Part 59

=Rope=, breaker (illus.), 360 compound laying machine (illus.), 361 cross-section, 362 draw frame (illus.), 360 drying fiber, 354 Egyptian kitchen (illus.), 354 Egyptians making (illus.), 353 preparing the fiber in (illus.), 359 four-strand (illus.), 362 hackling, 354 hemp (illus.), 356 hemp in warehouse (illus.), 356 knots, 363 lengths, standard, 362 oiling in manufacture, 356 long made by hand, 354 machine (illus.), 358 opening bales of fiber (illus.), 359 preparation room (illus.), 359 scraping fiber (illus.), 354 sliver formation of (illus.), 360 spindles, 355 spinning after turn, 355

=Rope spinning=, after turn, 355 foreturn, 355 splicing (illus.), 364 spreader (illus.), 360 stakes, 355

=Rope walk=, modern (illus.), 357-358 old-fashioned (illus.), 355

=Routine=, of a telephone call (illus.), 68

=Rubber=, automobile tires, 382 biscuit, 377 blisters, 379 blow holes, 379 breaker-strip, 384 calendering, 381 castilloa, 387 cement, 381 crude, 377-378 curing room, 382-383 dryer, 379 fabric, 384 furnishing pneumatic tires (illus.), 386 gathering (illus.), 377 how secured, 377 how are inner tubes made, 385 marketing balls of, 377 mixing, 379 Para, 387 pneumatic tires, 383 pure, why not used, 380 spreading, 381 spreader room (illus.), 383 tapping (illus.), 377 tire building machines (illus.), 385 tires, how made, 378-379-380 tread laying room, 384 tubes, inner, how made, 385 vulcanizing, 384 washing, 378 wild, what is, 387 why not used pure, 380 wrapping room, 386

=Rugs=, designs imitated by machinery, 168 Persian (illus.), 167 Persian, how made, 167 Persian, imitation, 167 Persian Kurdistan (illus.), 167 Persian, where best are made, 167 Tabriz, reproduction (illus.), 168 weaving by machine (illus.), 171

=Rug manufacturing=, carding machine (illus.), 170 examining and repairing (illus.), 173 packing for shipment (illus.), 173 processes, 169-170 weaving by machinery (illus.), 171 wool sorting, 170

=Sadness=, cause of tears, 38

=Salt=, beds, 493 chemical name of, 493 in water, 351 mines, 493 Salt Lake, 493 soda, 493 supply for United States, 493 wells, 493 where it comes from, 493

=Scales=, pressure of light on, 37

=School slates=, where they come from, 495

=Score=, origin of, 26

=Scouring=, wool (illus.), 85

=Scouring and weaving=, in making woolen cloth (illus.), 88

=Screens=, in shot tower, 51

=Sea=, diver, 202 how men go down to the bottom of, 202 navigating on bottom of, 283 time calculated on the, 315 what the bottom looks like, 202 what makes it roar, 401

=Second=, reckoning in millionths of a, 25 pictures taken in one five-thousandth of a, 31

=Seeds=, why plants produce, 175

=Seeing=, why we cannot see in dark, 91

=Sensation=, of sight, 22

=Sensitive=, paper, 23

=Service=, military, U. S., 24

=Shadows=, cause of, 495

=Shell=, sounds in a, 79

=Shells=, filling with powder, 50 inspection of metallic (illus.), 49 putting metal heads on paper, 50 wad-paper in making, 50

=Sheep=, coming out of forest (illus.), 82 first in America, 80 fleece packing, 82 how much wool does a sheep produce? 83 how wool is taken from the, 82 how taken care of, 82 how we get wool off of, 82 industry in America, 80 industry in the colonies, 81 industry in the west, 81 number in the west, 81 shearing, 82 shearing machines, 82 wool-producing, 83 why sheep precede the plow in civilizing a country, 81

=Shield driving=, air lock bulkhead (illus.), 210 caulking the joints (illus.), 214 description of airlocks, 213 erector at work (illus.), 214 erector (illus.), 210 at end of journey (illus.), 216 grommetting the bolts (illus.), 214 grouting (illus.), 214 how it cuts in tunnel building, 212 how they meet exactly (illus.), 215 in tunnel building (illus.), 208 key plate (illus.), 214 curves around (illus.), 216 models of Penna. R.R. tunnel shields (illus.), 212 rear end in tunnel building (illus.), 210 tunnels, front view (illus.), 209

=Ship=, how does a captain steer his, 407 how can it sail under water? 269

=Shoes=, Amazeen skiving machine, 550 assembling machine (illus.), 552 automatic heel loading and attaching machine (illus.), 560 automatic leveling machine (illus.), 559 automatic sewing machine, 555 American made, 547 ancient and modern forms of sandals, (illus.), 543 ancient sandal maker (illus.), 541 beginning of a shoe (illus.), 549 boot developed from the sandal, 544 boots (illus.), 546 channel cementing machine (illus.), 558 channel laying machine (illus.), 559 channel opening machine (illus.), 558 Crakrow or peaked (illus.), 544 which church and law forbade (illus.), 544 description of ancient sandal (illus.), 542 dyeing out machine, 551 different parts come together, 551 duplex eyeletting machine, 550 edge trimming machine (illus.), 560 Ensign lacing machine, 551 evolution cf the sandal to the shoe (illus.), 542 first machine for making shoes, 545 hand method lasting machine (illus.), 553 heel breasting machine (illus.), 560 heel trimming machine (illus.), 560 ideal clicking machine, 550 Inseam trimming machine (illus.), 556 insole tacking, 551 lasting machine (illus.), 553 loose nailing machine (illus.), 559 success of McKay machine, 547 machine that forms and drives tacks, 554 machines which punch the soles of, 559 my lady’s slippers (illus.), 548 placing shank and filling bottom, 556 planet rounding machine, 551 power tip press, 550 pulling over machine (illus.), 552 putting the ground cork and rubber cement in, 556 rolling machine, 551 rounding and channelling machine (illus.), 557 sewing the sole on, 558 slugging machine (illus.), 560 sole laying machine (illus.), 557 Summit splitting machine, 551 upper stapling machine (illus.), 554 upper trimming machine (illus.), 554 welt and turned shoe machine (illus.), 555 welt beating and washing machine, 556 welt sewing machine, 551 what was the first foot covering like? 541 “whipping the cat,” 545 who made the first shoe in America? 545 work performed by heeling machine (illus.), 560

=Shooting tests= (illus.), 48

=Shotguns=, assembling of, (illus.), 48

=Shot pellets=, 51

=Shrinking=, pit for big gun, 59

=Shuttle=, In weaving wool, 86

=Siberian lambs=, in South Dakota (illus.), 80

=Signs=, talking by, 18

=Silica=, mine (illus.), 247

=Silk=, 109 called “bomby-kia,” 110 caring for young worms, 113 culture, 110 drying skeins of, 119 dyeing, 121 first step in manufacture, 119 first used, 109 hatching eggs, 113 introduction of into Europe (illus.), 110 number of cocoons in pound of, 117 manufacture of, 119 method of reeling, 113 moths depositing eggs (illus.), 112 preparing cocooning beds, 112 reeling silk from cocoon (illus.), 118 spinning (illus.), 120 thread made uniform (illus.), 120 threads ready for the weaver, 121 twisting (illus.), 120 use of, 109 water-stretcher (illus.), 121 winding (illus.), 119

=Silk manufacture=, doubling frames, 120 spinning, 120 twisting, 120

=Silk moth=, description of 114

=Silkworm=, age, 115 first breeder of, 109 chrysalis (illus.), 114 cocoon, 115 cocoon, beginning of (illus.), 116 cocooning bed (illus.), 112 description of, 114 domestication of, 111 eating (illus.), 115 female moth (illus.), 114 how cared for, 113 how it eats, 115 home of, 112 eggs, how imported, 111 hatching the eggs (illus.), 113 how he does his work, 114 larvæ of, (illus.), 114 motions of head in spinning, 115 molting season, 115 moths emerging from cocoon (illus.), 117 male moth (illus.), 114 mulberry branches for (illus.), 112 one of the world’s greatest wonders, 116 preparing for making cocoon (illus.), 116 reared, how they (illus.), 115 shedding old skin, 115 spinneret of the, 115 spinning cocoon, 115 wild, 109

=Silver=, definition of, 207 use, history of, 207 why does it tarnish, 266

=Silver bromide=, in photography, 23

=Skins=, used for clothing, 80

=Sky=, will it ever fall? 255 why is it blue? 253

=Soap=, lye in, 411 palm olive oil in, 411 what made of, 411

=Soda=, Leblanc process, 494 Solvay process, 494 where we get, 494

=Solids=, definition, 348

=Some= wonders of the human body, 311

=Sound=, deadening of, 79 first over a wire, 71 how measured, 242 how produced, 485 speed of, 140-486 travels through air slowly, 31 in a sea shell, 79 what is, 78-485 waves, 79 waves, length of, 487 where comes from, 78

=Slate pencil=, why cannot write on paper with, 18

=Sleep=, where are we when, 365 with eyes open, why we cannot, 92 ghosts, 367 why heart beats during, 191 why we go to, 365 restless, 92

=Sling=, man in action (illus.), 41 how first made, 41

=Slings=, and their drawbacks, 42

=Slow match=, of early firearms, 45

=Smells=, why do flowers have, 176

=Smoke-cone=, in gun-firing (illus.), 28

=Smokeless powder=, 35

=Smoke-rings=, hard as steel, 27

=Smoke signals=, of Indians, 412

=Smoke-zone=, in gun firing, 111

=Sneezing=, what makes us, 194 why do we, 194

=Snowflakes=, what makes them white? 409

=Space=, extends, how far, 256

=Sparkle=, when merry, why eyes, 92

=Spear=, as a weapon, 42

=Specific gravity=, meaning of, 268

=Speed=, of light, 36

=Spinneret=, of the silkworm, 115

=Spinning wheel=, in making cloth from wool, 81

=Sponge=, capillary attraction of, 18

=Sponges=, breeding time of, 286 how do they grow? 286 how they eat, 287 how they are caught, 287 where they come from? 286

=Stable=, underground (illus.), 158

=Stars=, counted in photograph, 223 do they shoot down? 255 how counted, 241 how many there are, 223 photographed, 223 what makes them twinkle, 38

=Steamship=, beginning of (illus.), 337 cross-section, 346 building of a (illus.), 337 cradle of a, 338 double bottom, 339 end to end section, 346-347 funnel (illus.), 345 gantry (illus.), 338 hull (illus.), 341 hull before launching (illus.), 340 inside of (illus.), 346-347 launching of a (illus.), 340 launching machinery (illus.), 341 ready to launch (illus.), 340 plates (illus.), 339 ribs (illus.), 338 skeleton (illus.), 339 turbine, weight of, 344 turbine (illus.), 344

=Steel pen=, how made, 16

=Steel rail making=, blast furnace (illus.), 234 Blooming mill and engine (illus.), 237 dump buggy, 237 crane, carrying ingot (illus.), 236 ingot, 237 ingot becomes a rail (illus.), 238 mixer (illus.), 234 molten steel being poured into ladle (illus.), 236 open-hearth furnace (illus.), 235 furnace, pouring sides of an open hearth (illus.), 235 iron, purification of, 235 soaking pit (illus.), 236 furnace, temperature in, 235

=Stick=, why it bends in water, 38 making a fire with, 42

=Stockings=, where it goes when the hole comes, 64

=Stone-throwing=, 41

=Stones=, where they come from, 494

=Story= in an automobile, 181 in a loaf of bread, 460 in a book, 561 in a building foundation, 496 in a cablegram, 428 in a barrel of cement, 95 in a stick of chocolate, 388 in a suit of clothes, 80 in a lump of coal, 257 in a bale of cotton, 470 of a cup and saucer, 404 of the deep sea diver, 203 in an electric light, 305 in an elevator, 395 in a finger print, 520 in a flying machine, 126 in a gas jet, 303 in a gun, 40 in a honey bee, 526 in a magnet (illus.), 326 in a lead pencil, 466 in lighting a fire, 289 in a lock, 491 in a can of paint, 224 in a pen, 11 in a piano, 478 in a photograph, 22 in “Pigs is Pigs” (illus.), 374 in a pipe and cigar, 512 in a railroad engine, 440 in a coil of rope, 353 in a ball of rubber (illus.), 378 in a rug, 167 in a pair of shoes, 541 in a steel rail (illus.), 234 in a submarine boat (illus.), 269 in a lump of sugar, 145 in a telegram, 412 in the telephone, 65 in a time piece, 313 in a tunnel, 208 in a drink of water, 501 in a window pane, 246 in the wireless, 455 in a yard of silk, 109 in a piece of leather, 538

=Stringed instruments=, the first, 480 discovery of, 479

=Stretching=, why do we, 192 what happens when we, 193

=Stylus=, iron, 13 the in writing (illus.), 11

=Submarine=, accidents and their causes, 278 air and how it may become poisonous, 278 buoyancy of, 270 “Bushnell’s Turtle,” 280 cargo, recovering of, 285 clearing a channel of buoyant mines (illus.), 283 development of, 280-281 divers’ compartment, 270 equilibrium, 270 explosions, 278 first practical (illus.), 271 gas, explosion of, 278 “G-1” (illus.), 272 Holland, 282 how we look through a periscope (illus.), 276 hydroplanes on, 270 hydroplane, 282 ice, under (illus.), 279 inside of a (illus.), 272 lens, of periscope (illus.), 276 living quarters (illus.), 285 mice on, 278 mine planting inside of (illus.), 277 Omniscope, 271 one of the first practical, 271 “Proctor,” first practical, 271 “Proctor” submerged (illus.), 271 periscope top of (illus.), 276 rudder, horizontal, 270 sailing close to surface (illus.), 273 seeing in all directions at once, 276 Simon Lake, American inventor of, 282 steadiness of (illus.), 273 under the ice (illus.), 279 submergence, 270 water pressure on, 270 who made the first, 280

=Submarine boat=, “Argonaut the First” (illus.), 269-282 “Argonaut Junior” (illus.), 269-282 who made the first, 280

=Submarine mines=, amount of powder used, 34

=Sugar=, carbonatation station (illus.), 150 chemical laboratory in factory (illus.), 149 circular diffusion battery in factory (illus.) 149 filter presses (illus.), 150 how taken from beets, 150 sulphur station (illus.), 150 washing the beets, 149

=Sugar factory=, carbonatation station (illus.), 150 chemical laboratory in (illus.), 149 circular diffusion battery (illus.), 149 filter presses (illus.), 150 sulphur station (illus.), 150

=Suit=, cost of wool in a, 83

=Sulphite of soda=, used in developing, 23

=Sun=, distance from earth, 141 revolving on its axis, 511

=Sun-dial= (illus.), 315 in determining noon (illus.), 316 concrete (illus.), 101

=Sunlight=, effect on balance, 37

=Sunset=, cause of colors in, 253

=Swallowing=, what happens when we, 195

=Swimming=, why man must learn, 125

=Switchboard=, telephone, 69 back of a, telephone (illus.), 69 telephone, the first (illus.), 74

=Talking=, how man learned talking, 18 signs and gestures, 18

=Talking machines=, 490

=Target=, floating, 31 Never seen by men firing mortar, 29 projectile, arrival at, 24

=Tears=, caused by onions, 38 as an eye-wash, 38 run along channel, 38 where they come from, 94 where they go, 94

=Teeth=, why they are called wisdom, 125 why they chatter, 218

=Telegram=, how it gets there, 414 story in a, 412

=Telegraph=, cables (illus.), 424 code, 419 calling a messenger, 414 waiting calls (illus.), 414 arrival at destination (illus.), 417 duplex, 417 electric, 420 electric, first suggestion of, 420 inventor of, 420 two men inventors of, 421 instruments, 425 instruments, first sending (illus.), 426 instrument, sending, 418 key, modern (illus.), 427 key, a later, 427 key, sending (illus.), 418 line, first, 422 messenger receives message (illus.), 415 messages, number sent in a day, 417 multiplex, 417 operating room (illus.), 423 the pony (illus.), 413 quadruple, 417 Wheatstone, receiver (illus.), 425 Wheatstone sender (illus.), 425 receiving operator (illus.), 416 relay, the first (illus.), 426 relay, modern (illus.), 427 recording apparatus first (illus.), 426 recording instrument improved, (illus.), 427 repeater room (illus.), 424 sending operator (illus.), 416 sounder, modern (illus.), 427 main switchboard (illus.), 423 automatic typewriter (illus.), 425

=Telephone=, apparatus, 65 birthplace of (illus.), 70 cost of number in use (illus.), 77 display board (illus.), 65 discovery of, 71 feeding cable into duct (illus.), 76 first outdoor demonstration, 75 how an emperor saved the, 73 forces behind your, 77 modern distributing frame (illus.), 75 line, the first, 72 line lamp, 66 pilot lamp, 66 from bottom of ocean, 203 operator, 67 breaking up the asphalt pavement (illus.), 76 a cable trouble (illus.), 76 call routine of (illus.), 68 beginning of service, 75 the first switchboard, 72 laying multiple duct subway (illus.), 76 first practical commercial test of telephone, 75 how wires are put underground (illus.), 76 nine million in use, 75 the first words over, 74

=Tens=, counting in, 19

=Test=, of big gun (illus.), 53

=Testing=, materials and products in gun factory (illus.), 50 artillery instruments, 24

=Tests=, shooting (illus.), 48

=Things=, to know about a big gun, 53

=Throats=, making sounds with our, 78

=Thread=, silk, made uniform (illus.), 120

=Thunder=, why it precedes lighting, 140 does it sour milk? 196

=Tickled=, why we laugh when, 93

=Tides=, where does water go at, low, 219

=Time=, age of clocks, 391 blacksmith’s clock (illus.), 320 first modern clock, 319 hour-glass (illus.), 317 time-boy of India (illus.), 317 where the day changes, 325 where is the hour changed? 325 clock in Independence Hall (illus.), 323 clock in New York City Hall (illus.), 323 largest clock in the world, 321 machinery which runs a big clock (illus.), 322 how man measured, 314 modern clock, description of (illus.), 319 primitive twelve-hour clock, 318 water clocks for, 317 water-clock (illus.), 318 man’s first divisions of, 314 what it is, 313 three great steps in measuring, 316 first methods of telling (illus.), 313 in New Testament, 314 sun-dial (illus.), 315 sun-dial in determining noon, 316 calculated at sea, 315 tower of the winds (illus.), 318 how told when sun casts no shadows, 317

=Tin=, why used for cooking utensils, 267

=Tobacco=, barn, 515 growing crop, care of, 514 growing under cheesecloth (illus.), 512 grown in Cuba, 513 cultivation of, 516 curing of, 515 cigars, how made, 517 how discovered, 512 field (illus.), 515 figures about, 519 filler, 518 fertilization, 514 where it comes from, 512 shade growing, 517 where does it grow, 512 harvesting, 515 Havana, where grown, 513 origin of name, 512 planting, 514 seed beds, 514 first care in selection, 518 strippers, 518 bulk sweating, 516 wrappers, 518 butter worm, 514

=Toes=, why we have ten, 142

=Toothache=, what good can come from? 410 cause of, 410

=Torches=, used in battles, 44

=Tow-line=, of floating target, 31

=Trains=, why harder to stop than start, 223

=Transparent=, why some things are, 350

=Trees=, found in coal, 261

=Tube=, of a gun, 54

=Tunnels=, accidents in, 218 causes of accidents, 218 accuracy of engineering, 215 airlocks, description of, 213 operation of airlocks, 213 compressed air method, 211 the bends, 213 bends, the danger of, 213 bends, the symptoms of, 213 dangers in building, 218 grommetting the bolts, (illus.), 214 borings in ground (illus.), 216 airlock bulkhead (illus.), 210 how built, 209 driving shield rear end of in tunnel building (illus.), 210 caissons in Hudson tunnels (illus.), 217 curves, how made (illus.), 216 how shield cuts through, 212 how dug under water, 208 erector (illus.), 210 erector at work (illus.), 214 grouting (illus.), 214 inventor of shield method, 209 inventor of compressed air method, 211 caulking the joints (illus.), 214 making joints water tight, 214 at end of journey (illus.), 216 land end of Hudson tunnels (illus.), 217 danger of leaks, 213 result of leaks (illus.), 213 concrete lining (illus.), 216 key plate (illus.), 214 diagrams of driving shield (illus.), 208 biggest ever built by shield method, 209 rear end of driving shield (illus.), 210 driving shield front view (illus.), 209 how the shields meet exactly (illus.), 215 models of Penna RR. tunnel shield (illus.), 212

=Turbine=, how it works (illus.), 344

=Twinkle=, what makes stars, 38

=Twinkling stars=, due to interference, 38

=Types= of cartridges (illus.), 49

=Umbrella=, who made the first, 312 who carried the first, 312

=Uncle Sam=, how name originated, 458

=Undercutting= with compressed air machine (illus.), 261

=Vault= of telephone cables (illus.), 67

=Velocity= of a projectile, 53

=Waking=, why we wake up, 365

=Walking=, difficult to, straight with eyes closed, 91 why cannot babies walk as soon as born, 180

=Wall=, sounds through a thick, 79

=Water=, aqueduct (illus.), 505 Ashokan Reservoir (illus.), 502 boiling-point of, 35-220 drinking, where does it come from, 501 hard, 221 how is a big dam built, 502 Hudson River siphon (illus.), 507 in ocean where it came from, 218 pumping station (illus.), 503 real source of the (illus.), 506 regulating chamber (illus.), 506 reservoir, 503 soft, 221 as standard in measuring specific gravity solids, 268 what made of, 348 what makes it boil, 220 what makes water shoot in air, 198 what hard is, 221 what soft is, 221 why don’t water in ocean sink in, 219 why does it run, 219 why it puts fire out, 222 why runs off a duck’s back, 233 why sea water is salty, 351

=Watson, Thomas A.=, (illus.), 70

=Wave=, of light changed into heat, 36

=Waves=, of sound, 79

=Weight=, of light, 37 of projectiles, 53