Part 267
Niger France 16.6%, China 10.9%, Algeria 9.6%, Nigeria 7.4%, French Polynesia 6.5%, Belgium 4.2%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.2% (2008)
Nigeria China 13.8%, Netherlands 9.6%, US 8.4%, UK 5.3%, South Korea 5.2%, France 4.3% (2008)
Norway Sweden 14.4%, Germany 13.4%, Denmark 6.9%, China 6.4%, UK 5.9%, US 5.4%, Netherlands 4.2% (2008)
Oman UAE 27.2%, Japan 15.6%, US 5.7%, China 4.6%, India 4.5%, South Korea 4.2%, Germany 4.2% (2008)
Pakistan China 14.1%, Saudi Arabia 12%, UAE 11.2%, Kuwait 5.4%, India 4.8%, US 4.7%, Malaysia 4.1% (2008)
Panama US 29.6%, Costa Rica 5%, China 5%, Japan 4.2% (2008)
Papua New Guinea Australia 42.6%, Singapore 15.6%, China 11%, Japan 5.8%, Malaysia 4.3% (2008)
Paraguay Brazil 27.2%, US 22.1%, Argentina 14.9%, China 10.4% (2008)
Peru US 23.7%, China 10.6%, Brazil 7.5%, Ecuador 6.5%, Chile 5.1%, Argentina 5%, Mexico 4.5% (2008)
Philippines US 12.8%, Japan 11.8%, Singapore 10.3%, Saudi Arabia 8.5%, China 7.5%, South Korea 5.2%, Thailand 5%, Malaysia 4.3% (2008)
Poland Germany 28.3%, Russia 9.9%, Italy 6.2%, Netherlands 5.4%, France 4.8%, China 4.5%, Czech Republic 4% (2008)
Portugal Spain 28.9%, Germany 11.6%, France 8%, Italy 4.9%, Netherlands 4.4% (2008)
Qatar US 12.1%, Germany 9%, Italy 8.9%, Japan 8%, South Korea 7.5%, France 6.2%, UAE 5.5%, UK 4.9%, Saudi Arabia 4.6%, Turkey 4.2%, China 4.2% (2008)
Romania Germany 16.3%, Italy 11.4%, Hungary 7.4%, Russia 6%, France 5.7%, Turkey 4.9%, Austria 4.9%, Kazakhstan 4.6%, China 4.2% (2008)
Russia Germany 13.5%, China 13.2%, Japan 6.5%, Ukraine 6%, US 4.5%, Italy 4.3% (2008)
Rwanda Kenya 15.2%, Uganda 13.3%, China 6.3%, Belgium 5.3%, Germany 4.5% (2008)
Saint Kitts and Nevis US 46.8%, Trinidad and Tobago 14.8%, UK 4.1% (2008)
Saint Lucia Brazil 68%, US 11.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 7.4% (2008)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Singapore 27.1%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.2%, US 12.1%, China 8.5%, Italy 7.1%, Norway 5.1% (2008)
Samoa NZ 20.1%, Fiji 18.2%, Singapore 18.1%, China 8.7%, Australia 6.4% (2008)
Sao Tome and Principe Portugal 55.8%, Belgium 9.6%, Japan 9.3% (2008)
Saudi Arabia US 12.2%, China 10.5%, Japan 7.7%, Germany 7.4%, South Korea 5.1%, Italy 4.8%, India 4.2%, UK 4.1% (2008)
Senegal France 19.7%, UK 15.2%, China 6.7%, Belgium 4.6%, Thailand 4.4%, Netherlands 4.1% (2008)
Seychelles Saudi Arabia 17.5%, Singapore 12.4%, France 10.3%, Spain 8.1%, Germany 7%, India 5.4%, South Africa 4.7% (2008)
Sierra Leone China 10.3%, Cote d'Ivoire 8.8%, US 7.8%, Belgium 6.6%, UK 6.6%, Thailand 5.2%, India 4.2% (2008)
Singapore Malaysia 11.9%, US 11.8%, China 10.5%, Japan 8.1%, South Korea 5.6%, Indonesia 5.5%, Saudi Arabia 4.6% (2008)
Slovakia Germany 20%, Czech Republic 17.7%, Russia 10.6%, Hungary 6.9%, South Korea 5.2%, Austria 5%, Poland 4.9%, China 4.1% (2008)
Slovenia Germany 17.2%, Italy 16.6%, Austria 11.2%, France 4.7%, Croatia 4.1% (2008)
Solomon Islands Singapore 26.7%, Australia 18.1%, India 7.5%, Fiji 4.4%, Malaysia 4.4%, Papua New Guinea 4.3%, NZ 4% (2008)
Somalia Djibouti 29.2%, India 11.9%, Kenya 7.6%, US 6%, Oman 5.6%, UAE 5.5%, Yemen 4.7% (2008)
South Africa Germany 11.2%, China 11.1%, US 7.9%, Saudi Arabia 6.2%, Japan 5.5%, UK 4% (2008)
Spain Germany 14.5%, France 11.1%, Italy 7.4%, China 6.3%, UK 4.6%, Netherlands 4.4% (2008)
Sri Lanka India 20.3%, China 12.2%, Iran 7.6%, Singapore 7.4%, South Korea 4.7% (2008)
Sudan China 20%, Saudi Arabia 8.4%, UAE 6.2%, India 6.1%, Egypt 5.5%, Italy 4.1% (2008)
Suriname US 31.2%, Netherlands 15.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 14.2%, China 7.7%, Japan 6.4% (2008)
Sweden Germany 17.5%, Denmark 9.4%, Norway 8.6%, UK 6.2%, Finland 5.7%, Netherlands 5.6%, France 5%, Russia 4.4%, China 4.2% (2008)
Switzerland Germany 33.3%, Italy 11%, France 9.4%, US 5.8%, Netherlands 4.6%, Austria 4% (2008)
Syria Saudi Arabia 11.7%, China 8.7%, Russia 6.4%, Italy 5.9%, Egypt 5.8%, UAE 5.8%, Turkey 4.3%, Iran 4.2% (2008)
Taiwan Japan 19.3%, China 13%, US 10.9%, Saudi Arabia 6.3%, South Korea 5.5% (2008 est.)
Tajikistan Russia 32.3%, China 11.9%, Kazakhstan 8.8%, Uzbekistan 4.7% (2008)
Tanzania China 14.4%, India 9%, South Africa 7.7%, Kenya 6.9%, UAE 5.9% (2008)
Thailand Japan 18.8%, China 11.2%, US 6.4%, UAE 6%, Malaysia 5.5%, Saudi Arabia 4.1%, Singapore 4% (2008)
Togo China 34.2%, Netherlands 7.5%, France 6.8%, India 6.5%, Thailand 4.9% (2008)
Tonga Fiji 36.8%, NZ 23.9%, US 9.3%, Australia 8.8%, China 4.9% (2008)
Trinidad and Tobago US 26.8%, Brazil 9.8%, Venezuela 7.9%, Colombia 6.2%, China 4.1%, Gabon 4% (2008)
Tunisia France 21.5%, Italy 19.3%, Germany 9%, Libya 4.6%, Spain 4.5% (2008)
Turkey Russia 15.5%, Germany 9.3%, China 7.8%, US 5.9%, Italy 5.5%, France 4.5%, Iran 4.1% (2008)
Turkmenistan China 16.9%, Russia 15.9%, Turkey 14%, UAE 10.3%, Ukraine 7.9%, Germany 5.6%, Iran 5.1% (2008)
Uganda UAE 11.4%, Kenya 11.3%, India 10.4%, China 8.1%, South Africa 6.7%, Japan 5.9% (2008)
Ukraine Russia 22.7%, Germany 8.4%, Turkmenistan 6.6%, China 6.5%, Poland 5% (2008)
United Arab Emirates China 13.2%, India 10.4%, US 8.8%, Germany 6.5%, Japan 6.1%, Turkey 4.5%, Italy 4.3% (2008)
United Kingdom Germany 13.1%, US 8.7%, China 7.5%, Netherlands 7.4%, France 6.8%, Norway 6%, Belgium 4.7%, Italy 4.1% (2008)
United States China 16.5%, Canada 15.7%, Mexico 10.1%, Japan 6.6%, Germany 4.6% (2008)
Uruguay Argentina 19.9%, Brazil 16.5%, China 11.2%, US 9.9%, Paraguay 6.6%, Nigeria 4.6% (2008)
Uzbekistan Russia 24.7%, China 15.4%, South Korea 13.6%, Ukraine 7.2%, Germany 5.5%, Kazakhstan 4.9%, Turkey 4.1% (2008)
Vanuatu Australia 17.6%, US 15.9%, Japan 12%, Singapore 10.8%, China 8.5%, NZ 7.5%, Fiji 6.7% (2008)
Venezuela US 26.3%, Colombia 12.7%, Brazil 10.3%, China 7%, Mexico 4.8% (2008)
Vietnam China 19.4%, Singapore 11.6%, South Korea 8.8%, Thailand 6.1% (2008)
World China 10.3%, Germany 8.7%, US 8%, Japan 5% (2008)
Yemen UAE 14.7%, India 11.7%, China 11.3%, Saudi Arabia 6.9%, Kuwait 5.2% (2008)
Zambia South Africa 51.7%, UAE 8%, China 6.8%, India 4.5% (2008)
Zimbabwe South Africa 60.1%, China 4.2%, Botswana 3.7% (2008)
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@2062
Field Listing :: Economic aid - donor
Country
Economic aid - donor
Australia ODA, $2.123 billion (2006)
Austria ODA, $1.498 billion (2006)
Belgium ODA, $1.978 billion (2006)
Canada ODA, $3.9 billion (2007)
Cyprus $25.9 million (2006)
Denmark ODA, $2.236 billion (2006)
Finland ODA, $1.023 billion (2007)
France ODA, $10.6 billion (2006)
Germany ODA, $10.44 billion (2006)
Greece $424 million (2006)
Iceland $6.7 million (2004)
Ireland ODA, $1.022 billion (2006)
Italy ODA, $3.641 billion (2006)
Japan ODA, $11.19 billion (2006)
Korea, South ODA, $455.3 million (2006)
Luxembourg ODA, $291 million (2006)
Netherlands ODA, $5.452 billion (2006)
New Zealand ODA, $259 million (2006)
Norway ODA, $2.954 billion (2006)
Portugal ODA, $396 million (2006)
Saudi Arabia since 2002, Saudi Arabia has provided more than $480 million in budgetary support to the Palestinian Authority, supported Palestinian refugees through contributions to the UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), provided more than $250 million to Arab League funds for the Palestinians, and pledged $500 million in assistance over the next three years at the Donors Conference in Dec 2007; pledged $230 million to development in Afghanistan; pledged $1 billion in export guarantees and soft loans to Iraq; pledged $133 million in direct grant aid, $187 million in concessional loans, and $153 million in export credits for Pakistan earthquake relief; pledged a total of $1.59 billion to Lebanon in assistance and deposits to the Central Bank of Lebanon in 2006 and pledged an additional $1.1 billion in early 2007
Spain ODA, $3.814 billion (2006)
Sweden ODA, $3.955 billion (2006)
Switzerland ODA, $1.646 billion (2006)
United Arab Emirates since its founding in 1971, the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development has given about $5.2 billion in aid to 56 countries (2004)
United Kingdom ODA, $12.46 billion (2006)
United States ODA, $23.53 billion (2006)
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@2063
Field Listing :: Constitution
This entry includes the dates of adoption, revisions, and major amendments. Country
Constitution
Afghanistan new constitution drafted 14 December 2003-4 January 2004; signed 16 January 2004; ratified 26 January 2004
Akrotiri Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legal document
Albania approved by parliament on 21 October 1998; adopted by popular referendum on 22 November 1998; promulgated 28 November 1998
Algeria 8 September 1963; revised 19 November 1976; effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, 28 November 1996, 10 April 2002, and 12 November 2008
American Samoa ratified 2 June 1966; effective 1 July 1967
Andorra Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; approved by referendum 14 March 1993; effective 28 April 1993
Angola adopted by People's Assembly 25 August 1992
Anguilla Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990
Antigua and Barbuda 1 November 1981
Argentina 1 May 1853; amended many times starting in 1860
Armenia adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995; amendments adopted through a nationwide referendum 27 November 2005
Aruba 1 January 1986
Australia 9 July 1900; effective 1 January 1901
Austria 1920; revised 1929; reinstated 1 May 1945; note - during the period 1 May 1934-1 May 1945 there was a fascist (corporative) constitution in place
Azerbaijan adopted 12 November 1995; modified by referendum 24 August 2002
Bahamas, The 10 July 1973
Bahrain adopted 14 February 2002
Bangladesh 4 November 1972; effective 16 December 1972; suspended following coup of 24 March 1982; restored 10 November 1986; amended many times
Barbados 30 November 1966
Belarus 15 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became effective 27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removing presidential term limits
Belgium 7 February 1831; amended many times; revised 14 July 1993 to create a federal state
Belize 21 September 1981
Benin adopted by referendum 2 December 1990
Bermuda 8 June 1968; amended 1989 and 2003
Bhutan ratified 18 July 2008
Bolivia 2 February 1967; revised in August 1994; voters approved a new constitution on 25 January 2009
Bosnia and Herzegovina the Dayton Peace Accords, signed 14 December 1995 in Paris, included a new constitution now in force; note - each of the entities also has its own constitution
Botswana March 1965; effective 30 September 1966
Brazil 5 October 1988
British Virgin Islands 13 June 2007
Brunei 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)
Bulgaria adopted 12 July 1991
Burkina Faso approved by referendum 2 June 1991; formally adopted 11 June 1991; last amended January 2002
Burma 3 January 1974; suspended since 18 September 1988; a new constitution was approved on 10 May 2008; note - new constitution will take effect when a new parliament is convened following elections scheduled for 2010
Burundi ratified by popular referendum 28 February 2005
Cambodia promulgated 21 September 1993
Cameroon approved by referendum 20 May 1972; adopted 2 June 1972; revised January 1996
Canada made up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982, which transferred formal control over the constitution from Britain to Canada, and added a Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as well as procedures for constitutional amendments
Cape Verde 25 September 1992; a major revision on 23 November 1995 substantially increased the powers of the president; a 1999 revision created the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de Justica)
Cayman Islands The Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009, 6 November 2009
Central African Republic ratified by popular referendum 5 December 2004; effective 27 December 2004
Chad passed by referendum 31 March 1996; a June 2005 referendum removed constitutional term limits
Chile 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 1989, 1991, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, and 2005
China most recent promulgation 4 December 1982 with amendments in 1988 and 1993
Christmas Island Christmas Island Act of 1958-59 (1 October 1958) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 (23 November 1955) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Colombia 5 July 1991; amended many times
Comoros 23 December 2001
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 18 February 2006
Congo, Republic of the approved by referendum 20 January 2002
Cook Islands 4 August 1965
Costa Rica 7 November 1949
Cote d'Ivoire approved by referendum 23 July 2000
Croatia adopted on 22 December 1990; revised 2000, 2001
Cuba 24 February 1976; amended July 1992 and June 2002
Cyprus 16 August 1960 note: from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no longer participated in the government; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and for better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974 Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their own constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)" when the Turkish Cypriots declared their independence in 1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5 May 1985, although the "TRNC" remains unrecognized by any country other than Turkey
Czech Republic ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993; amended 1997, 2000, 2001 (twice), 2002
Denmark 5 June 1953; note - constitution allowed for a unicameral legislature and a female chief of state
Dhekelia Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legal document
Djibouti approved by referendum 4 September 1992; note - constitution allows for multiparties
Dominica 3 November 1978
Dominican Republic 28 November 1966; amended 25 July 2002
Ecuador 20 October 2008
Egypt 11 September 1971; amended 22 May 1980, 25 May 2005, and 26 March 2007
El Salvador 20 December 1983
Equatorial Guinea approved by national referendum 17 November 1991; amended January 1995
Eritrea adopted on 23 May 1997, but has not yet been fully implemented
Estonia adopted 28 June 1992
Ethiopia ratified 8 December 1994, effective 22 August 1995
European Union none note: based on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris, which set up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951; the Treaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957; the Single European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and the Treaty of Nice in 2003; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty, signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome, gave member states two years for ratification either by parliamentary vote or national referendum before it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006; defeat in French and Dutch referenda in May-June 2005 dealt a severe setback to the ratification process; in June 2007, the European Council agreed on a clear and concise mandate for an Intergovernmental Conference to form a political agreement and put it into legal form; this agreement, known as the Reform Treaty, would have served as a constitution and was presented to the European Council in October 2007 for individual country ratification; it was rejected by Irish voters in June 2008, again stalling the ratification process; the Reform Treaty, more recently known as the Treaty of Lisbon, was again circulated for ratification, and by November 2009 was approved by all 27 countries; it is scheduled to come into effect on 1 December 2009
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 3 October 1985; amended 1997 and 1998
Faroe Islands 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Fiji enacted 25 July 1997; effective 28 July 1998; note - it encourages multiculturalism and makes multiparty government mandatory
Finland 1 March 2000
France adopted by referendum 28 September 1958; effective 4 October 1958; amended many times note: amended concerning election of president in 1962; amended to comply with provisions of 1992 EC Maastricht Treaty, 1997 Amsterdam Treaty, 2003 Treaty of Nice; amended to tighten immigration laws in 1993; amended in 2000 to change the seven-year presidential term to a five-year term; amended in 2005 to make the EU constitutional treaty compatible with the Constitution of France and to ensure that the decision to ratify EU accession treaties would be made by referendum
French Polynesia 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Gabon adopted 14 March 1991
Gambia, The approved by national referendum 8 August 1996; effective 16 January 1997
Georgia adopted 24 August 1995
Germany 23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united Germany 3 October 1990
Ghana approved 28 April 1992
Gibraltar 5 June 2006; came into force 2 January 2007
Greece 11 June 1975; amended March 1986 and April 2001
Greenland (November 2008) Act on Greenland Self Government
Grenada 19 December 1973
Guam Organic Act of Guam, 1 August 1950
Guatemala 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; suspended 25 May 1993; reinstated 5 June 1993; amended November 1993
Guernsey unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Guinea 23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)
Guinea-Bissau 16 May 1984; amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26 February 1993, 9 June 1993, and in 1996
Guyana 6 October 1980
Haiti approved March 1987 note: suspended June 1988 with most articles reinstated March 1989; constitutional government ousted in a military coup in September 1991, although in October 1991 military government claimed to be observing the constitution; returned to constitutional rule in October 1994; constitution, while technically in force between 2004-2006, was not enforced; returned to constitutional rule in May 2006
Holy See (Vatican City) Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN PAUL II on 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replaced the first Fundamental Law of 1929)
Honduras 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended many times
Hong Kong Basic Law, approved in March 1990 by China's National People's Congress, is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"
Hungary 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949; revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989; and 1997 note: 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997 amendment streamlined the judicial system
Iceland 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944; amended many times
India 26 January 1950; amended many times
Indonesia August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amendments concluded in 2002
Iran 2-3 December 1979; revised in 1989 note: the revision in 1989 expanded powers of the presidency and eliminated the prime ministership
Iraq ratified on 15 October 2005 (subject to review by the Constitutional Review Committee and a possible public referendum )
Ireland adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite; effective 29 December 1937
Isle of Man unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act of 1961 does not embody the unwritten Manx Constitution
Israel no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the Basic Laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law; note - since May 2003 the Constitution, Law, and Justice Committee of the Knesset has been working on a draft constitution
Italy passed 11 December 1947, effective 1 January 1948; amended many times
Jamaica 6 August 1962
Japan 3 May 1947
Jersey unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Jordan 1 January 1952; amended many times
Kazakhstan first post-independence constitution adopted 28 January 1993; new constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995
Kenya 12 December 1963; amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, 2001; note - a new draft constitution was defeated by popular referendum in 2005
Kiribati 12 July 1979
Korea, North adopted 1948; revised several times
Korea, South 17 July 1948; note - amended or rewritten nine times; current constitution approved on 29 October 1987
Kosovo adopted by the Kosovo Assembly on 9 April 2008; effective 15 June 2008
Kuwait approved and promulgated 11 November 1962
Kyrgyzstan approved by referendum in November 2006 note: under the old constitution adopted on 5 May 1993, an amendment proposed by President Askar AKAEV and passed in a national referendum on 2 February 2003 significantly expanded the powers of the president at the expense of the legislature; during large-scale demonstrations in November 2006, President BAKIEV and the opposition negotiated a new constitution granting greater powers to the parliament and the government; amendments added on 30 December 2006 redistributed some power back to the president, but both November and December 2006 versions were annulled in September 2007, and a new version was approved by referendum on 21 October 2007; the BAKIEV-initiated referendum was criticized by Western observers for voting irregularities, particularly ballot stuffing
Laos promulgated 14 August 1991
Latvia 15 February 1922; restored to force by the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Latvia adopted by the Supreme Council on 21 August 1991; multiple amendments since
Lebanon 23 May 1926; amended a number of times, most recently Charter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) of October 1989
Lesotho 2 April 1993
Liberia 6 January 1986
Libya none; note - following the September 1969 military overthrow of the Libyan government, the Revolutionary Command Council replaced the existing constitution with the Constitutional Proclamation in December 1969; in March 1977, Libya adopted the Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority
Liechtenstein 5 October 1921; amended 15 September 2003
Lithuania adopted 25 October 1992; last amended 13 July 2004
Luxembourg 17 October 1868; occasional revisions
Macau Basic Law, approved on 31 March 1993 by China's National People's Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution"