Chapter 5

Such persons must be well balanced, or able to obtain a stability status by different methods, so that the normal structure of models has a reduced activity. Such persons must have a reduced tendency to control the activity associated with the problem (to reduce even more the activity of the normal structure of models).

It is also very important to obtain as much as possible information by direct interaction (based on image models) with the problem. The information based on symbolic models could be useful too, after translation on image models.

MDT considers that XZM models are image models. But, there is a supposition that some symbolic-models could be illegal too. If so, an XZM-symbolic model could explain, e.g., how some persons can perform extremely complicated arithmetical operations.

THE NORMAL HUMAN BRAIN

This section was intended to treat the subject declared, but instead, it is just an evaluation of the problem. The reason is the inexistence of sufficient data on XZM models.

To make a local model on the normal human brain, we take some conditions from MDT, as follows:

C1: The PSM must act to protect the being and to ensure the unconditional survival, forever, of that being. The PSM must also contain some models associated with the society in which the being lives. The PSM must not contain ordinary models.

C2: Any model of the brain must be stable (harmonic or logic).

C3: The whole structure of models must be stable. That is, any truth of any model must be accepted (or at least not rejected) by any other model of the brain.

Let's develop a little this local model.

The main condition of normality is that the person has to be accepted by the society. That is, the person has to integrate in that society. For a cannibal- type society, the person has to integrate in that society. Otherwise he will be rejected by the society. The limits or normality are, as we see, very broad.

For a democratic society of our time, some of the conditions of normality are "not to kill", "not to steal" and so on. Such models must be in the PSM and this goal is achieved by education since many generations.

Let's consider that a person makes a model to kill someone. If this model is blocked by PSM, that person can be considered as a normal one.

However, if a person makes a model to kill someone and, in some conditions, the PSM does not work properly, that model can be activated. Based on MDT, such a situation is a hardware problem and so, that person is not a normal one.

In "classical" psychiatry, they make a test to understand if the person was or not responsible for his/her acts. Based on MDT, as I said, here we have a hardware problem and so, the fact that the person was or not conscious of what he was doing is not relevant. Even more, based on MDT, a model cannot be destroyed by any hardware or software facility of the brain. So, a punishment has no effect.

If a brain has a hardware problem, there is no solution to correct it. The main reason is the fact that any model is connected with almost all the models of the brain. Even XZMs must have some connections. In order to remove a model by external action, it is necessary to know the exact hardware structure of that brain and this, as I think, will be not possible at least in the next 50 years.

C1 asserts also the condition that the brain must not contain ordinary models (O.M.). This condition is necessary because if an O.M. is included in PSM, that model becomes invariant (it cannot be changed by any information from the external reality). So, if an O.M. is included in PSM, any information obtained by IR from external reality must be compatible with that OMPSM. If not, that information must be distorted to meet, somehow, the condition requested by the OMPSM. When there is an OMPSM in the brain, this is an illness called "paranoia".

A person with an OMPSM must distort the information obtained from external reality to meet the conditions requested by the OMPSM.

Example: The authentic communists have included in PSM the OMPSM called "the working class is the leader of the society". Regardless of the external reality, they have a harmonic/logic structure of models based on this model. Fortunately, the absolute majority of the communists have no such model included in PSM and so, they are normal persons.

Example: Usually, drugs create an OMPSM called "use them". Such persons will continue to use drugs regardless of any information associated with their negative effects. This is a special kind of paranoia.

Example: smoking is also a form of paranoia, due to the same reason, as above. After many years of smoking, some persons can give up smoking. This could happen if, for instance, the person gets ill. The illness could make a non- smoking model, which enters the PSM too.

The C3-condition states that the whole structure of models must be harmonic/logic. This condition is not easy to meet. First of all, there is a limited capacity to refresh the whole structure of models. The refresh capacity for some persons could be under the requirements. Such persons could evolve to a form of schizophrenia.

Let's consider now a person-A, who meets the C3 criterium. At one moment, an important model becomes useless (for instance, an important person B disappears from the life of A). In such case, person-A has to refresh the whole structure of models. This task could exceed the technical capacity of refresh (mainly for older persons).

It the refresh capacity is exceeded, one possibility is to make shielding models. If a person has too many shielding models, such a person cannot be considered as a normal person. Such persons can be detected, e.g. due to the fact that they don't want, or they cannot discuss about some subjects.

XZM models are not taken into account because of the lack of enough data about them. XZMs can explain the somnambulistic-effect, multiple personalities or even some nonsense crimes.

There are killers who don't know why they kill other people. Many of them seem to be normal persons, as their friends can confirm and also they can be integrated in society. XZMs can be an explanation for their crimes. Indeed, an XZM is a model which is out of the control of the normal structure of models. Such models can become active-models in some situations (due to the hardware problems of that brain). The killer is so "remotely-controlled" by the XZM.

Such killers cannot be detected by a lie detector. The explanation is the fact that there is no normal model that makes the crime and so, there is no reason to pretend or hide something.

As I said, this section is just for evaluation. As new data will be obtained in association with XZMs, the section will be developed.

THE ABSTRACT OF THE FUNCTIONAL FACILITIES OF A BRAIN

Let's make an abstract about all the functional facilities of a human brain. Almost all the facilities, which are not related with symbolic-models, are the same for animals.

BF1: To make models associated or not with a section of the external reality

BF2: To refresh, on and on, the M-models by prediction and comparison with IR, so that M-models reflect better and better the dynamic external reality.

BF3: The continuous self-refreshing of some ZM coupled with M-models. The goal is that these ZM-models reflect better and better the external reality. For this, ZM must take into account any other ZM-model of the brain as well.

BF4: To simulate, continuously, the possible evolution of the associated external reality, even when a ZM is not connected to M-models.

BF5: One of the main conditions, which must be fulfilled by any model, is to become stable (harmonic or logic). That is, any simulation on a model must reconfirm the model in the same shape. If a disharmony or logical contradiction is detected, the model must regain its stability by IR (from external reality or from other models). Moreover, as any model is already integrated in a structure of models, any other model must accept any result of any simulation on any model. This condition ensures the general stability of a structure of models. A real brain does not easily meet this condition.

BF6: Any ZMs are able to activate, in time sharing, many ZAM models to do many activities. However, there is a single ZAM which can act on the external reality at a given moment of time. The reason for it is that, before activation, any model needs to initialize using data taken from external reality. When a ZAM is deactivated, it needs to store data for future reactivation. This method is fast, but if external reality is changed too much, such data is no more valid. In this case, the activated ZAM has to find the new conditions of initialization, based on ZMs. The brain uses both methods. By description of the process, we see that it is not easy to do many activities at the same time (in time-sharing), and it is easy to make mistakes.

BF7: The facility of any model to gain information from any other model of the brain. However, due to the technological implementation, it is possible that some models have a better communications with some models, and not as easy communication with other models.

BF8: Any model has the facility to develop any of its elements as models. Thus, it is possible to have a nested structure of models. The "depth" of this structure has only technological limitations.

These facilities generate the knowledge and the consciousness, based on a structure of stable (harmonic or logic) models. Such structure is able to self-develop in an unknown external reality.

For a given brain, in interaction with an external reality, there are a number of features which will be described now. That is, as a brain has many modes of interaction with external reality, a particular brain could use mostly only some of them, as follows:

SF1: If there is a difference between reality (prediction) and the external reality (IR), a brain has some possibilities:

SF1.1: to correct the model based on IR (knowledge) SF1.2: to modify the external reality (creativity) SF1.3: to store IR in a story-type model SF1.4: to ignore or to forget that IR

SF2: When a model is "correct", but it cannot be integrated in the structure of models, there are some possibilities:

SF2.1: to make a shielding model (the external reality is considered as wrong) SF2.2: to modify the whole structure of models (knowledge at any price, but sometimes this can exceed the technical possibilities of a given brain). SF2.3: to modify the model (i.e. to distort the importance of some elements or relations so that, the modified model can be accepted by the structure). When this procedure is followed, we have a paranoiac behavior. SF2.4: the model with problems is ignored, or it is recorded as a story-type model.

SF3: when there is an external reality and no suitable model, there are some possibilities: SF3.1: to create a suitable model, initiated by PSM SF3.2: to ignore that external reality SF3.3: to record that external reality based on a set of more or less fragmented story-type models.

THE PERSONALITY (HUMAN ONLY)

The personality is treated here for human beings only. However, some characteristics (which are not related in a direct or indirect way with the symbolic models), are about the same for animals.

The personality is given by the whole structure of models of a given human being. We shall develop this very complex concept. To do this, at the beginning, we shall see a number of features in a rather random way and then, based on these descriptions, we shall list some important parameters which characterize the personality.

We know from the general theory that any brain makes models and simulates the possible evolution of these models. There are no restrictions in connection with the aims or goals of such simulations. Even for a simple model, the number of different simulations could be high. Of course, a model will not make all the possible simulations.

A characteristic of the personality is associated with this diversity of aims and goals of any model.

A structure of models could evolve in a chaotic way, out of control. Another parameter of the personality is associated with the capability to control such a diversity of evolution of a structure of models.

As we know from the general theory, the stability in a model is a brain quality parameter. Thus, the aims and goals of any model have to be controlled by a limited number of long-range models. Without such long-range models, the structure can evolve in a chaotic way (this is a form of schizophrenia).

Faced with a new external reality, the model which gives the best predictions of the evolution of that external reality will be activated. However, when the external reality is complex, the main model has to activate some other models, to be able to predict better and better the evolution of that external reality. A parameter of the personality is the capacity to keep control of the main activity even when the main model activates some others model. Thus, the stability in the main model is a parameter associated with the personality.

Example: there are some persons who start from a subject and evolve in a rather chaotic way to other subjects so that the main subject is sometimes forgotten.

Another parameter of a personality is associated with the fact that, although the structure of models has to be stable, the structure must be compatible with some models imposed from outside, by education. Without some main models imposed from outside (by education), a human being will be not compatible with the external reality.

By education, some models must be present in any brain (some of them must be in the PSM). Any human being is able to integrate into society, based on them.

There are now very big problems associated with education, in the present human society. The main problem is the fact that the society (including in most advanced countries) is evolving very fast based on symbolic models and the education is not able to keep the pace with this fast evolution. E.g. the usual method of education is to impose some story-type model (i.e. some models of "how to do"-type). This method has increased too much the number of models that must be stored by the brain and the brain is not capable anymore to store and use all of them. Based on MDT, the normal solution should be to store some normal models that can be tailored by each person to any specific situation.

Another parameter is associated with the tendency to think and act based on long-range models or short-range models. Some persons behave based on a number of long-range concept models (principles) which are used in any situation. Other persons have specific short-range models for any specific external reality. The personality parameter is typically situated between the two limits mentioned above.

From the general theory, we know that some models generate knowledge and others are used to modify the external reality. Thus, there are personalities oriented mostly to knowledge and others are oriented mostly to change the external reality.

There are persons who assimilate easily external models and others who prefer to make their own models.

Also, there are image models and symbolic models.

We can make a partial matrix associated with a personality based on the capacity to make/assimilate image/symbolic models, for instance.

Another very important parameter is associated with the content of the PSM. As we know, a number of external models must be included in the PSM, by the education process, so that the person is integrated in society. Unfortunately, a lot of models could enter in PSM, in an uncontrolled way. Some of these models could be bad models. They can be built, e.g. if a person is born and lives (at least in childhood) in a bad environment. For a person who has such bad models, there is still a chance to integrate in a normal society, by making some shielding models. However, a shielding model is, usually, not safe enough. Thus, in some situations, a person can act based on the bad models and not based on the shielding models which had helped him/her to be accepted by the society. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to know in advance the content of the PSM, because the PSM acts only in very special and critical situations. To be understood, this subject needs a lot of further work.

Here we present a general theory. It cannot go beyond some limits because the technological implementation is, usually, not taken into account. However, based on the theory, it is possible to develop the subject for specific applications.

Now we shall list some parameters associated with the personality, based on the above discussion. Some of the parameters associated with the personality could be:

The orientation to image models The orientation to symbolic models The orientation to knowledge The orientation to action on external reality The orientation to make new models The orientation to assimilate new models The orientation on short-range models The orientation on long-range models The parameter associated with the diversity of action The parameter associated with the stability in a model The parameter associated with the conformity to society requirements The parameter associated with non-standard models from PSM

A table could be made, for any person, with numerical values associated to the above parameters. To do this, a local model must be developed. That model has to contain a set of standard procedures to obtain such parameters.

This chapter, which is associated with the personality, refers only to normal, mature persons (as these terms are already defined). The pathological cases are not taken into account here. In fact, to study the pathological cases is a nonsense before defining the normal situation.

This general theory, as it will be developed for specific situations, is useful to understand also pathological cases. For instance, MDT defines XZM- models (illegal models) as models which are not integrated in the normal structure of models. Such models could be very important to issues related to the personality, but there are still few data about XZM models.

There is another very important parameter associated with the personality, which was not described above; it is a parameter associated to the consciousness. Because it is so important, it will be described in a separated section.

THE CONSCIOUSNESS

It is considered that there are some long-range ZM models (image or symbolic), which contain the being as an element. When such a model is activated, it has to initialize. That is, it has to find the positions of all the elements (including the being itself) and to find all the relations between the elements by interaction with the external reality.

The consciousness is the capacity of a brain to make and operate a model, which contains the being as an element.

It is very important to emphasize that such models are normal models, which are made by that brain in interaction with the external reality. Such models cannot be assimilated by education, for instance.

The level of consciousness is associated with the capacity of that brain to find and refresh, in a continuos way, the position of the being in a model.

Such models are long-range models. Their elements are already developed as models. Some models can also contain some elements associated with the person. The number of planes of consciousness could be high.

Example: I am a Romanian citizen. I live in Europe, so I am also European. I have a job; I have a position there. I live in a block of flats; I have also a position in relation with the others who also live in my block of flats, and so on.

There are some models, which does not contain the person in an explicit way. This is level-1 of conciousness. Only some parts of that person are taken into account. The consciousness is of level 2 when the person appears in an explicit way in relation with other persons. On level 2, the person is integrated in a group; the person knows the aims and the rules of the group and acts accordingly.

Examples: when a person drinks water from a glass, the person does not appear in an explicit way; only some components of that person are taken into account. If the person knows what he is doing, and is able to predict his evolution, then he is on level 1 of consciousness. If a person plays a game in a team, and he knows the aims and the rules of the group and communicates with the members of the group, then that person is on level 2 of consciousness. On level 2, the person is integrated in the model, as an explicit element, as any other person of that group.

Problem: On level 2, a possible problem is to consider one's own activity as a good one, and to consider that some other members of the group are low quality persons. This could happen with a non-homogenous group, but also it is possible that the model is a low quality one (the person has made a low quality model associated with the aims and the rules of the group). As we know, any model is made to be stable (logical or harmonic). We also know that the stability of a model is not a guarantee that the model reflects in a good way the external reality. Thus, for a good level 2 of consciousness, it is necessary that all the members of the group have about the same basic model.

Observation: it is possible that faced with a new external reality, for which there is no available model, the PSM activates itself. As the PSM is activated, all the normal models are disabled and so the consciousness disappears. Such a situation is called "shock status". The consciousness returns only after the normal structure of models regains control.

The highest level of consciousness is level 3. There are few persons who are able to reach level 3 of consciousness. It is not easy to understand the explanations associated with this level.

On level 3, a person is able, e.g. to think with "the others' head". Also, on this level, a person is able to see how the others see him. This implies to make a model which contains the model of the group as an element in a longer- range model.

On level 3, the brain has to work very hard. There are few person who are able to do such an effort. It is harder to do such an effort on image models than on symbolic models. Usually, level 3 of consciousness is met on symbolic models. However, the word "empathy" can be associated on image models, with a low level 3 of consciousness.

Note: Level 3 requests a hard effort for a brain and at the same time, the personal advantage from such effort is not too high. Thus, the absolute majority of the population is on level 1 and 2.

The persons able to stay on level 3 are the elite of a group.

Example: let's see an example involving car driving. On level 1, a driver is reacting only when a situation occurs, or is about to occur. On level 2, a driver is able to predict what the other drivers will do beforehand. On level 3, a driver is able to understand every driver around him, and he is also able to take in account some possible problems, which can occur in association with the overall traffic problems. Of course, the best drivers are those on level 3, but the effort to stay on level 3 is so big, that, at some moments, the brain will not be able to do such an effort, and the driver "drops" on level 1, when he can cause accidents. This could be the explanation of some "inexplicable" accidents, with persons who are considered as very good from a professional point of view. Of course, this is a very general problem; it is not related only with car drivers.