The books of the Apocrypha

The book here presented is divided into two parts: the first, which is somewhat longer than the second, deals with preliminary questions; the second is occupied with some accoun...

Further, we have referred to the fact that in the Apocrypha signs of the existence of various thought-tendencies are to be discerned; the attitude of extreme loyalty to the Law...

[LITERATURE.—Droysen, _Geschichte des Hellenismus_ (3rd ed., 1877); Schürer, _A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ_, II, i. pp. 1-149 (1890-1891), German e...

[LITERATURE.—Stade, _Geschichte des Volkes Israel_, II, pp. 273-310 (1888); this part of the work is done by O. Holtzmann; Toy, _Christianity and Judaism_, pp. 173-214 (1891); S...

[LITERATURE.—Stade, _Op. cit._, vol. II (1888); Schürer, II, ii. pp. 219-327, German ed. III, pp. 1-188; Bertholet, _Die Stellung dev Israeliten und Juden zu den Fremden_ (1890)...

There are some few passages in the Old Testament which witness to a knowledge of the Greeks on the part of the Jews; these may be briefly alluded to by way of introduction.

This “strange woman” is undoubtedly an allegorical person; she is a personification of the new Hellenistic spirit which, on its bad side, encouraged unbridled licence and led aw...

[LITERATURE.—Toy, _Judaism and Christianity_, pp. 372-414 (1891); Schlatter, _Israel’s Geschichte von Alexander d. Grossen bis Hadrian_ (1900); Bousset, _Die Religion des Judent...

[LITERATURE.—In addition to the literature given at the head of the next chapter reference may be made to Schürer II, i. pp. 306-379, German ed., II, pp. 363-447; Lightley, _Les...

with the Levites, “caused the people to understand the Law. And they read in the book, in the Law of God, interpreting it; and they gave the sense, and caused (the people) to un...

who lived in Jerusalem, and the existence of a party there opposed to Ezra, is plainly indicated; among those belonging to this party there are mentioned Shemaiah, the prophetes...

[LITERATURE.—Wellhausen, _Die Pharisäer und Sadduzäer_ (1874); Cohen, _Les Pharisiens_ (1877); Baneth, _Ursprung der Sadokäer und Boethusäer_ (1882); Schürer, II, ii. pp. 1-43 (...

[LITERATURE.—S. Davidson, _The Canon of the Bible_ (1877); Riehm, _Einleitung in das Alte Testament_ (1887-1890); Buhl, _Kanon und Text des Alten Testamentes_ (1891); Wildeboer,...

[LITERATURE.—Kautzsch, _Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des alten Testamentes_, vol. I, pp. xi.-xxiii. (1900); Moore, in the _Jewish Encyclopædia_, II, 1-6 (1902); Hölscher,...

who attended his _Yeshibah_, i.e. lecture-room or academy; there can be little doubt that Ben-Sira’s book (Ecclesiasticus) formed part of the instruction there given.[274] But a...

Uncanonical books of a sacred character came to be divided by the Jewish religious authorities into two categories, though the exact dividing line varied according to the opinio...

While these dates may be regarded as approximately correct, it should be pointed out that there is not a complete consensus of opinion among scholars on the subject. Schürer, fo...

special object of the book in its original form was that of bringing about the reform of the calendar.[282] He points first of all to the ascription of the book to Enoch as supp...

of Alexandria. The Oracles were, of course, all written in Greek, and they were put forth in the interests of Jewish _propaganda_, of which mention has already been made above....

given of Isaiah ascending to the seventh heaven. But, in any case, two writings are incorporated in the book. Moreover, there are many additions made by a Christian editor. Thes...

[LITERATURE.—Cheyne, _Job and Solomon, or The Wisdom of the Old Testament_ (1887); Stade, _Geschichte des Volkes Israel_, ii. pp. 292-309 (1888); Driver, _An Introduction to the...

Once upon a time the trees went forth to anoint over them a king; And they said to the olive: “Rule thou over us.” And the olive said to them: “Should I give up my fatness where...

It would be difficult to point to anything which illustrates more clearly the arbitrary way in which the books of the Apocrypha have been separated off from the rest of the Jewi...

In dealing with these doctrines we shall only make cursory mention of those points in which the teaching of the Apocrypha is identical with that of the Old Testament, as our mai...

immediate contact with the world. It is true that in the later parts of the Old Testament the writers had largely abandoned the conception of Jahveh as a God Who had direct deal...

meal-offering, lighted the lamps, and set forth the shewbread; and it is enjoined that the feast of Tabernacles be kept in the month Chislev. As in 1 Maccabees apostate Jews are...

Moreover Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, Was glorious in might as a third [i.e. after Moses and Aaron], In that he was jealous for the God of all, And stood in the breach for his...

the Old Testament. No book of the Apocrypha has such a variety of names for God as Tobit, which is also distinguished by a doctrine of angelic mediation and a universalistic spi...

[LITERATURE.—Fritzsche, _Die Weisheit Jesus Sirachs erklärt und übersetzt_ (1859); Edersheim, in Wace, II, pp. 1-239; Ryssel, in Kautzsch, I. pp. 230-475; Schechter, _Studies in...

He that is without experience knoweth little, But the well-versed man hath skill. In my journeying I have seen much, And many things have befallen me. Often was I in danger even...

importance, whereby these books can be utilized for New Testament study. Some of them, and above all Ecclesiasticus, throw much light on the customs and manner of life of the Je...

[LITERATURE.—Fritzsche, _Die Bücher Tobiä und Judith erklärt_, in “Exegetisches Handbuch zu den Apokryphen” (1853); Hoffman, _Auszüge aus syrischen Akten persischer Märtyrer_, p...

foreshadowing of a developed belief in such words as these: “Lord, command that I be released from this distress, let me go to the everlasting place, and turn not Thy face, O Lo...

This comparison between the religious standpoint of the writer of Tobit and that of Ben-Sira shows that there is much affinity between the two, and leads to the conclusion that,...

[LITERATURE.—Fritzsche, _Die Bücher Tobiä und Judith erklärt_, in “Exegetisches Handbuch zu den Apokryphen” (1853); Ball, in Wace, I, pp. 241-360; Schürer, II, iii. pp. 32-37, G...

[LITERATURE.—Brüll, _Das apokryphische Susanna-Buch_, in “Jahrbücher für jüdische Geschichte und Literatur” (1877); Ball, in Wace, II, pp. 305-360; Schürer, II, iii. pp. 183-188...

[LITERATURE.—Josephus, _Antiq._, XI, vi.; Fritzsche, in _Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu den Apokryphen des Alten Testamentes_ (1851); Schürer, _Op. cit._, II, iii., pp....

Artaxerxes to the governor of the provinces commanding the massacre of the Jews. In the canonical Esther iii. 13 runs: “And the letters were sent by post unto all the king’s pro...

Septuagint; it recounts in detail Esther’s appearance before the king for the purpose of inviting him to the banquet as mentioned in v. 3 ff. of the canonical book. The object o...

the letter of Artaxerxes (see viii. 8 ff. of the canonical Esther) written to revoke the order given in the former one (see (2)). Here the object is twofold; in the first place...

The Prayer is a beautiful one, finely constructed, full without being drawn out, and breathing throughout deep personal religion. It is certainly one of the best pieces in the A...

[LITERATURE.—Grimm, _Das erste Buch der Maccabäer erklärt_ in “Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu den Apokryphen des A.T.” (1853); Keil, _Commentar über die Bücher der Macca...

[LITERATURE.—Fritzsche, in _Exegetisches Handbuch zu den Apokryphen_ (1851); Lupton, in Wace, I, pp. 1-69; Sir H. H. Howorth in the _Academy_ (1893), and in the _Proceedings_ of...

v. 7-73 (= Ezra ii. 1-iv. 5, 24 and Neh. vii. 6-73): A list of those who returned from Babylon under Zerubbabel, Joshua and Nehemiah (verses 7-46); the rebuilding of the Temple...

the three young men; or rather, one should say that this story does not belong to the context in which it now stands, or indeed to the historical record at all of which our book...

[LITERATURE.—Grimm, _Das Buch der Weisheit erklärt_ (1860); Montefiore, _The Wisdom of Solomon_ (1887); Farrar, in Wace, I, pp. 403-534; Deane, _The Book of Wisdom_ ... (1881);...

the non-mention of Wisdom after xi. 1 is due to the fact that the author became so immersed in his historical sketch (which he meant as an indictment of his own contemporaries)...

[LITERATURE.—Grimm, _Exegetisches Handbuch zu 2. Makk._ (1853); Rawlinson, in Wace, II, pp. 539-648; Schlatter, _Jason von Kyrene_ (1891); Willrich, _Juden und Griechen vor der...

[LITERATURE.—Fritzsche, in _Exegetisches Handbuch zu den Apokryphen_ (1851); Kneucker, _Das Buch Baruch_, (1879); Gifford, in Wace, II, pp. 241-286; Schürer, II, iii. pp. 188-19...

[LITERATURE.—Volkmar, _Das Vierte Buch Esra_ (1863); Drummond, _The Jewish Messiah_ (1877); Lupton, in Wace (1888); Kabisch, _Das vierte Buch Esra auf seine Quellen untersucht_...

[1] His first victory was in B.C. 334 on the river Granicus, where he overcame the generals of Darius. In 333 came the decisive victory at Issus, when Darius himself was defeate...

[178] Cp. Josephus, _Antiq._, XVIII, i. 4, where he says in reference to the Sadducees that “when they become magistrates, sometimes against their will and by force they follow...