Chapter 241
Panama 11 October 1972; major reforms adopted 1978, 1983, 1994, and 2004
Papua New Guinea 16 September 1975
Paraguay promulgated 20 June 1992
Peru 29 December 1993
Philippines 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
Pitcairn Islands 30 November 1838; reformed 1904 with additional reforms in 1940; further refined by the Local Government Ordinance of 1964
Poland adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed by national referendum 25 May 1997; effective 17 October 1997
Portugal adopted 2 April 1976; note - subsequent revisions of the Constitution placed the military under strict civilian control, trimmed the powers of the president, and laid the groundwork for a stable, pluralistic liberal democracy; as well, they allowed for the privatization of nationalized firms and the government-owned communications media
Puerto Rico ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952
Qatar ratified by public referendum on 29 April 2003, endorsed by the Amir on 8 June 2004, effective on 9 June 2005
Romania 8 December 1991; revision effective 29 October 2003
Russia adopted 12 December 1993
Rwanda new constitution passed by referendum 26 May 2003
Saint Barthelemy 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Helena 1 January 1989
Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983
Saint Lucia 22 February 1979
Saint Martin 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979
Samoa 1 January 1962
San Marino 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution
Sao Tome and Principe approved March 1990, effective 10 September 1990
Saudi Arabia governed according to Islamic law; the Basic Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was promulgated by royal decree in 1992
Senegal adopted 7 January 2001
Serbia adopted 8 November 2006; effective 10 November 2006
Seychelles 18 June 1993
Sierra Leone 1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times
Singapore 3 June 1959; amended 1965 (based on preindependence State of Singapore Constitution)
Slovakia ratified 1 September 1992, effective 1 January 1993; changed in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president; amended February 2001 to allow Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU membership
Slovenia adopted 23 December 1991
Solomon Islands 7 July 1978
Somalia 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979 note: the formation of transitional governing institutions, known as the Transitional Federal Government, is currently ongoing
South Africa 10 December 1996; this new constitution was certified by the Constitutional Court on 4 December 1996, was signed by then President MANDELA on 10 December 1996, and entered into effect on 4 February 1997
Spain approved by legislature 31 October 1978; passed by referendum 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
Sri Lanka adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978
Sudan constitution implemented on 30 June 1998, partially suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR; under the CPA, Interim National Constitution ratified 5 July 2005; Constitution of Southern Sudan signed December 2005
Suriname ratified 30 September 1987; effective 30 October 1987
Swaziland signed by the King in July 2005 went into effect on 8 February 2006
Sweden 1 January 1975
Switzerland revision of Constitution of 1874 approved by the Federal Parliament 18 December 1998, adopted by referendum 18 April 1999, officially entered into force 1 January 2000
Syria 13 March 1973
Taiwan 25 December 1947; amended in 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2005 note: constitution adopted on 25 December 1946; went into effect on 25 December 1947
Tajikistan 6 November 1994
Tanzania 25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984
Thailand constitution signed by King PHUMIPHON (BHUMIBOL) on 24 August 2007
Timor-Leste 22 March 2002 (based on the Portuguese model)
Togo multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992, adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
Tokelau administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948; amended in 1970
Tonga 4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967
Trinidad and Tobago 1 August 1976
Tunisia 1 June 1959; amended 1988, 2002
Turkey 7 November 1982
Turkmenistan adopted 18 May 1992
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2006 (effective 9 August 2006)
Tuvalu 1 October 1978
Uganda 8 October 1995; in 2005 the constitution was amended removing presidential term limits and legalizing a multiparty political system
Ukraine adopted 28 June 1996
United Arab Emirates 2 December 1971; made permanent in 1996
United Kingdom unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
United States 17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789
Uruguay 27 November 1966, effective 15 February 1967; suspended 27 June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980; two constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997
Uzbekistan adopted 8 December 1992
Vanuatu 30 July 1980
Venezuela 30 December 1999
Vietnam 15 April 1992
Virgin Islands Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954
Wallis and Futuna 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Yemen 16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001
Zambia 24 August 1991; amended in 1996 to establish presidential term limits
Zimbabwe 21 December 1979
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
======================================================================
@2064 Economic aid - recipient
Afghanistan $2.775 billion (2005)
Albania ODA: $318.7 million note: top donors were Italy, EU, Germany (2005 est.)
Algeria $370.6 million (2005 est.)
American Samoa important financial support from the US, more than $40 million in 1994
Andorra $0
Angola $441.8 million (2005)
Anguilla $9 million (2004 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda $7.23 million (2005)
Argentina $99.66 million (2005)
Armenia ODA, $180 million (2007)
Aruba $11.3 million (2004)
Azerbaijan ODA, $223.4 million (2005 est.)
Bahamas, The $4.78 million (2004)
Bahrain $103.9 million (2004)
Bangladesh $1.321 billion (2005)
Barbados $2.07 million (2005)
Belarus $53.76 million (2005)
Belize $12.91 million (2005)
Benin $374.7 million (2006)
Bermuda $90,000 (2004)
Bhutan $941.2 million; note - substantial aid from India (2006)
Bolivia $582.9 million (2005 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina $546.1 million (2005 est.)
Botswana $70.89 million (2005)
Brazil $191.9 million (2005)
British Virgin Islands $NA
Brunei $770,000 (2004)
Bulgaria $742 million (2005-06 est.)
Burkina Faso $659.6 million (2005)
Burma $144.7 million (2005 est.)
Burundi $365 million (2005)
Cambodia $698.2 million pledged in grants and concession loans for 2007 by international donors (2007)
Cameroon $413.8 million (2005)
Cape Verde $160.6 million (2005)
Cayman Islands $390,000 (2004)
Central African Republic ODA, $95.29 million; note - traditional budget subsidies from France (2005 est.)
Chad ODA, $379.8 million (2005)
Chile $0 (2006)
China $1.641 billion (FY07)
Christmas Island $NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands $NA
Colombia $511.1 million (2005)
Comoros $25.23 million (2005 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the $1.828 billion (2005)
Congo, Republic of the $1.449 billion (2005)
Cook Islands $13.1 million; note - New Zealand continues to furnish the greater part (1995)
Costa Rica $29.51 million (2005)
Cote d'Ivoire ODA, $60 million (2007 est.)
Croatia ODA, $125.4 million (2005)
Cuba $87.8 million (2005 est.)
Cyprus $15 million (2006)
Czech Republic $278.7 million in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004)
Djibouti $78.6 million (2005)
Dominica $15.17 million (2005 est.)
Dominican Republic $76.99 million (2005)
Ecuador $209.5 million (2005)
Egypt ODA, $925.9 million (2005)
El Salvador $267.6 million of which $55 million from US (2005)
Equatorial Guinea $39 million (2005)
Eritrea $355.2 million (2005)
Estonia $135.5 million (2004)
Ethiopia $1.6 billion (FY05/06)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) $0 (1997 est.)
Faroe Islands $105 million; note - annual subsidy from Denmark (2005)
Fiji $63.96 million (2005)
French Polynesia $579.8 million (2004)
Gabon $53.87 million (2005)
Gambia, The $58.15 million (2005)
Gaza Strip $1.4 billion; (includes West Bank) (2006 est.)
Georgia ODA, $309.8 million (2005 est.)
Ghana $1.316 billion in loans and grants (2007)
Gibraltar $NA
Greece $8 billion annually from EU (2000-06); Greece will receive about $3.8 billion per year between 2007-13 under the EU's Community Support Funds IV
Greenland $512 million; note - subsidy from Denmark (2005)
Grenada $44.87 million (2005)
Guam Guam receives large transfer payments from the US Federal Treasury into which Guamanians pay no income or excise taxes; under the provisions of a special law of Congress, the Guam Treasury, rather than the US Treasury, receives federal income taxes paid by military and civilian Federal employees stationed in Guam (2001 est.)
Guatemala $253.6 million (2005 est.)
Guernsey $NA
Guinea $182.1 million (2005)
Guinea-Bissau $79.12 million (2005)
Guyana $136.8 million (2005)
Haiti $515 million (2005 est.)
Honduras $680.8 million (2005)
Hong Kong $6.95 million (2004)
Hungary $302.6 million (2004)
India $1.724 billion (2005)
Indonesia ODA, $2.524 billion (2006 est.) note: Indonesia ended 2006 with $67 billion in official foreign debt (about 25% of GDP), with Japan ($25 billion), the World Bank ($8.5 billion) and the Asian Development Bank ($8.4 billion) as the largest creditors; about $6 billion in grant assistance was pledged to rebuild Aceh after the December 2004 tsunami; President YUDHOYONO disbanded the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI) donor forum in January 2007
Iran $104 million (2005 est.)
Iraq $21.65 billion (2005)
Isle of Man $NA
Israel $240 million from US (FY06)
Jamaica $35.74 million (2005)
Jordan ODA, $752 million (2005 est.)
Kazakhstan $229.2 million (2005)
Kenya $768.3 million (2005)
Kiribati $27.84 million largely from UK and Japan (2005)
Korea, North $372 million note: approximately 65,000 metric tons in food aid through the World Food Program appeals in 2007, plus additional aid from bilateral donors and non-governmental organizations (2007 est.)
Korea, South $68.07 million (2004)
Kosovo $324 million (2007)
Kuwait $2.6 million (2004)
Kyrgyzstan $268.5 million from the US (2005)
Laos $379 million (2006 est.)
Latvia $162 million (2004)
Lebanon of the $7.6 billion in grants and loans pledged to Lebanon at the Paris III conference in January 2007, Beirut as of mid-December 2007 had signed agreements for $3 billion, including $1 billion in project financing, $750 million in direct budget support, $750 million in private sector credit, and $285 million in in-kind aid; about $500 million of the $1.7 billion pledged for direct budget support has been disbursed to Lebanon; donors in August 2006 also pledged nearly $1.8 billion in aid to help Lebanon recover from the 2006 Israel-Hizballah war; during the conflict, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait provided $1.5 billion in concessional loans to the Lebanese central bank to maintain confidence in the Lebanese currency. (2005)
Lesotho $68.82 million (2005)
Liberia $236.2 million (2005)
Libya ODA, $24.44 million (2005 est.)
Lithuania $249.7 million (2004)
Macau $13.7 million (2004)
Macedonia $230.3 million (2005)
Madagascar $929.2 million (2005)
Malawi $575.3 million (2005)
Malaysia $31.6 million (2005)
Maldives $66.83 million (2005)
Mali $691.5 million (2005)
Malta $6.19 million (2004)
Marshall Islands $56.56 million (2005)
Mauritania $190.4 million (2005)
Mauritius $31.93 million (2005)
Mayotte $201.3 million; note - extensive French financial assistance (2005)
Mexico $189.4 million (2005)
Micronesia, Federated States of $106.4 million (2005)
Moldova $191.8 million (2005)
Monaco $NA
Mongolia $159.5 million (2006)
Montenegro $NA
Montserrat Country Policy Plan (2001) is a three-year program for spending $122.8 million in British budgetary assistance (2002 est.)
Morocco ODA, $651.8 million (2005)
Mozambique $1.286 billion (2005)
Namibia ODA, $123.4 million (2005 est.)
Nauru $20 million mostly from Australia (2005)
Nepal $427.9 million (2005)
Netherlands Antilles $21.32 million (2004)
New Caledonia $524.3 million annual subsidy from France (2004)
Nicaragua $471 million (2006 est.)
Niger $515.4 million (2005)
Nigeria $6.437 billion (2005)
Niue $2.6 million from New Zealand (2002)
Norfolk Island $NA
Northern Mariana Islands extensive funding from US
Oman $30.68 million (2005)
Pakistan $1.666 billion (2005)
Palau $23.46 million (2005)
Panama $19.54 million (2005)
Papua New Guinea $266.1 million (2005)
Paraguay $51.09 million (2005)
Peru $397.8 million (2005)
Philippines ODA, $451.4 million in commitments (2006)
Pitcairn Islands $3.465 million (2004)
Poland $1.524 billion in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004)
Puerto Rico $NA
Qatar $2.18 million (2004)
Romania $914.3 million (2004)
Russia $982.7 million in FY06 from US, including $847 million in non-proliferation subsidies
Rwanda $576 million (2005)
Saint Helena $29.56 million obtained in a grant from the United Kingdom (FY06/07)
Saint Kitts and Nevis $3.52 million (2005)
Saint Lucia $11.06 million (2005)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon approximately $60 million in annual grants from France
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines $4.89 million (1995); note - EU $34.5 million (2005)
Samoa $43.95 million (2005)
San Marino $NA
Sao Tome and Principe $31.9 million in December 2000 under the Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) program (2005)
Saudi Arabia $26.29 million (2005)
Senegal $477 million (2007 est.)
Serbia $2 billion pledged in 2001 to Serbia and Montenegro (disbursements to follow over several years; some aid pledged by EU and US has been placed on hold because of lack of cooperation by Serbia in handing over General Ratko MLADIC to the criminal court in The Hague)
Seychelles $18.81 million (2005)
Sierra Leone $343.4 million (2005 est.)
Singapore $0 (2007)
Slovakia $235 million in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004)
Slovenia ODA, $484 million (2004-06)
Solomon Islands $198.2 million annually, mainly from Australia (2005 est.)
Somalia $236.4 million (2005 est.)
South Africa $700 million (2005)
Sri Lanka $1.189 billion (2005)
Sudan $1.829 billion (2005)
Suriname $43.97 million (2005)
Svalbard $8.2 million from Norway (1998)
Swaziland $46.03 million (2005)
Syria $213 million (2008 est.)
Tajikistan $241.4 million from US (2005)
Tanzania $1.505 billion (2005)
Thailand $171.1 million (2005)
Timor-Leste $184.7 million (2005 est.)
Togo ODA, $86.71 million (2005 est.)
Tonga $31.75 million (2005)
Trinidad and Tobago $200,000 (2007 est.)
Tunisia $376.5 million (2005)
Turkey ODA, $464 million (2005)
Turkmenistan $28.25 million from the US (2005)
Turks and Caicos Islands $4.1 million (1997)
Tuvalu $10.49 million note: includes distributions from the Tuvalu Trust Fund (2006)
Uganda $1.198 billion (2005)
Ukraine $409.6 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2 billion (2005)
United Arab Emirates $5.36 million (2004)
Uruguay $14.62 million (2005)
Uzbekistan $172.3 million from the US (2005)
Vanuatu $39.48 million (2005)
Venezuela $48.66 million (2005)
Vietnam $5.4 billion in credits and grants pledged by the 2007 Consultative Group meeting in Hanoi (2007)
Virgin Islands $NA
Wallis and Futuna assistance from France, $NA
West Bank $1.4 billion; (includes Gaza Strip) (2006 est.)
Western Sahara $NA
World ODA, $106.4 billion (2005)
Yemen $2.3 billion (2003-07 disbursements)
Zambia $504 million (2007)
Zimbabwe $367.7 million (2005 est.)
This page was last updated on 13 November 2008
======================================================================
@2065 Currency (code)
Afghanistan afghani (AFA)
Akrotiri euro (EUR) adopted 1 January 2008; note - the Cypriot pound (CYP) formerly used
Albania lek (ALL) note: the plural of lek is leke
Algeria Algerian dinar (DZD)
American Samoa US dollar (USD)
Andorra euro (EUR)
Angola kwanza (AOA)
Anguilla East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Antigua and Barbuda East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Argentina Argentine peso (ARS)
Armenia dram (AMD)
Aruba Aruban guilder/florin (AWG)
Australia Australian dollar (AUD)
Austria euro (EUR)
Azerbaijan Azerbaijani manat (AZN)
Bahamas, The Bahamian dollar (BSD)
Bahrain Bahraini dinar (BHD)
Bangladesh taka (BDT)
Barbados Barbadian dollar (BBD)
Belarus Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)
Belgium euro (EUR)
Belize Belizean dollar (BZD)
Benin Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Bermuda Bermudian dollar (BMD)
Bhutan ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)
Bolivia boliviano (BOB)
Bosnia and Herzegovina konvertibilna marka (convertible mark) (BAM)
Botswana pula (BWP)
Brazil real (BRL)
British Indian Ocean Territory US Dollar (USD)
British Virgin Islands US dollar (USD)
Brunei Bruneian dollar (BND)
Bulgaria lev (BGN)
Burkina Faso Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Burma kyat (MMK)
Burundi Burundi franc (BIF)
Cambodia riel (KHR)
Cameroon Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Canada Canadian dollar (CAD)
Cape Verde Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)
Cayman Islands Caymanian dollar (KYD)
Central African Republic Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Chad Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Chile Chilean peso (CLP)
China Renminbi (RMB); note - also referred to by the unit yuan (CNY)
Christmas Island Australian dollar (AUD)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Australian dollar (AUD)
Colombia Colombian peso (COP)
Comoros Comoran franc (KMF)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congolese franc (CDF)
Congo, Republic of the Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Cook Islands NZ dollar (NZD)
Costa Rica Costa Rican colon (CRC)
Cote d'Ivoire Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Croatia kuna (HRK)
Cuba Cuban peso (CUP) and Convertible peso (CUC)
Cyprus Cypriot pound (CYP); euro (EUR) after 1 January 2008
Czech Republic Czech koruna (CZK)
Denmark Danish krone (DKK)
Dhekelia euro (EUR) adopted 1 January 2008; note - the Cypriot pound (CYP) formerly used
Djibouti Djiboutian franc (DJF)
Dominica East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Dominican Republic Dominican peso (DOP)
Ecuador US dollar (USD)
Egypt Egyptian pound (EGP)
El Salvador US dollar (USD)
Equatorial Guinea Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Eritrea nakfa (ERN)
Estonia Estonian kroon (EEK)
Ethiopia birr (ETB)
European Union euro, British pound, Bulgarian lev, Czech koruna, Danish krone, Estonian kroon, Hungarian forint, Latvian lat, Lithuanian litas, Polish zloty, Romanian leu, Slovak koruna, Swedish krona
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Falkland pound (FKP)
Faroe Islands Danish krone (DKK)
Fiji Fijian dollar (FJD)
Finland euro (EUR)
France euro (EUR)
French Polynesia Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
Gabon Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Gambia, The dalasi (GMD)
Gaza Strip new Israeli shekel (ILS)
Georgia lari (GEL)
Germany euro (EUR)
Ghana Ghana cedi (GHC)
Gibraltar Gibraltar pound (GIP)
Greece euro (EUR)
Greenland Danish krone (DKK)
Grenada East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Guam US dollar (USD)
Guatemala quetzal (GTQ), US dollar (USD), others allowed
Guernsey Guernsey pound note: the British pound is also legal tender
Guinea Guinean franc (GNF)
Guinea-Bissau Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Guyana Guyanese dollar (GYD)
Haiti gourde (HTG)
Holy See (Vatican City) euro (EUR)
Honduras lempira (HNL)
Hong Kong Hong Kong dollar (HKD)
Hungary forint (HUF)
Iceland Icelandic krona (ISK)
India Indian rupee (INR)
Indonesia Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Iran Iranian rial (IRR)
Iraq New Iraqi dinar (NID) as of 22 January 2004
Ireland euro (EUR)
Isle of Man Isle of Man pound (IMP), also known as the Manx pound note: the British pound is also legal tender, but change is given in IMP
Israel new Israeli shekel (ILS); note - NIS is the currency abbreviation; ILS is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) code for the NIS
Italy euro (EUR)
Jamaica Jamaican dollar (JMD)
Japan yen (JPY)
Jersey Jersey pound note: the British pound is also legal tender
Jordan Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Kazakhstan tenge (KZT)
Kenya Kenyan shilling (KES)
Kiribati Australian dollar (AUD)
Korea, North North Korean won (KPW)
Korea, South South Korean won (KRW)
Kosovo euro (EUR); Serbian Dinar (RSD) is also in circulation
Kuwait Kuwaiti dinar (KD)
Kyrgyzstan som (KGS)
Laos kip (LAK)
Latvia lat (LVL)
Lebanon Lebanese pound (LBP)
Lesotho loti (LSL); South African rand (ZAR)
Liberia Liberian dollar (LRD)
Libya Libyan dinar (LYD)
Liechtenstein Swiss franc (CHF)
Lithuania litas (LTL)
Luxembourg euro (EUR)
Macau pataca (MOP)
Macedonia Macedonian denar (MKD)
Madagascar ariary (MGA)
Malawi Malawian kwacha (MWK)
Malaysia ringgit (MYR)
Maldives rufiyaa (MVR)
Mali Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Malta euro (EUR) as of 1 January 2008; Maltese lira (MTL) before then
Marshall Islands US dollar (USD)
Mauritania ouguiya (MRO)
Mauritius Mauritian rupee (MUR)
Mayotte euro (EUR)
Mexico Mexican peso (MXN)
Micronesia, Federated States of US dollar (USD)
Moldova Moldovan leu (MDL)
Monaco euro (EUR)
Mongolia togrog/tugrik (MNT)
Montenegro euro (EUR)
Montserrat East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Morocco Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Mozambique metical (MZM)
Namibia Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)
Nauru Australian dollar (AUD)
Nepal Nepalese rupee (NPR)
Netherlands euro (EUR)
Netherlands Antilles Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG)
New Caledonia Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
New Zealand New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Nicaragua gold cordoba (NIO)