | | |Robert Laird Borden,| |----). | | |prime minister of |Pierre Loti (L. | | | |Canada (1854- ----).|Viaud), French | | | | |traveler and writer | | | |Viscount Horatio |(1850- ----). | | | |Herbert Kitchener, | | | | |British general |Anatole France, | | | |(1850-1916). |French novelist | | | | |(1844- ----). | | | |Wilhelmina, queen of| | | | |Holland (1880- |Mrs. Humphry Ward, | | | |----). |English novelist | | | | |(1851- ----). | | | |Theodore von | | | | |Bethmann-Hollweg, |T. Hall Caine, En- | | | |German statesman and|glish novelist | | | |Imperial Chancellor |(1853- ----). | | | |(1856- ----). | | | | | |John Galsworthy, | | | |Alfonso XIII., king |British poet (1867- | | | |of Spain (1886- |----). | | | |----). | | | | | |Rudyard Kipling, | | | |Woodrow Wilson, |British poet and | | | |American publicist, |novelist (1865- | | | |twenty-eighth presi-|----). | | | |dent of the United | | | | |States (1856- ----).|Anthony Hope | | | | |Hawkins, British | | | |Edward Douglass |novelist (1863- | | | |White, American |----). | | | |jurist (1845- ----).| | | | | |George Bernard Shaw,| | | |Elihu Root, publi- |British dramatist | | | |cist, ex-secretary |and writer (1856- | | | |of state (1845- |----). | | | |----). | | | | | |J. M. Barrie, Scot- | | | |William Jennings |tish novelist and | | | |Bryan, American |dramatist (1860- | | | |publicist, ex-secre-|----). | | | |tary of state (1860-| | | | |----). |James Bryce, British| | | | |historian and | | | |Henry Cabot Lodge, |diplomat (1838- | | | |historian, publicist|----). | | | |(1850- ----). | | | | | |Thomas Hardy, | | | |Robert Marion |British novelist | | | |LaFollette, American|(1840- ----). | | | |political reformer, | | | | |publicist (1855- |Frederic Harrison, | | | |----). |English essayist | | | | |(1841- ----). | | | |Field Marshall von | | | | |Hindenburg, German |William Dean | | | |general (1847- |Howells, American | | | |----). |novelist (1837- | | | | |----). | | | |Field Marshal | | | | |Joffre, French |Rabindranath Tagore,| | | |general (1853- |Indian poet (1861- | | | |----). |----). | | +------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+