Chapter VII, on Education, opens: "The educational aim of the Republic

of China shall be to develop a national spirit, to cultivate a national morality, to train the people for self-government and to increase their ability to earn a livelihood, and thereby to build up a sound and healthy body of citizens" (_Art._ 131), and continues, "Every citizen of the Republic of China shall have an equal opportunity to receive education" (_Art._ 132). State, secular control of educational policy is assured. Articles 134 and 135 provide for tuition-free elementary education for children and free elementary education for previously non-privileged adults. (The constitutional guarantee concerning tuition is indicative of the scholastic traditions of the Chinese, of the modern educational revolution, and is reminiscent of _Art._ 12 of the 1931 Constitution of the Chinese Soviet Republic: "The Soviet Government in China shall guarantee to all workers, peasants, and the toiling masses the right to education. The Soviet Government will, as far as possible, begin at once to introduce free universal education.")[12]

[Footnote 12: This constitution is available in Yakhontoff, Victor A., _The Chinese Soviets_, New York, 1934, p. 217-21, and in Kun, Bela [prefator], _Fundamental Laws of the Chinese Soviet Republic_, New York, 1934, p. 17-24. The writer has been unable to secure the Chinese text of this document.]