CHAPTER XX.

_USEFUL NOTES AND TABLES._

Preparation of Lakes.--Brazil-wood Lake.--Cochineal Lake.--Lac Lake.--Madder Lake.--Orange Lake.--Yellow Lake.--Artificial Ultramarine.--Twaddell's Hydrometer.--Dalton's Table showing the proportion of Dry Soda in Leys of Different Densities.--Table of Strength of Caustic Soda Solutions at 59° F.--Table showing the Specific Gravity corresponding with the degrees of Baumé's Hydrometer.--Table of Boiling Points of Alkaline Leys.--Table showing the Quantity of Caustic Soda in Leys of Different Densities.--Table showing the Quantity of Bleaching Liquid at 6° Twaddell required to be added to Weaker Liquor to raise it to the given Strength.--Comparative French and English Thermometer Scales.--Weights and Measures of the Metrical System.--Table of French Weights and Measures.--List of Works relating to Paper Manufacture.

=Preparation of Lakes.=--These are prepared by either of the following processes:--1. By adding a solution of alum, either alone or partly saturated with carbonate of potassa, to a filtered infusion or decoction of the colouring substance, and after agitation precipitating the mixture with a solution of carbonate of potash ("salt of tartar"). 2. By precipitating a decoction or infusion of the colouring substance made with a weak alkaline ley, by adding a solution of alum. 3. By agitating recently precipitated alumina with a solution of the colouring matter, prepared as before, until the liquid is nearly discoloured, or the alumina acquires a sufficiently dark tint. The first method is usually employed for aciduous solutions of colouring matter, or for those whose tint is injured by alkalies; the second for those that are brightened, or at least uninjured, by alkalies; the third, those colouring matters that have a great affinity for gelatinous alumina, and readily combine with it by mere agitation. By attention to these general rules, lakes may be prepared from almost all animal and vegetable colouring substances that yield their colour to water, many of which will be found to possess great beauty and permanence.

The precise process adapted to each particular substance may be easily ascertained by taking a few drops of its infusion or decoction, and observing the effects of alkalies and acids on the colour.

The quantity of alum or of alumina employed should be nearly sufficient to decolour the dye-liquor, and the quantity of carbonate of potassa should be so proportioned to the alum as to exactly precipitate the alumina, without leaving free or carbonated alkali in the liquid. The first portion of the precipitate has the deepest colour, and the shade gradually becomes paler as the operation proceeds.

A beautiful "tone" of violet, red, and even purple may be communicated to the colouring matter of cochineal by the addition of perchloride of tin; the addition of arseniate of potassa (neutral arsenical salt) in like manner gives shades which may be sought for in vain with alum or alumina. After the lake is precipitated it must be carefully collected, washed with cold distilled water, or the purest rain-water, until it ceases to give out colour.

=Brazil-wood Lake.=--1. Take of ground Brazil wood 1 lb., water 4 gallons; digest for 24 hours, then boil for 30 or 40 minutes, and add of alum 1½ lb., dissolved in a little water; mix, decant, strain, and add of solution of tin ½ lb.; again mix well and filter; to the clear liquid add, cautiously, a solution of salt of tartar or carbonate of soda, as long as a deep-coloured precipitate forms, carefully avoiding excess. 2. Add washed and recently precipitated alumina to a strong and filtered decoction of Brazil wood. Inferior to the last.

=Cochineal Lake.=--1. Cochineal (in coarse powder) 1 oz.; water and rectified spirit, of each, 2½ ozs.; digest for a week; filter and precipitate the tincture with a few drops of solution of tin, added every 2 hours, until the whole of the colouring matter is thrown down; lastly, wash the precipitate in distilled water and dry it; very fine. 2. Digest powdered cochineal in ammonia water for a week, dilute the solution with a little water, and add the liquid to a solution of alum, as long as a precipitate falls, which is the lake. Equal to the last. 3. Coarsely powdered cochineal 1 lb., water 2 gallons; boil 1 hour, decant, strain, add a solution of salt of tartar, 1 lb., and precipitate with a solution of alum. By adding the alum first, and precipitating the lake with the alkali, the colour will be slightly varied. All the above are sold as carminated or Florence lake, to which they are often superior.

=Lac Lake.=--Boil fresh stick-lac in a solution of carbonate of soda, filter the solution, precipitate with a solution of alum, and proceed as before. A fine red.

=Madder Lake.=--1. Take of Dutch grappe or crop madder 2 oz., tie it in a cloth, beat it well in a pint of water in a stone mortar, and repeat the process with fresh water (about 5 pints) until it ceases to yield colour; next boil the mixed liquor in an earthen vessel, pour it into a large basin, and add of alum 1 oz., previously dissolved in boiling water, 1 pint; stir well, and while stirring, pour in gradually of a strong solution of carbonate of potassa (salt of tartar) 1½ oz.: let the whole stand until cold, then pour off the supernatant liquor, drain, agitate the residue with boiling water, 1 quart (in separate portions), decant, drain, and dry. Product, ½ oz. The Society of Arts voted their gold medal to the author of the above formula. 2. Add a little solution of acetate of lead to a decoction of madder, to throw down the brown colouring matter, filter, add a solution of tin or alum, precipitate with a solution of carbonate of soda or of potassa, and otherwise proceed as before. 3. Ground madder, 2 lbs.; water, 1 gallon; macerate with agitation for 10 minutes, strain off the water, and press the remainder quite dry; repeat the process a second and a third time; then add to the mixed liquors, alum, ½ lb., dissolved in water, 3 quarts; and heat in a water-bath for 3 or 4 hours, adding water as it evaporates: next filter, first through flannel, and when sufficiently cold, through paper; then add a solution of carbonate of potassa as long as a precipitate falls, which must be washed until the water comes off colourless, and lastly, dry. If the alkali be added in 3 successive doses, 3 different lakes will be obtained, successively diminishing in beauty.

=Orange Lake.=--Take of the best Spanish annotta 4 ozs.; pearlash, ¾ lb.; water, 1 gallon; boil it for half an hour, strain, precipitate with alum, 1 lb., dissolved in water, 1 gallon, observing not to add the latter solution when it ceases to produce an effervescence or a precipitate. The addition of some solution of tin turns this lake a lemon yellow; acids redden it.

=Yellow Lake.=--1. Boil French berries, quercitron bark, or turmeric, 1 lb., and salt of tartar, 1 oz., in water, 1 gallon, until reduced to one half; then strain the decoction and precipitate with a solution of alum. 2. Boil 1 lb. of the dye-stuff with alum, ½ lb.; water, 1 gallon, as before, and precipitate the decoction with a solution of carbonate of potash.

=Artificial Ultramarine.=--This is obtained by several processes, of which the following are examples:--1. Take kaolin, 37 parts; sulphate of soda, 15; carbonate of soda, 22; sulphur, 18; and charcoal, 8 parts; mix these intimately, and heat in large covered crucibles for twenty-four to thirty hours. The resulting product is then to be again heated in cast-iron boxes at a moderate temperature, until the required tint is obtained; it is finally pulverised, washed in a large quantity of water, and the floating particles allowed to subside in a separate vessel; the deposited colour is now collected and dried. 2. Expose to a low red heat, in a covered crucible as long as fumes are given off, a mixture composed of: kaolin, 2 parts; anhydrous carbonate of soda and sulphur, of each 3 parts. Some persons use one-third less carbonate of soda.

=Twaddell's Hydrometer=, which is much employed for ascertaining the strength of soda and chloride of lime solutions, etc., is so graduated and weighted that the 0 or zero mark is equal to 1,000, or the specific gravity of distilled water at the temperature of 60° F., and each degree on the scale is equal to ·005; so that by multiplying this number by the number of degrees marked on the scale, and adding 1·, the real specific gravity is obtained. Thus 10° Twaddell indicates a specific gravity of 1050, or 1·05, and so on.

=Imitation Manilla Pulp from Wood.=--Mr. George E. Marshall, of Turner's Falls, Mass., patented a process some years back by which wood, under the action of hot water, and under a heavy pressure, acquires the characteristic colour of manilla. The wood, having been cut as usual, is placed in a closed vessel or tank capable of resisting high pressure, if necessary, of 450 lbs. to the square inch, the material being closely packed. At the bottom of this tank is an opening with a valve, through which the water, previously heated to a point above boiling, and below 280°, is forced by a hydraulic press to such an extent as to saturate and to completely permeate the wood, and to soften and drive out of the pores the gum, resins, and acids; and if the temperature is kept sufficiently hot, it gives the pulp the desired colour belonging to a finely-made manilla paper. This may be aided somewhat by the introduction of a small quantity of some alkaline substance to act on the acids. The water may be heated in a coil outside, and forced into the tank by a hydraulic press. The water thus heated and forced in leaves the wood or the pulp in the most desirable condition for work and for colour. Pulp made from wood treated below the boiling point will be white; but this process is said to secure the desired manilla colour by raising the temperature to 240° or 250° for a light pulp, and as high as 280° for a dark pulp. No pressure is required from the steam above three atmospheres, but the press may give from 450 to 500 lbs. to the square inch, and practice has shown that the greater the pressure the more speedy is the operation on the wood.[36]

=Testing Ultramarines.=--The sample of ultramarine should be examined as to its power of resisting the action of alum solutions, which may readily be done by the method suggested by Mr. Dunbar:--"Dissolve the same amount of each sample in water, and mix in this water about ½ lb. of pulp. When thoroughly mixed, and each lot of pulp is well and evenly coloured, add one glassful of the ordinary mill alum liquor, either from pure alum, or aluminous cake to each, losing no time over the operation. Stir each well and continuously with a glass rod, and note the glasses carefully as to the length of time each sample keeps its colour." To ascertain the _staining power_, so called, of the ultramarine, and at the same time the tone, or tint, which it will impart when mixed with pulp, 25 grains of each sample should be mixed with 100 of kaolin or sulphate of lime (pearl hardening) and the several mixtures then worked up into a paste with a little water by means of a spatula, when the differences in the staining power of the respective samples will at once become apparent if either be of inferior quality. To make the test more complete, a like amount of commercially pure ultramarine should be mixed with 100 grains of kaolin for the purpose of comparison. In this way a ready judgment may be formed as to the quality of the sample under examination.

=Strength of Paper.=--The comparative strength of samples of paper may he determined by cutting strips an inch in width from each sample, and suspending these from a rigid iron bar. Weights are then cautiously attached to each until the sample breaks, when the difference in the weights sustained by the respective samples before the breaking point is reached will determine the comparative strength of the samples tested. Mr. Parkinson, of St. George's Road, Preston, furnishes a simple contrivance for determining the breaking points of paper, and so comparing their value.

_TABLES._

I.--DALTON'S TABLE SHOWING THE PROPORTION OF DRY SODA IN LEYS OF DIFFERENT DENSITIES.

Specific Dry Soda gravity of per cent. Boiling solution. by weight. points.

1·85 63·6 600° 1·72 53·8 400° 1·63 46·6 300° 1·56 41·2 280° 1·50 36·8 265° 1·47 34·0 255° 1·44 31·0 248° 1·40 29·0 242° 1·36 26·0 235° 1·32 23·0 228° 1·29 19·0 224° 1·23 16·0 220° 1·18 13·0 217° 1·12 9·0 214° 1·06 4·7 213°

II.--TABLE OF STRENGTH OF CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS AT 59° F. = 150° C. (TÜNNERMAN).

+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Specific Gravity | Degrees | Per cent. of | Equivalent per cent. | | (Water 1,000). | Twaddell. | Soda. | of 60 per cent. | | | | | Caustic Soda. | |------------------+-----------+--------------+----------------------| | 1·0040 | 0·80 | 0·302 | 0·503 | | 1·0081 | 1·62 | 0·601 | 1·001 | | 1·0163 | 3·26 | 1·209 | 2·015 | | 1·0246 | 4·92 | 1·813 | 3·021 | | 1·0330 | 6·60 | 2·418 | 4·030 | | 1·0414 | 8·28 | 3·022 | 5·037 | | 1·0500 | 10·00 | 3·626 | 6·043 | | 1·0587 | 11·74 | 4·231 | 7·051 | | 1·0675 | 13·50 | 4·835 | 8·059 | | 1·0764 | 15·28 | 5·440 | 9·067 | | 1·0855 | 17·10 | 6·044 | 10·073 | | 1·0948 | 18·96 | 6·648 | 11·080 | | 1·1042 | 20·84 | 7·253 | 12·090 | | 1·1137 | 22·74 | 7·857 | 13·095 | | 1·1233 | 24·66 | 8·462 | 14·103 | | 1·1330 | 26·60 | 9·066 | 15·110 | | 1·1428 | 28·56 | 9·670 | 16·117 | | 1·1528 | 30·56 | 10·275 | 17·125 | | 1·1630 | 32·60 | 10·879 | 18·131 | | 1·1734 | 34·68 | 11·484 | 19·140 | | 1·1841 | 36·82 | 12·088 | 20·147 | | 1·1948 | 38·96 | 12·692 | 21·153 | | 1·2058 | 41·16 | 13·297 | 22·161 | | 1·2178 | 43·56 | 13·901 | 23·170 | | 1·2280 | 45·60 | 14·506 | 24·177 | | 1·2392 | 47·84 | 15·110 | 25·170 | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+

III.--TABLE SHOWING THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY CORRESPONDING WITH THE DEGREES OF BAUMÉ'S HYDROMETER.

Liquids denser than Water.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | Degrees. | Specific | Degrees. | Specific | Degrees. | Specific | | | Gravity. | | Gravity. | | Gravity. | |----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------| | 0 | 1·0000 | 26 | 1·2063 | 52 | 1·5200 | | 1 | 1·0066 | 27 | 1·2160 | 53 | 1·5353 | | 2 | 1·0133 | 28 | 1·2258 | 54 | 1·5510 | | 3 | 1·0201 | 29 | 1·2358 | 55 | 1·5671 | | 4 | 1·0270 | 30 | 1·2459 | 56 | 1·5833 | | 5 | 1·0340 | 31 | 1·2562 | 57 | 1·6000 | | | | | | | | | 6 | 1·0411 | 32 | 1·2667 | 58 | 1·6170 | | 7 | 1·0483 | 33 | 1·2773 | 59 | 1·6344 | | 8 | 1·0556 | 34 | 1·2881 | 60 | 1·6522 | | 9 | 1·0630 | 35 | 1·2992 | 61 | 1·6705 | | 10 | 1·0704 | 36 | 1·3103 | 62 | 1·6889 | | | | | | | | | 11 | 1·0780 | 37 | 1·3217 | 63 | 1·7079 | | 12 | 1·0857 | 38 | 1·3333 | 64 | 1·7273 | | 13 | 1·0935 | 39 | 1·3451 | 65 | 1·7471 | | 14 | 1·1014 | 40 | 1·3571 | 66 | 1·7674 | | 15 | 1·1095 | 41 | 1·3694 | 67 | 1·7882 | | | | | | | | | 16 | 1·1176 | 42 | 1·3818 | 68 | 1·8095 | | 17 | 1·1259 | 43 | 1·3945 | 69 | 1·8313 | | 18 | 1·1343 | 44 | 1·4074 | 70 | 1·8537 | | 19 | 1·1428 | 45 | 1·4206 | 71 | 1·8765 | | 20 | 1·1515 | 46 | 1·4339 | 72 | 1·9000 | | | | | | | | | 21 | 1·1603 | 47 | 1·4476 | 73 | 1·9241 | | 22 | 1·1692 | 48 | 1·4615 | 74 | 1·9487 | | 23 | 1·1783 | 49 | 1·4758 | 75 | 1·9740 | | 24 | 1·1875 | 50 | 1·4902 | 76 | 2·0000 | | 25 | 1·1968 | 51 | 1·4951 | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------+

IV.--TABLE OF BOILING POINTS OF ALKALINE LEYS.

+---------------------------------------------------+ | Alkaline | Specific | Percentage of | Boils at | | Ley. | Gravity. | Alkali. | degrees | | | | | Fahrenheit. | |----------+----------+---------------+-------------| | Soda | 1·18 | 13 | 217° | | Potash | 1·23 | 19·5 | 220 | | Soda | 1·23 | 16 | 220 | | Potash | 1·28 | 23·4 | 224 | | Soda | 1·29 | 19 | 224 | | Soda | 1·32 | 23 | 228 | | Potash | 1·33 | 26·3 | 229 | | Soda | 1·36 | 26 | 235 | | Soda | 1·40 | 29 | 242 | | Potash | 1·42 | 34·4 | 246 | | Soda | 1·47 | 34 | 255 | | Potash | 1·44 | 36·8 | 255 | | Soda | 1·5 | 36·8 | 265 | | Potash | 1·52 | 42·9 | 276 | | Potash | 1·6 | 46·7 | 290 | | Soda | 1·63 | 46·6 | 300 | | Potash | 1·68 | 51·2 | 329 | +---------------------------------------------------+

V.--TABLE SHOWING THE QUANTITY OF CAUSTIC SODA IN LEYS OF DIFFERENT DENSITIES (WATER 1,000).

+---------------------------------------------+ | Specific | Soda | Specific | Soda | | gravity. | per cent. | gravity. | per cent. | |----------+-----------|----------+-----------| | 1·00 | 0·00 | 1·22 | 20·66 | | 1·02 | 2·07 | 1·24 | 22·58 | | 1·04 | 4·02 | 1·26 | 24·47 | | 1·06 | 5·89 | 1·28 | 26·33 | | 1·08 | 7·69 | 1·30 | 28·16 | | 1·10 | 9·43 | 1·32 | 29·96 | | 1·12 | 11·10 | 1·34 | 31·67 | | 1·14 | 12·81 | 1·35 | 32·40 | | 1·16 | 14·73 | 1·36 | 33·08 | | 1·18 | 16·73 | 1·38 | 34·41 | | 1·20 | 18·71 | | | +---------------------------------------------+

VI.--TABLE SHOWING THE QUANTITY OF BLEACHING LIQUID AT 6° TWADDELL (SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1·030) REQUIRED TO BE ADDED TO WEAKER LIQUOR TO RAISE IT TO THE GIVEN STRENGTHS.

+----------------------------------------------------------+ | Strength of | Required | Proportions Required. | | Sample in 1/12°. | Strength. |---------------------------| | | |Given Sample.|Liquor at 6°.| |------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------| | | | parts. | part. | | Water | 8/12° | 8 | 1 | | 1 | " | 9¼ | 1 | | 2 | " | 11 | 1 | | 3 | " | 13½ | 1 | | 4 | " | 17 | 1 | | 5 | " | 23 | 1 | | 6 | " | 35 | 1 | | 7 | " | 71 | 1 | | Water | 6/12° | 11 | 1 | | 1 | " | 13½ | 1 | | 2 | " | 17 | 1 | | 3 | " | 23 | 1 | | 4 | " | 35 | 1 | | 5 | " | 71 | 1 | | Water | 4/12° | 17 | 1 | | 1 | " | 23 | 1 | | 2 | " | 35 | 1 | | 3 | " | 71 | 1 | | Water | 3/12° | 23 | 1 | | 1 | " | 35 | 1 | | 2 | " | 71 | 1 | +----------------------------------------------------------+

VII.--COMPARATIVE FRENCH AND ENGLISH THERMOMETER SCALES.

French or Centigrade. English or Fahrenheit.

0 Cent. or C. equals 32 Fahr. or F. 5 " " 41 " 10 " " 50 " 15 " " 59 " 20 " " 68 " 25 " " 77 " 30 " " 86 " 35 " " 95 " 40 " " 104 " 45 " " 113 " 50 " " 122 " 55 " " 131 " 60 " " 140 " 65 " " 149 " 70 " " 158 " 75 " " 167 " 80 " " 176 " 85 " " 185 " 90 " " 194 " 95 " " 203 " 100 " (Water boils) " 212 " (Water boils) 200 " " 392 " 300 " " 572 " 356 " (Mercury boils) " 662 " (Mercury boils)

VIII.--WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF THE METRICAL SYSTEM.

(From the British Pharmacopœia.)

WEIGHTS.

1 Milligramme = the thousandth part of one gramme, or 0·001 gramme. 1 Centigramme = the hundredth " " 0·01 " 1 Décigramme = the tenth " " 0·1 " 1 Gramme = weight of a cubic centimètre of water at 4° C. 1·0 " 1 Décagramme = ten grammes 10·0 " 1 Hectogramme = one hundred grammes 100·0 " 1 Kilogramme = one thousand grammes 1,000·0 "

MEASURES OF CAPACITY.

1 Millilitre = 1 cubic centimètre, or the measure of 1 gramme of water. 1 Centilitre = 10 " " 10 " 1 Décilitre = 100 " " 100 " 1 Litre = 1,000 " " 1,000 "

MEASURES OF LENGTH.

1 Millimètre = the thousandth part of one mètre, or 0·001 mètre. 1 Centimètre = the hundredth " " 0·01 " 1 Décimètre = the tenth " " 0·1 " 1 Mètre = the ten-millionth part of a quarter of the meridian of the earth.

IX.--TABLE OF FRENCH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Kilogramme, 1,000 grammes, equals 2 lbs. 3¾ ozs. nearly. Gramme (the unit) equals 15·432 grains.

FRENCH MEASURE OF VOLUME.

1 Litre (the unit) equals 34 fluid ozs. nearly.

LONG MEASURE.

Mètre (the unit) equals 39·371 inches. Décimètre (10th of a mètre) " 3·9371 " Centimètre (100th of a mètre) " 0·3937 " Millimètre (1,000th of a mètre) " 0·0393 "

LIST OF WORKS RELATING TO PAPER MANUFACTURE.

"Practical Remarks on Modern Paper." J. Murray. Edinburgh, 1829.

"Manuel du Fabricant des Papiers." L. S. Le Normand. Paris, 1834.

"L'Industrie de la Papetrie." G. Planche. Paris, 1853.

"Die Fabrikation des Papiers." L. Müller. Berlin, 1855.

"Manufacture of Paper and Boards." A. Proteaux. Philadelphia, 1866.

"Manufacture of Paper." C. Hofmann. Philadelphia, 1873.

"Pflanzenfasir." Hugo Müller. Leipzig, 1873.

"Bamboo Considered as a Paper-making Material." London, 1875.

"Etudes sur les Fibres Végétales." Vétillart. Paris, 1876.

"Technology of the Paper Trade" (Cantor Lectures). Arnot. Journal Society of Arts, 1877.

"The Practical Paper-maker." J. Dunbar. London, 1881.

"Forestry and Forest Products." Edinburgh, 1884.

"A Treatise on Paper." R. Parkinson. Preston, 1886.

"Manufacture of Paper." C. T. Davis. Philadelphia, 1887.

"Manufacture of Paper." Tomlinson.

"Text Book of Paper-making." C. F. Cross and E. J. Bevan.

Articles on paper-making will also be found in the following encyclopædias, journals, etc:--

"Encyclopædia Britannica," vol. xvii.; "Encyclopædia Metropolitana," 1845; "Tomlinson's Cyclopædia;" "New American Cyclopædia;" "British Manufacturing Industries;" "English Cyclopædia;" "Encyclopædia Americana;" "Penny Cyclopædia;" _Paper Makers' Monthly Journal_; _Paper Makers' Circular_; _Paper Trade Journal_; _American Paper Trade Journal_.

INDEX.

Acetic acid, 64, 98

Acid, arsenious, process, 231 or bisulphite processes, objections to, 74 boracic, 46 carbonic, 97 fluo-silicic, 175 hydrochloric, 55, 232 hypochlorous, 98 nitric, 66 nitrous, 66 nitro-hydrochloric, 64 oxalic, 98 processes, McDougall's boiler for, 72 sulphuric, 47, 99 anhydrous, 225 sulphurous, 55, 175 test, 224 test, preparation of, 225 treatment of wood, 64

Acids, action of, on cellulose, 2

Acicular fibres, 3

Action of acids on cellulose, 2

Adamsonia, 85

Adamson's process, 77

African esparto, 47

Agalite, 115

Agar-agar, 178

Agave Americana, 8

Alexandria rags, 21

Algerian esparto, 47

Alkali, caustic, 48 testing, 224

Alkalimeter, Mohr's, 223

Alkalimeters, 222

Alkalimetry, 221

Alkaline leys, boiling points of, 243

Alkalis, sampling, 227

Alum, 116

Alum, bleach liquor, 100 cake, estimation of alumina in, 233 concentrated, 119 crystallised, 119 liquor, 240 pearl, 119 porous, 167

Alumina, estimation of, in alum, &c., 233 sulphate of, 100

Aluminium, chloride of, 100 hypochlorite of, 100

Aluminous cake, 119

American combinations for colouring, 167 method of sizing, 123 ochre, 167 refining engines, Mr. Wyatt on, 103 system of soda recovery, 218 wood pulp, 60

Ammonia, 233

Ammoniacal water, 6

Andreoli's electrolytic bleaching process, 96

Anhydrous soda, 225 sulphuric acid, 225

Aniline blues, 166 reds, 166 sulphate of, 8 triethyl rose, 98

Animal size, preparation of, 120, 122 sized papers, 123 or tub-sizing, 122

Annotta, Spanish, 238

Antichlor, 109

Antique paper, 157

Apparatus, disintegrating, 72 evaporating, 205

Aqua regia, 66

Arnot, Mr., on beating-engines, 102 on finishing, 160

Arnot's method of alkali testing, 229

Artificial flowers, colouring paper for, 168 ultramarine, 238

Arsenious acid process, 231

Asbestos, 73, 115

Ash, black, 219

Aussedat's process, 63

Azure blue, 170

Back-water pump, Bertrams', 195

Bagging, old, 10

Balsam, Canada, 179

Baltic rags, 21

Bamboo cane, 10, 18

Bambusa vulgaris, 18

Banana fibre, 10

Bank-notes, water-marking, 147

Baobab, 85

Bark fibres, 6 oak, 166 paper mulberry, 10

Barre and Blondel's process, 66

Bast bagging, 10

Baumé's hydrometer, 242

Beakers, 222, 224

Beater, 37 Jordan, 103, 104 Kingsland, 104

Beating, 101 Dunbar's observations on, 102 engine, 103 Bertrams', 105 Forbes', 105 Umpherston's, 105 engines, Arnot on, 102 operations of, 107 or refining, 101

Belgian rags, 20

Bentley and Jackson's boiler, 80 cooling and damping rolls, 189 drum-washer, 185 dry felt self-acting regulator, 186 glazing calender, 155 rag-cutter, 24 engine, 38 single-cylinder machine, 153 web-ripping machine, 198

Benzine, 5, 77

Berlin blue, 168

Bertrams' back-water pump, 195 beating-engine, 105 conical pulp-saver, 144 damping-rolls, 155 edge-runner, 82 esparto-cleaner, 40 large paper machine, 134 rag boiler, 29 cutting-machine, 23 engine, 37 revolving strainer and knotter, 137 revolving knife-cutter, 162 reeling machine, 197 single-sheet cutter, 162 web-glazing calender, 196 willowing and dusting machine, 26

Beetroot refuse, 10

Beyrout rags, 21

Bichromate of potassa, 165

Binders' clippings, 10

Birch, 60

Bisulphite of lime, 71 magnesium, 70 process, Blitz's, 72 Francke's, 68 Graham's, 73 Mitscherlich's, 71 objections to, 74

Black ash, 219 calicoes, 20 cotton, 20 Frankfort, 171 lamp, 166

Blacks, 20

Bleach, 93 liquor, alum, 100 Wilson's, 100 zinc, 99 mixer, 92 pump, Donkin's, 193

Bleaching, 89 agent, 90 with chloride of lime, 92 chlorine gas, Glaser's process, 93 C. Watt, jun.'s, electrolytic process, 94 electrolytic, Andreoli's process, 96 Hermite's process, 96 esparto, 50 liquid, table showing quantity to be used, 244 liquor, 50, 91 preparation of, 92

Bleaching liquors, 3 Lunge's process of, 98 new method of, 100 operations, 89 powder, 92 estimation of chlorine in, 230 Fresenius' method, 231 Gay-Lussac's method, 231

Bleaching, sour, 91 Thompson's process, 97 Young's method, 100

Blending, 112

Blitz's process, 72

Blotting-papers, 21, 181

Blue, 166 azure, 170 Berlin, 168 Bremen, 170 cottons, 20 dark, 170 indigo, 166 linens, 20 mineral, 171 pale, 170 paper, 19 Paris, 169 Prussian, 165 rags, 19 smalts, 165

Blues, 20 aniline, 166

Boiler, Bentley and Jackson's, 80 Roeckner's, 45

Boiling, American, 60 esparto, 41 rags, 29 straw, 81 waste paper, 86

Boracic acid, 46

Borax, 169

Boxes, suction, 148

Brazil wood, 166 lake, 236

Breaking half-stuff, 39 points of paper, method of determining, 240

Breaking and washing, 34

Breast-roll, 149

Bremen blue, 170

"Broke" paper, 85

Bromine, 6 water, 6

Broom, 10

Broussonetia papyrifera, 18

Brown, 167

brown, dark, 170 reddish, 172

Bucking-keir, 88

Buckwheat straw, 10

Buff envelope, 167

Bunsen burner, 225

Burettes, 222

Calcined soda, 93

Calciner, 206

Calcium, acetate of, 98 chloride of, 109, 230 hypochlorite of, 3 salts, 99

Calender, glazing, 154

Calendering, 154 super, Mr. Wyatt on, 158

Calicoes, black, 20

Canada balsam, 179

Cane, bamboo, 10 rattan, 10

Caoutchouc, 73

Carbonate of lime, 119 magnesia, 46 potassa, 235, 236 soda, 31

Carbonell's esparto process, 46

Carbonic acid, 97

Carbonisation, 75

Cardboard, 182 with two faces by ordinary machinery, 182 work, 179

Carminated lake, 237

Carrageen moss, 178

Carrying tubes, 143

Castile soap, 121

Caustic alkali, 48 potash, 3, 7 soda, 31 ley, 31 table showing quantities of, in leys of different densities, 243

Causticising soda, 32, 205 tanks, 218

Cellulose, 1 action of acids on, 2 determination of, 5 of flax, 4 physical characteristics of, 3 white, 76

Chemical combination, 224 processes, 55 wood pulp, 54

Chilled-iron glazing-rolls, 156

China clay, 114 grass, 10

Chloride of aluminium, 100 calcium, 101, 230 lime, 47, 230 bleaching with, 92 testing samples of, 232 magnesium, 96 potassium, 95 sodium, 95, 109 zinc, 99

Chlorimeter, 232

Chlorimetry, 231

Chlorine, 2, 90, 232 gas, bleaching with, 93 in bleaching powder, estimation of, 230 test for, 110

Chrome, lemon, 170 orange, 166 yellow, 166

Cinnabar, 171

Citrate of tin, 169

Clarifier, Roeckner's, 199

Clay, China, 114

Clogging, 116

"Close" paper, 112

Cobalt, oxide of, 165

Cochineal, 121, 166 lake, 236

Colcothar, 170

Coloured cotton, 20 papers, 165

Colouring, 121 American combinations for, 167 materials, mixing, with pulp, 168 matters used in paper making, 166 paper for artificial flowers, 168

Commercial sodas, examination of, 221

Comparative cost of animal and engine sizing, estimate of, 128 French and English thermometer scales, 244

Composition for waterproof paper, 177

Concentrated alum, 119

Conical pulp-saver, 144

Cooling and damping rolls, Bentley and Jackson's, 189

Copal, white, 179

Copper, green, 170 hydrated oxide of, 175 sulphate, 146

Copperas, 165

Copying-paper, 120

Corchorus capsularis, 4

Cork, 180 paper, 180

Cost of animal and engine sizing, comparative estimate of, 128

Cotton fibre, 3 filaments of, 7 pieces, 20 rags, 10 seed waste, 10 oil soap, 121 superfine whites, 20 waste, 10 wool, 10

Cottons, blue, 20 outshot, 20 unbleached, 20

Coucher, 130

Couch-rolls, 149

Coupier and Mellier's process, 80, 84

Crop madder, 237

Crystallised alum, 119

Cupro-ammonium, 2, 174 Wright's process of preparing, 175

Cutting, 22, 161 machine, 23 Verny's, 187

Cutter, single-sheet, 162

Cutters, 22

Cylinder, drying, 185 machine, single, 152 washing, 193

Cylinders, drying, 151

Dalton's table showing proportion of dry soda in leys of different densities, 241

Damping-rolls, Bertrams', 155

Dandy-roll, 144

Deckle, 130 frame, 143 strap, 143

De la Rue's improvements in water-marks, 147

Determination of cellulose, 5

Determining the real value or percentage of commercial sodas, chloride of lime, &c., 221

Devil, Donkin's, 27

Dextrin, 2

Diana's process for making paper or cardboard with two faces by ordinary machinery, 182

Digester, 65

Disinfecting machine, 12

Disintegrating apparatus, 79

Doctor, the, 150

Donkin's bleach-mixer, 92 pump, 193 glazing machine, 157 press, 157 plate-planing machine, 191 rag boiler, 30 dusting machine, 26 washing cylinder for rag-engine, 193

Double crown, 164 demy, 164 royal, 164

Double-sized paper, 126

Drab, 167

Drainers, 39

Draining, 39

Dr. Mitscherlich's process, 71

Drum-washer, 34 Bentley and Jackson's, 185

Dry-felt regulator, self-acting, 186

Drying cylinder, 185 cylinders, 151

Dunbar's method of treating esparto, 48 observations on beating, 102

Duster, 26

Dusting, 26

Dutch grappe madder, 237

Dyers' wood waste, 10

Edge-runner, Bertrams', 82

Ekman's process, 70

Elastic fibres, 3 packing, 72

Electrolytic bleaching process, Andreoli's, 96 Hermite's, 96 C. Watt's, 94

Electrotypes for water-marking, 146

Engine, beating, 103 Bertrams', 105 Forbes', 105 Umpherston's, 105 Marshall's perfecting, 201 size, French method of preparing, 120 sizing, 115

Engines, beating, Mr. Arnot on, 102 refining, American, Mr. Wyatt on, 103

English green, 172 pink, 172

Envelope, buff, 167 orange-red gold, 167 yellow gold, 167

Eosine, 166

Equivalents, chemical, 224

Esparto, African, 47 Algerian, 47 bleaching, 50 boiler, Sinclair's, 42, 43 boiling, 41 cleaner, Bertrams', 40 Dunbar's treatment of, 48 fibre, 4 Gabes, 47 grass, 10, 16 Mallary's process for, 46 Oran, 47 picking, 40 preliminary treatment of, 40 Carbonell's process for, 46 Sfax, 47 Spanish, 47 Susa, 47 Tripoli, 47 washing boiled, 49 willowing, 41 Young's process for boiling, 50

Estimation of alumina in alum cake, &c., 233 of chlorine in bleaching powder, 230 of commercial sodas, 221

Eucalyptus, oil of, 178

Evaporating apparatus, 205

Evaporator, esparto, 206 Porion's, 208 Roeckner's, 206 Yaryan's, 208

Evaporators, American, 61, 208

Examination of commercial sodas, 221

Feebly-ribbed, or smooth fibres, 5

Felt, 72, 101

Felting, 131

Fern leaves, 10

Ferrocyanide of potassium, 165

Fibre, banana, 10 cotton, 3 esparto, 4 flax, 7 hemp, 8 jute, 4, 8 linen, 4 Manilla, 4 sulphite, and resin, 76 yellow pine, 4

Fibres, acicular, 3 bark, 6 elastic, 3 round-ribbed, 5 smooth, or feebly-ribbed, 5 spiral, 8 straw, 4 various, treatment of, 80 vegetable, micrographic examination of, 5 vegetable, recognition of, by the microscope, 6

Fibrous waste, 11

Finished paper, packing the, 163

Finishing, 157 Arnot on, 160 house, 163 and sizing, 132

First press-roll, 150

Flask, 227

Flax, cellulose of, 4 fibre, or linen, 7 New Zealand, 8, 10 tow, 11 waste, 10

Flocks, 73

Florence lake, 237

Foolscap, 164

Forbes' beating-engine, 105

Foreign rags, 20

Fourdrinier machine, 133

Francke's bisulphite process, 68

Frankfort black, 169

French and English thermometer scales, comparative, 244 measure of volume, 245 rags, 20 weights and measures, table of, 245

Fresenius' method of estimating bleaching powder, 231

Friction-glazing, 157

Fridet and Matussière's process, 66

Furnace, incinerating, 208

Fustians, 20

Fustic, 169

Gabes esparto, 47

Gaine's process for making parchment paper, 182

Gamboge, 169

Gas, chlorine, bleaching with, 93 receiver, 65

Gay-Lussac's method of estimating bleaching powder, 231

German rags, 21

Glaser's process for bleaching with chlorine gas, 93

Glauber's salt, 109

Glazing calender, 154 press, Donkin's, 157 rolls, chilled-iron, 156 web, 154

Glucose, 2

Glue pieces, 122 stock, 124

Glycerin, 120

Graham's process, 73

Grass, China, 10 esparto, 10, 16 sea, 11

Green, copper, 170 English, 172 pale, 170 Schweinfurth, 171

Grey linens, 20

Ground madder, 237 wood pulp, 85

Guillotine rag-cutter, 24

Gum arabic, 169 sandarac, 179 tragacanth, 168

Gunny, 20 bags, 10

Gutta-percha, 147

Half jute and linen, 20 stuff, 39, 101 breaking, 39

Hemp fibre, 8 Manilla, 4, 10 sizal, 8 tarred, 20 waste, 10 white, 20

Hermite's electrolytic bleaching process, 96

High-pressure boiler, 63

Hollander, or rag-engine, 34, 129

Home rags, 20

Hop-bines, 10

Hydrate of soda, 225

Hydrated oxide of copper, 175

Hydro-cellulose, 1

Hydrochloric acid, 55, 232

Hydro-extractor, 94

Hydrometer, Baumé's, 242 Twaddell's, 238

Hypochlorite of aluminium, 100 calcium, 3 lime, 92, 98, 230 soda, 8 sodium, 96

Hypochlorous acid, 98

Hyposulphite of soda, 110

Iodide of potassium, 111

Imitation Manilla pulp from wood, 239

Imperial, 164

Incinerating furnace, 208

Indiarubber, vulcanised, 223

Indigo, 98, 166 sulphate of, 232

Ink, lithographic, 180

Introduction of wood pulp, 17

Irish moss, 178

Iron, oxide of, 34

Iron, pernitrate of, 165 sulphate of, 170

Isinglass, 179

Japanese paper, new, 180

Jordan's beating engine, 103, 104

Jouglet's process for waterproof paper, 177

Jute fibre, 4, 8 Manilla, &c., 84 spinners' waste, 20 waste, 10, 20

Kaolin, 114, 182

Keegan's process, 59

Killing the colour, 121

Kingsland beating-engine, 104

Knife, revolving, 161

Knotter and strainer, revolving, 137

Kollergang, or edge-runner, 82

Lac lake, 237

Laid paper, 130

Lake, Brazil-wood, 236 carminated, 237 cochineal, 236 Florence, 237 lac, 237 madder, 237 orange, 238 scarlet, 171

Lakes, preparation of, 235

Lamp-black, 166, 169

Leaching, 218 tanks, 218

Lead, nitrate of, 167 white, 171

Leather waste, 11

Leghorn rags, 21

Lemon chrome, 170

Leys, alkaline, boiling point of, 243 of different densities, table showing quantities of caustic soda in, 243

Lime, bisulphite of, 71 carbonate of, 119 chloride of, 23, 47, 110 bleaching with, 92 testing, 232 hypochlorite of, 92, 98, 230 milk of, 33, 72, 110 sulphate of, 100

Limed skins, 122

Linen, 4 fibre, 4 or flax fibre, 7 pieces, 20 rags, 10 waste, 10

Linens, blue, 20 extra fine, 20 grey, 20 strong, 20 white, 20

Liquor, bleaching, preparation of, 92

Liquors, bleaching, 3 spent, recovery of soda from, 218

Lithographic ink, 180 paper, 180

Litmus paper, 183

Lixiviation, 75

Loading, 114

Logwood, 166

Long measure, French, 246

Lunge's bleaching process, 9

Machine, Bentley and Jackson's perfecting, 201 web-ripping, 198 Bertrams' large paper, 13 rag-cutting, 23 reeling, 197 web-glazing, 196 willowing and dusting, 26 disinfecting, 12 Donkin's plate-planing, 191 rag-dusting, 23 Fourdrinier, 133 rag-cutting, 23 roll-bar planing, 191 single-cylinder, 152 web-winding, 188 sizing, 126 Verny's paper-cutting, 187 wire and its accessories, 142 Yankee, 152

Machinery, making paper by, 133 used in paper-making, 184

Machines, wet, 57

Madder, Dutch, 237 ground, 237 lake, 237

Magnesia, carbonate of, 46 sulphate of, 46

Magnesian limestone, 69

Magnesite, 46, 70

Magnesium, bisulphite of, 70 chloride of, 96

Maize husks and stems, 10

Making the paper, 130 paper or cardboard with two faces by ordinary machinery, 182 paper by hand, 129 machinery, 133

Mallary's process for esparto, 46

Manganese, peroxide of, 94

Manilla fibre, 4 hemp, 4, 10 jute, &c., 84 paper, 85

Manilla, imitation, from wood pulp, 239

Manning winder, 159

Maori-prepared phormium, 8

Materials, raw, 10 used in paper-making, 9

Marking, water, 146

Marshall's perfecting engine, 201

McDougall's boiler for acid processes, 72

Mechanical processes, 78 wood pulp, 113 Voelter's process of preparing, 78

Megass, or cane trash, 10

Mellier's process, 84

Method of sizing, American, 123

Metrical system, weights and measures of, 245

Micrographic examination of vegetable fibres, 5

Microscope, recognition of vegetable fibres by, 6

Midfeather, 35

Milk of lime, 33, 72, 110

Millboard, 175, 182

Mincing the fibre, 102

Mineral blue, 171 orange, 166

Miscellaneous papers, 174

Mixed fines, 20 prints, 20

Mixing colouring materials with pulp, 168

Mohr's alkalimeter, 223

Molasses, 180

Morfit's process for toughening paper, 178

Morocco papers, stains for, 171

Mucilage, 94

Mustard oil, 46 stems, 10

Nascent chlorine, 96

Netting, old, 11

New Japanese paper, 180 method of bleaching, 100

New rags, 20

New Zealand flax, 8, 10

Nitric acid, 66

Nitro-hydrochloric acid, 64

Nitrous acid, 66

Notes and tables, 235

Nutgalls, 166

Nuttall's rag-cutter, 24

Oak-bark, 166

Oakum, 11

Objections to the acid or bisulphite process, 74

Ochre, American, 167 yellow, 165, 166

Oil, boiled, 179 cotton-seed, soap, 121 of eucalyptus, 178 linseed, 179 mustard, 46 resin, 178 of turpentine, 179 of vitriol, 100

Oiled paper, 180

Old bagging, 10 bast bagging, 10 canvas, 10 netting, 11 rope, 10 style, 157

Operation of beating, 107

Oran esparto, 47

Orange chrome, 166 lake, 238 mineral, 166 red gold envelope, 167 yellow, 171

Organic acid, 99

Outshot cottons, 20

Outshots (whites), 20

Overhaulers, 22

Oxalic acid, 98

Oxide of cobalt, 165 iron, 34 zinc, 99

Packing the finished paper, 163

Pale blue, 170

Panels, millboard, 175

Pasteboard, 179

Paper, animal-sized, 123 antique, 157 blotting, 21, 181 blue, 19 breaking points of, method of determining, 240 "broke," 85 or cardboard with two faces made by ordinary machinery, 182 colouring, for artificial flowers, 168 copying, 120 cork, 180 cutting machine, Verny's, 187 double sized, 126 hand-made, 129 new Japanese, 180 machine, Bertrams' large, 134 Fourdrinier's, 133 Yankee, 152 making by hand, 129 by machinery, 133 machinery used in, 184 materials used in, 9 manilla, 85 imitation manilla, from wood, 239 Morfit's process for toughening, 178 mulberry, 18 bark, 10 oiled, 180 old style, 157 parchment, 181 shavings, 58 sizes of, 164 strength of, 240 Parkinson's contrivance for determining, 240 toned, 165 toughening, 178 tracing, 179 transparent, 179 turmeric, 183 varnished, 179 vegeto-mineral, 115 waste, 85 boiling, 86 Ryan's process for treating, 87 water-marked, 130 waterproof, 174 Jouglet's process, 177 for windows, 181 coloured, 165 miscellaneous, 174 Morocco, stains for, 171 printing, 164 satin, stains for, 172 test, 183 wrapping, 178 writing, 164

Parchment liquor, 171 paper, 181 shavings, 171

Paris blue, 169

Parker and Blackman's disinfecting machine, 12

Parting, 131

Partington's process, 71

Pearl alum, 119

Pearlash, 238

Pearl hardening, 114

Peat, 10

Pectin, 6

Pectose, 6

Perchloride of tin, 236

Perfecting engine, Marshall's, 201

Pernitrate of iron, 165

Peroxide of manganese, 94

Petroleum, 178

Phormium tenax, 8

Physical characteristics of cellulose, 3

Picking esparto, 40

Pictet and Brélaz's process, 64

Pieces, cotton, 20 linen, 20

Pink, 166 English, 172

Plate-glazing, 157 calender, reversing, 191 planing machine, 190

Poplar, 10, 60

Porion's evaporator, 208

Porous alum, 167

Potash, 74 carbonate of, 235 caustic, 3, 7 yellow prussiate of, 165

Potassa, carbonate of, 235

Potassium, chloride of, 95 iodide of, 111 ferrocyanide of, 165

Potcher, 37

Poucher, 39

Poumarède and Figuier's process for parchment paper, 181

Preliminary operations, 19 treatment of esparto, 40

Preparation of animal size, 122 bleaching liquor, 92 lakes, 235 test acid, 225

Press, glazing, Donkin's, 157

Press-rolls, 150

Presse-pâte, 51

Printing-paper, 103 papers, 164

Prints, light, 20 mixed, 20

Process, Adamson's, 77 American wood pulp, 60 Andreoli's electrolytic bleaching, 96 arsenious acid, 231 Aussedat's, 63 Barre and Blondel's, 66 Blitz's, 72 Carbonell's esparto, 46 Coupier and Mellier's, 80 C. Watt's electrolytic bleaching, 94 Diana's, for making paper with two faces by ordinary machinery, 182 Dr. Mitscherlich's, 71 Eckman's, 70 Francke's bisulphite, 68 Fridet and Matussière's, 66 Gaine's, for making parchment paper, 182 Graham's, 73 Hermite's electrolytic bleaching, 96 Jouglet's, for preparing waterproof paper, 177 Keegan's, 59 Lunge's bleaching, 98 Mallary's esparto, 46 Mellier's, 84 Morfit's, 178 Partington's, 71 Pictet and Brélaz's, 64 Poumarède and Figuier's, 181 retting, 129 Ritter and Kellner's, 71 Ryan's, 87 Scoffern and Tidcombe's, 174 Sinclair's, 58 Thompson's, 97 Thune's, 79 Voelter's, 78 Watt and Burgess's, 55 Wright's, 175 Young's, 50 Young and Pettigrew's, 66

Processes, acid or bisulphite, objections to, 74 McDougall's boiler for, 72 chemical, 55 mechanical, 78 sulphide, 77 sulphite, 68

Prussian blue, 165

Prussiate of potash, 165

Pulp, ground wood, 85 long-fibred, 111 mechanical wood, 113 mixing colouring matter with, 168 rag, 72

Pulp saver, 143 conical, 144 strainers, 137 Bertrams' revolving, 137 Roeckner's, 140

Pulp, sulphite, 68, 160 wood, American, 60 first introduced by Mr. C. Watt, 17 imitation Manilla from, 239

Pump, vacuum, 149

Quercitron, 166

Rag bagging, 11 boiler, Bertrams', 29 Donkin's, 30 cutter, Nuttall's, 24 cutting-machine, Bertrams', 23 Donkin's, 26 engine, 34 Bentley and Jackson's, 38 Bertrams', 37 pulp, 72

Rags, 11 Alexandria, 21 Baltic, 21 Belgian, 20 Beyrout, 21 blue, 19 boiling, 29 cotton, 10 country, 21 disinfecting, 12 foreign, 20 French, 20 German, 21 home, 20 Leghorn, 21 linen, 10 new, 20 Russian, 21 sorting, 19 treatment of, 19 Trieste, 21 Turkey, 21 woollen, 21

Rattan cane, 10

Raw materials, 10

Recognition of vegetable fibres by the microscope, 6

Recovery of soda, American system, 218 from spent liquor, 204

Red, cherry, 170 dark, 170 litmus paper, 183 ochre, 172 pale, 171 Turkey, 170 Venetian, 166

Reds, aniline, 166

Reeds, 10

Reeling machine, Bertrams', 197

Refining or beating, 101 engine, 159 Jordan's, 103 engines, American, Mr. Wyatt on, 103

Regulating box, 136

Resin, 6, 115 oil, 178 size, 118 soap, 116

Resinous soaps, 179

Retree, 85, 164

Retting, 4 process of, 129

Reversing or plate-glazing calender, 190

Revolving knife, 161 cutter, 162 strainer and knotter, 137

Rhamnus catharticus, 169

Ritter and Kellner's process, 71

Roeckner's boiler, 45 clarifier, 199 evaporator, 206 pulp strainers, 140

Roll-bar planing machine, 191

Rolls, couch, 149 press, 150 smoothing, 151, 152

Rope, 20 bagging, 20 hard, 20 tarred, 20 white, 20

Round-ribbed fibres, 5

Royal, 164

Russian rags, 21

Ryan's process for treating waste paper, 87

Sailcloth, 11

Salt of tartar, 235

Sampling alkalies, 227

Sandarac, gum, 179

Sand-table, 136 tables, 149 trap, 50, 136

Sap green, 169

Satin papers, stains for, 172

Save-all, 143

Sawdust, 10

Scarlet lake, 171

Schweinfurth green, 171

Scoffern and Tidcombe's process for waterproof paper, 174

Sea grass, 11

Seaweeds, 178

Second press-roll, 150

Seconds rags, 20

Seconds, whites, 20

Self-acting dry felt regulator, 186 cleansing strainer, 139

Separating tank, 61

Setting, 174

Settling of the pulp, 131

Sfax esparto, 47

Shavings, paper, 58 parchment, 171 wood, 10, 55

Shoddy, 11

Silk cocoon waste, 11

Silver white, 173

Sinclair's esparto boiler, 42, 43 process, 58

Single-cylinder machine, 152

Single-sheet cutter, 162 web-winding machine, 188

Sizal, or sisal hemp, 8

Size, animal, preparation of, 122 engine, French method of preparing, 120 resin, 118

Sizes of paper, 164

Sizing, 115 American method of, 123 and finishing, 132 machine, 126 tub or animal, 122 Mr. Wyatt's remarks on, 127 zinc soaps in, 121

Skip, 153

Small post, 164

Smalts blue, 121, 165

Smoothing presses, three-roll, 194 rolls, 151, 152

Soap, Castile, 121 cotton-seed oil, 121 resin, 116

Soaps, zinc, in sizing, 121

Soda, anhydrous, 225 ash, 31, 227 calcined, 93 carbonate, 31 caustic, 31 table showing the quantities of leys of different densities, 243 dry, Dalton's table, showing the proportion of, in leys of different densities, 241 hydrate of, 225 hypochlorite of, 8 hyposulphite of, 110 ley, caustic, 31 recovery of, 104 recovery of, American system of, 218 solutions, caustic, table showing strength of, 241 sulphite of, 110 thiosulphite of, 110, 233

Sodas, commercial, examination of, 221

Sodium, chloride of, 95, 109 hypochlorite of, 96 thiosulphite of, 233

Sorting rags, 19, 22

Sour bleaching, 91

Souring, 99

Spanish annotta, 238 esparto, 47

Spent liquors, recovery of soda from, 204 liquors, 218

Spiral fibres, 8

Spruce, 60

Stable manure, 11

Staining power of ultramarines, 240

Stains for Morocco papers, 171 satin papers, 172

Standard test-acid solution, 225

Starch paste, 117

Strainer and knotter, Bertrams' revolving, 137 self-cleansing, 139

Strainers, 57, 137 Roeckner's pulp, 140

Straw, 16 boiling, 81 buckwheat, 10 fibres, 4 wheat, 10

Strength of paper, determination of, 240

Strings, 20

Strong linens, 20

Stuff-chests, 57, 112, 136 pump, 136

Sturtevant blower, 60

Suction boxes, 148

Sulphate of alumina, 100 aniline, 8 copper, 146 indigo, 232 iron, 170 lime, 100 magnesia, 46 zinc, 99, 119

Sulphide processes, 77

Sulphite fibre, 76 and resin, 76 processes, 68 pulp, 68 of soda, 110 wood pulp, 160

Sulphur, 72, 225

Sulphuric acid, 47, 91, 99 anhydrous, 225

Sulphurous acid, 175 gas, 55

Super-calendering, 157 American, Mr. Wyatt on, 157

Superfine white cotton, 20

Superfines, white, 20

Supply-box, 136

Surface-sizing, 122

Susa esparto, 47

Table of boiling points of alkaline leys, 243 French and English thermometer scales, 244 French weights and measures, 245 showing proportion of dry soda in leys of different densities, 241 showing the quantity of bleaching liquid to be used, 244 showing the quantity of bleach liquor required to be added to weaker liquors, 244 showing the quantity of caustic sodas in leys of different densities, 243 showing the specific gravity corresponding with the degrees of Baumé's hydrometer, 242 of strength of caustic soda solutions, 241 of weights and measures of the metrical system, 245

Tables and notes, 235 sand, 149

Tan waste, 10

Tarpaulin, 11, 77

Tarred hemp, 20 rope, 20 string, 20

Tartar, salts of, 235

Tea colour, 167

Test acid, preparation of, 224, 225 for chlorine, 110 liquor, 232 papers, 183

Testing chloride of lime, 232 ultramarines, 239

Thermometer scales, comparative French and English, 244

Thiosulphite of soda, 110 sodium, 233

Thirds, whites, 20

Thompson's bleaching process, 97

Three-roll smoothing process, 194

Thune's process, 79

Tiles, paper, 175

Tin, citrate of, 169 perchloride of, 236

Tobacco stalks, 10

Toned paper, 165

Torrance's drainer, 39

Toughening paper, 178

Tracing paper, 179

Tragacanth, gum, 168

Transparent paper, 179

Treatment of esparto, 40 rags, 19, 29 various fibres, 80 wood, 53, 68

Triethyl rose aniline, 98

Tripoli esparto, 47

Tub-sizing, 122

Turmeric paper, 183

Turkish minium, 170

Turkey rags, 21 red, 170

Turpentine, oil of, 179 Venice, 179

Twaddell's hydrometer, 238

Ultramarine, 121, 165 artificial, preparation of, 238

Ultramarines, staining power of, 240 testing, 239

Umpherston's beating-engine, 105

Unbleached cottons, 20

Vacuum pumps, 149

Vanadate of ammonia, 72

Various fibres, treatment of, 80

Varnished paper, 179

Varrentrapp's zinc bleach liquor, 100

Vat for hand paper-making, 129

Vegetable fibres, micrographic examination of, 5

Vegetable fibres, recognition of, by the microscope, 6

Vegeto-mineral paper, 115

Venetian red, 166

Venice turpentine, 179

Verdigris, 169

Verny's paper-cutting machine, 187

Violet, 171 dark, 172 light, 171

Vitriol, oil of, 57, 90, 106

Voelter's process for preparing mechanical wood pulp, 78

Volumetric assaying, 224

Vulcanised india-rubber, 223

Vulcanite, 148

Washing, American, 61 boiled esparto, 49 and breaking, 34 engine, 37 cylinder for rag-engine, 193

Waste, cotton, 10 cotton-seed, 10 flax, 10 hemp, 10 jute, 10 linen, 10 liquors, recovery of soda from, 204 paper, 10, 85 boiling, 86 Ryan's process for, 87 tan, 10

Water-marked paper, 130

Water-marking, 146

Water-marks, De la Rue's improvements in, 147

Waterproof composition for paper, 177 paper, 174 for flooring, 177 Jouglet's process, 177 for roofing, 177

Watt and Burgess's wood-paper process, 55

Watt's electrolytic bleaching process, 94

Wax, 6, 120 soap, 169

Web-glazing, 154 calender, Bertrams', 196

Web-ripping machine, 198

Weights and measures, French table of, 245

Weights and measures of the metrical system, 245

Wet machines, 57

White cellulose, 76 copal, 179 hemp, 20 lead, 171 linens, 20

Willow and duster, Bertrams', 25 Masson, Scott, and Co.'s, 40

Willowing, 24 esparto, 41

Wilson's bleach liquor, 100

Winding machine, single-web, 188

Wood, acid treatment of, 64 fibre, 53 paper, Watt's patent for, 17 pulp, American method of preparing, 60 pulp, chemical, 54 mechanical, 113 shavings, 10, 55, 77 pulp, sulphite, 160 treatment of, 53, 68 pulp, Voelter's mechanical process for preparing, 78 waste, dyers', 10

Woollen rags, 21

Wrapping papers, 178

Wright's process for preparing cupro-ammonium, 175

Writing papers, 164

Wyatt, Mr., on American refining engines, 103 on American super-calendering, 157

Wyatt, Mr., on sizing, 127

Xyloidin, 67

Yankee machine, 152

Yaryan evaporator, 208

Yellow chrome, 166 gold envelope, 167 lake, 238 ochre, 165, 166 pale, 172, 173 pine fibre, 4

Young's method of bleaching, 100

Young and Pettigrew's process, 66

Young's process for cleaning esparto, 50

Zinc bleach liquor, 99 chloride of, 99 oxide of, 99, 100 salts, 100 soaps in sizing, 121 sulphate of, 99, 119

Zostera marina, 11

PRINTED BY J. S. VIRTUE AND CO., LIMITED, CITY ROAD, LONDON

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Cantor Lectures, _Journal of Society of Arts_, vol. xxvi. p. 74.

[2] Needle-shaped, slender and sharp-pointed.

[3] Manilla hemp.

[4] For this purpose, a microscope having a magnifying power of 120 to 150 diameters will be found efficient.

[5] "Commercial Organic Analysis." By A. H. Allen, F.C.S., vol. i. p. 316.

[6] For Table of French Measures see end of this work.

[7] _Pectous_, pertaining to or consisting of _pectose_ or _pectin_. Pectose is a substance contained in the pulp of unripe fleshy fruit, also in fleshy roots and other vegetable organs. It is insoluble in water, but under the influence of acids is transformed into _pectin_.

[8] A _litre_ equals 34 fluid ounces _nearly_.

[9] "Commercial Organic Analysis." By A. H. Allen, F.C.S., vol. i.

[10] _Septa_, plural of _septum_, a partition, as the partitions of an orange, for example.

[11] "Manufacture of Paper." By C. T. Davis, Philadelphia, 1887.

[12] Patent dated 16th December, 1884, No. 539.

[13] "Forestry and Forest Products," p. 501, and Cross and Bevan's "Text Book of Paper-making," p. 65.

[14] "Practical Paper Maker," by James Dunbar. Mackenzie and Storrie, Leith, 1887.

[15] "Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Paper." By Carl Hofmann, Philadelphia, 1873.

[16] _The Chemist._ Edited by Charles and John Watt, p. 552; 1855.

[17] _School of Mines Quarterly, a Journal of Applied Science._ Jan., 1889.

[18] The _cord_ is a pile containing 128 cubic feet, or a pile 8 feet long, 4 feet high, and 4 feet broad.

[19] Wagner's "Jahresb." 1860, p. 188.

[20] _Paper-Makers Monthly Journal_, March 15th, 1889.

[21] Sometimes also called _thiosulphite of soda_.

[22] "The Art of Soap-making." By Alexander Watt. London, Crosby Lockwood and Son, 4th edition, 1890.

[23] Sometimes called "concentrated alum," "pearl alum," etc.

[24] Muspratt's "Chemistry Applied to the Arts."

[25] "Art of Leather Manufacture." By Alexander Watt. Crosby Lockwood and Son, 1885.

[26] "Proceedings of the Society of Civil Engineers," vol. lxxix. p. 245.

[27] _Paper-Makers' Monthly Journal_, April 15th, 1889.

[28] The berries of _Rhamnus catharticus_ made into a decoction by boiling.

[29] _Paper Trade Journal_, New York, April 20th, 1889.

[30] _Sanitary World_, March 29th, 1884.

[31] _Industries_, January 25th, 1889.

[32] "Seventh Annual Report of Local Government Board," 1877-8.

[33] School of Mines _Quarterly Journal of Applied Science_, January, 1889, New York.

[34] These balances may be obtained from Mr. Oertling, Coppice Row, London, or of any philosophical instrument maker.

[35] There are two principal methods of analysing or assaying alkalies by means of the test-acid, namely, _volumetric_, or by volume, and _gravimetric_, or by weight, in which a specific gravity bottle, capable of holding exactly 1,000 grains of distilled water, is used.

[36] New York _Paper Trade Journal_, 1878.

* * * * *

7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LONDON, E.C. _May, 1894._

A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS

INCLUDING NEW AND STANDARD WORKS IN ENGINEERING: CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND MARINE; ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING; MINING, METALLURGY; ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, INDUSTRIAL AND DECORATIVE ARTS; SCIENCE, TRADE AND MANUFACTURES; AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING; AUCTIONEERING, VALUING AND ESTATE AGENCY; LAW AND MISCELLANEOUS.

PUBLISHED BY CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON.

* * * * *

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc.

_=D. K. Clark's Pocket-Book for Mechanical Engineers.=_

_THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK OF TABLES, FORMULÆ, RULES AND DATA._ A Handy Book of Reference for Daily Use in Engineering Practice. By D. KINNEAR CLARK, M. Inst. C. E., Author of "Railway Machinery," "Tramways," &c. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Small 8vo, 700 pages, 9_s_. bound in flexible leather covers, with rounded corners and gilt edges.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.

MATHEMATICAL TABLES.--MEASUREMENT OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS.--ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.--FRENCH METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.--FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.--MONEYS.--SPECIFIC GRAVITY, WEIGHT AND VOLUME--MANUFACTURED METALS.--STEEL PIPES.--BOLTS AND NUTS.--SUNDRY ARTICLES IN WROUGHT AND CAST IRON, COPPER, BRASS, LEAD, TIN, ZINC.--STRENGTH OF MATERIALS.--STRENGTH OF TIMBER.--STRENGTH OF CAST IRON.--STRENGTH OF WROUGHT IRON.--STRENGTH OF STEEL.--TENSILE STRENGTH OF COPPER, LEAD, ETC.--RESISTANCE OF STONES AND OTHER BUILDING MATERIALS.--RIVETED JOINTS IN BOILER PLATES.--BOILER SHELLS--WIRE ROPES AND HEMP ROPES.--CHAINS AND CHAIN CABLES.--FRAMING.--HARDNESS OF METALS, ALLOYS AND STONES.--LABOUR OF ANIMALS.--MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES.--GRAVITY AND FALL OF BODIES.--ACCELERATING AND RETARDING FORCES.--MILL GEARING, SHAFTING, ETC.--TRANSMISSION OF MOTIVE POWER.--HEAT.--COMBUSTION: FUELS.--WARMING, VENTILATION, COOKING STOVES.--STEAM.--STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS.--RAILWAYS.--TRAMWAYS.--STEAM SHIPS.--PUMPING STEAM ENGINES AND PUMPS.--COAL GAS, GAS ENGINES, ETC.--AIR IN MOTION.--COMPRESSED AIR.--HOT AIR ENGINES.--WATER POWER.--SPEED OF CUTTING TOOLS.--COLOURS.--ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.

*** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"Mr. Clark manifests what is an innate perception of what is likely to be useful in a pocket-book, and he is really unrivalled in the art of condensation. Very frequently we find the information on a given subject is supplied by giving a summary description of an experiment, and a statement of the results obtained. There is a very excellent steam table, occupying five and-a-half pages; and there are rules given for several calculations, which rules cannot be found in other pocket-books, as, for example, that on page 497, for getting at the quantity of water in the shape of priming in any known weight of steam. It is very difficult to hit upon any mechanical engineering subject concerning which this work supplies no information, and the excellent index at the end adds to its utility. In one word, it is an exceedingly handy and efficient tool, possessed of which the engineer will be saved many a wearisome calculation, or yet more wearisome hunt through various text-books and treatises, and, as such, we can heartily recommend it to our readers, who must not run away with the idea that Mr. Clark's Pocket-book is only Molesworth in another form. On the contrary, each contains what is not to be found in the other; and Mr. Clark takes more room and deals at more length with many subjects than Molesworth possibly could."--_The Engineer._

"It would be found difficult to compress more matter within a similar compass, or produce a book of 650 pages which should be more compact or convenient for pocket reference.... Will be appreciated by mechanical engineers of all classes."--_Practical Engineer._

"Just the kind of work that practical men require to have near to them."--_English Mechanic._

_MR. HUTTON'S PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS._

_=Handbook for Works' Managers.=_

_THE WORKS' MANAGER'S HANDBOOK OF MODERN RULES, TABLES, AND DATA._ For Engineers, Millwrights, and Boiler Makers; Tool Makers, Machinists, and Metal Workers; Iron and Brass Founders, &c. By W. S. HUTTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of "The Practical Engineer's Handbook." Fourth Edition, carefully Revised and partly Re-written. In One handsome Volume, medium 8vo, price 15_s._ strongly bound.

==> _The Author having compiled Rules and Data for his own use in a great variety of modern engineering work, and having found his notes extremely useful, decided to publish them--revised to date--believing that a practical work, suited to the_ DAILY REQUIREMENTS OF MODERN ENGINEERS, _would be favourably received._

_In the Fourth Edition the First Section has been re-written and improved by the addition of numerous Illustrations and new matter relating to_ STEAM ENGINES _and_ GAS ENGINES. _The Second Section has been enlarged and Illustrated, and throughout the book a great number of emendations and alterations have been made, with the object of rendering the book more generally useful._

*** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"The author treats every subject from the point of view of one who has collected workshop notes for application in workshop practice, rather than from the theoretical or literary aspect. The volume contains a great deal of that kind of information which is gained only by practical experience, and is seldom written in books."--_Engineer._

"The volume is an exceedingly useful one, brimful with engineers' notes, memoranda, and rules, and well worthy of being on every mechanical engineer's bookshelf."--_Mechanical World._

"The information is precisely that likely to be required in practice.... The work forms a desirable addition to the library not only of the works' manager, but of anyone connected with general engineering."--_Mining Journal._

"A formidable mass of facts and figures, readily accessible through an elaborate index.... Such a volume will be found absolutely necessary as a book of reference in all sorts of 'works' connected with the metal trades."--_Ryland's Iron Trades Circular._

"Brimful of useful information, stated in a concise form, Mr. Hutton's books have met a pressing want among engineers. The book must prove extremely useful to every practical man possessing a copy."--_Practical Engineer._

_=New Manual for Practical Engineers.=_

_THE PRACTICAL ENGINEER'S HAND-BOOK._ Comprising a Treatise on Modern Engines and Boilers: Marine, Locomotive and Stationary. And containing a large collection of Rules and Practical Data relating to recent Practice in Designing and Constructing all kinds of Engines, Boilers, and other Engineering work. The whole constituting a comprehensive Key to the Board of Trade and other Examinations for Certificates of Competency in Modern Mechanical Engineering. By WALTER S. HUTTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook for Engineers," &c. With upwards of 370 Illustrations. Fourth Edition, Revised, with Additions. Medium 8vo, nearly 500 pp., price 18_s._ Strongly bound.

==> _This work is designed as a companion to the Author's_ "WORKS' MANAGER'S HAND-BOOK." _It possesses many new and original features, and contains, like its predecessor, a quantity of matter not originally intended for publication, but collected by the author for his own use in the construction of a great variety of_ MODERN ENGINEERING WORK.

_The information is given in a condensed and concise form, and is illustrated by upwards of 370 Woodcuts; and comprises a quantity of tabulated matter of great value to all engaged in designing, constructing, or estimating for_ ENGINES, BOILERS, _and_ OTHER ENGINEERING WORK.

*** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"We have kept it at hand for several weeks, referring to it as occasion arose, and we have not on a single occasion consulted its pages without finding the information of which we were in quest."--_Athenæum._

"A thoroughly good practical handbook, which no engineer can go through without learning something that will be of service to him."--_Marine Engineer._

"An excellent book of reference for engineers, and a valuable text-book for students of engineering."--_Scotsman._

"This valuable manual embodies the results and experience of the leading authorities on mechanical engineering."--_Building News._

"The author has collected together a surprising quantity of rules and practical data, and has shown much judgment in the selections he has made.... There is no doubt that this book is one of the most useful of its kind published, and will be a very popular compendium."--_Engineer._

"A mass of information, set down in simple language, and in such a form that it can be easily referred to at any time. The matter is uniformly good and well chosen and is greatly elucidated by the illustrations. The book will find its way on to most engineers' shelves, where it will rank as one of the most useful books of reference."--_Practical Engineer._

"Full of useful information and should be found on the office shelf of all practical engineers."--_English Mechanic._

_=Practical Treatise on Modern Steam-Boilers.=_

_STEAM-BOILER CONSTRUCTION._ A Practical Handbook for Engineers, Boiler-Makers, and Steam Users. Containing a large Collection of Rules and Data relating to Recent Practice in the Design, Construction, and Working of all Kinds of Stationary, Locomotive, and Marine Steam-Boilers. By WALTER S. HUTTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook," "The Practical Engineer's Handbook," &c. With upwards of 300 Illustrations. Second Edition. Medium 8vo, 18_s._ cloth.

==> _This work is issued in continuation of the Series of Handbooks written by the Author, viz_:--"THE WORKS' MANAGER'S HANDBOOK" _and_ "THE PRACTICAL ENGINEER'S HANDBOOK," _which are so highly appreciated by Engineers for the practical nature of their information; and is consequently written in the same style as those works_.

The Author believes that the concentration, in a convenient form for easy reference, of such a large amount of thoroughly practical information on Steam-Boilers, will be of considerable service to those for whom it is intended, and he trusts the book may be deemed worthy of as favourable a reception as has been accorded to its predecessors.

*** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"Every detail, both in boiler design and management, is clearly laid before the reader. The volume shows that boiler construction has been reduced to the condition of one of the most exact sciences; and such a book is of the utmost value to the _fin de siècle_ Engineer and Works' Manager."--_Marine Engineer._

"There has long been room for a modern handbook on steam boilers; there is not that room now, because Mr. Hutton has filled it. It is a thoroughly practical book for those who are occupied in the construction, design, selection, or use of boilers."--_Engineer._

"The book is of so important and comprehensive a character that it must find its way into the libraries of everyone interested in boiler using or boiler manufacture if they wish to be thoroughly informed. We strongly recommend the book for the intrinsic value of its contents."--_Machinery Market._

"The value of this book can hardly be over-estimated. The author's rules, formulæ, &c., are all very fresh, and it is impossible to turn to the work and not find what you want. No practical engineer should be without it."--_Colliery Guardian._

_=Hutton's "Modernised Templeton."=_

_THE PRACTICAL MECHANICS' WORKSHOP COMPANION._ Comprising a great variety of the most useful Rules and Formulæ in Mechanical Science, with numerous Tables of Practical Data and Calculated Results for Facilitating Mechanical Operations. By WILLIAM TEMPLETON, Author of "The Engineer's Practical Assistant," &c. &c. Sixteenth Edition, Revised, Modernised, and considerably Enlarged by WALTER S. HUTTON, C.E., Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook," "The Practical Engineer's Handbook," &c. Fcap. 8vo, nearly 500 pp., with 8 Plates and upwards of 250 Illustrative Diagrams, 6_s._, strongly bound for workshop or pocket wear and tear.

*** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"In Its modernised form Hutton's 'Templeton' should have a wide sale, for it contains much valuable information which the mechanic will often find of use, and not a few tables and notes which he might look for in vain in other works. This modernised edition will be appreciated by all who have learned to value the original editions of 'Templeton'.--_English Mechanic._

"It has met with great success in the engineering workshop, as we can testify; and there are a great many men who, in a great measure, owe their rise in life to this little book."--_Building News._

"This familiar text-book--well known to all mechanics and engineers--is of essential service to the every-day requirements of engineers, millwrights, and the various trades connected with engineering and building. The new modernised edition is worth its weight in gold."--_Building News._ (Second Notice.)

"This well-known and largely-used book contains information, brought up to date, of the sort so useful to the foreman and draughtsman. So much fresh information has been introduced as to constitute it practically a new book. It will be largely used in the office and workshop."--_Mechanical World._

"The publishers wisely entrusted the task of revision of this popular, valuable, and useful book to Mr. Hutton, than whom a more competent man they could not have found."--_Iron._

_=Templeton's Engineer's and Machinist's Assistant.=_

_THE ENGINEER'S, MILLWRIGHT'S, and MACHINIST'S PRACTICAL ASSISTANT._ A collection of Useful Tables, Rules and Data. By WILLIAM TEMPLETON. 7th Edition, with Additions. 18mo, 2_s._ 6_d._ cloth.

*** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"Occupies a foremost place among books of this kind. A more suitable present to an apprentice to any of the mechanical trades could not possibly be made."--_Building News._

"A deservedly popular work. It should be in the 'drawer' of every mechanic."--_English Mechanic._

_=Foley's Office Reference Book for Mechanical Engineers.=_

_THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S REFERENCE BOOK_, for Machine and Boiler Construction. In Two Parts. Part I. GENERAL ENGINEERING DATA. Part II. BOILER CONSTRUCTION. With 51 Plates and numerous Illustrations. By NELSON FOLEY, M.I.N.A. Folio, £5 5_s._ half-bound.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.