Part 77

Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1988 est.)

Electricity: 2,036,000 kW capacity; 5,460 million kWh produced, 540 kWh per capita (1989)

Industries: mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer, beverage, transportation equipment, wood products

Agriculture: accounts for about 15% of GDP and employs over 70% of population; 40% of land area divided into 6,000 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops--corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; livestock--cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food

Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-88), $359 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.0 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $134 million

Currency: Zimbabwean dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates: Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1--2.2873 (January 1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988), 1.6611 (1987), 1.6650 (1986), 1.6119 (1985)

Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

- Communications Railroads: 2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge; 42 km double track; 355 km electrified

Highways: 85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel, stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways: Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication

Pipelines: 8 km, refined products

Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft

Airports: 506 total, 420 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 37 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; consists of radio relay links, open-wire lines, and radio communications stations; 247,000 telephones; stations--8 AM, 18 FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

- Defense Forces Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Police Support Unit, People's Militia

Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,173,448; 1,342,920 fit for military service

Defense expenditures: $446.7 million (FY89 est.) ---------------------------------------------------- Country: Taiwan - Geography Total area: 35,980 km2; land area: 32,260 km2; includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy

Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut

Land boundaries: none

Coastline: 1,448 km

Maritime claims:

Extended economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

Disputes: involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands) claimed by China and Taiwan

Climate: tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year

Terrain: eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in west

Natural resources: small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos

Land use: 24% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 5% meadows and pastures; 55% forest and woodland; 15% other; 14% irrigated

Environment: subject to earthquakes and typhoons

- People Population: 20,546,664 (July 1990), growth rate 1.1% (1990)

Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1990)

Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)

Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)

Infant mortality rate: 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)

Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 77 years female (1990)

Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1990)

Nationality: noun--Chinese (sing., pl.); adjective--Chinese

Ethnic divisions: 84% Taiwanese, 14% mainland Chinese, 2% aborigine

Religion: 93% mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist; 4.5% Christian; 2.5% other

Language: Mandarin Chinese (official); Taiwanese and Hakka dialects also used

Literacy: 94%

Labor force: 7,880,000; 41% industry and commerce, 32% services, 20% agriculture, 7% civil administration (1986)

Organized labor: 1,300,000 or about 18.4% (government controlled) (1983)

- Administration Long-form name: none

Type: one-party presidential regime; opposition political parties legalized in March, 1989

Capital: Taipei

Administrative divisions: 16 counties (hsien, singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), 2 special municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua, Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*, Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan, Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu, P'ing-tung, T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**, T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, Yun-lin; note--the Wade-Giles system is used for romanization

Constitution: 25 December 1947

Legal system: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday: National Day (Anniversary of the Revolution), 10 October (1911)

Executive branch: president, vice president, premier of the Executive Yuan, vice premier of the Executive Yuan, Executive Yuan

Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Yuan

Judicial branch: Judicial Yuan

Leaders: Chief of State--President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice President LI Yuan-tzu (will take office 20 May 1990);

Head of Government--Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) HAO Po-ts'un (since 2 May 1990); Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) SHIH Ch'i-yang (since NA July 1988)

Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic Socialist Party and Young China Party controlled by Kuomintang; Democratic Progressive Party (DPP); Labor Party; 27 other minor parties

Suffrage: universal at age 20

Elections: President--last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results--President Li Teng-hui was elected by the National Assembly;

Vice President--last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results--Li Yuan-tzu was elected by the National Assembly;

Legislative Yuan--last held 2 December 1989 (next to be held December 1992); results--KMT 65%, DPP 33%, independents 2%; seats--(304 total, 102 elected) KMT 78, DPP 21, independents 3

Member of: expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971 and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs; expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; member of ADB and PECC, seeking to join GATT and/or MFA; attempting to retain membership in ICAC, ISO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IWC--International Wheat Council; suspended from IAEA in 1972, but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development

Diplomatic representation: none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US are maintained through a private instrumentality, the Coordination Council for North American Affairs (CCNAA) with headquarters in Taipei and field offices in Washington and 10 other US cities with all addresses and telephone numbers NA; US--unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan are maintained through a private institution, the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), which has offices in Taipei at 7 Lane 134, Hsin Yi Road, Section 3 with telephone 002 886o (2) 709-2000 and in Kao-hsiung at 88 Wu Fu 3rd Road with telephone NA

Flag: red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays

- Economy Overview: Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable government guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial government ownership of some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in GNP has averaged about 9% a year during the past three decades. Export growth has been even faster and has provided the impetus for industrialization. Agriculture contributes about 6% to GNP, down from 35% in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13 among major trading countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive industries.

GNP: $121.4 billion, per capita $6,000; real growth rate 7.2% (1989)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.0% (1989)

Unemployment rate: 1.7% (1989)

Budget: revenues $25.9 billion; expenditures $33.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY89)

Exports: $66.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--textiles 9.7%, electrical machinery 19.0%, general machinery and equipment 14%, telecommunications equipment 9%, basic metals and metal products 7.4%, foodstuffs 0.9%, plywood and wood products 1.3%; partners--US 36.2%, Japan 13.7%

Imports: $52.2 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--machinery and equipment 15.9%, crude oil 5%, chemical and chemical products 11.1%, basic metals 7.4%, foodstuffs 2.0%; partners--Japan 31%, US 23%, Saudi Arabia 8.6%

External debt: $1.0 billion (December 1989 est.)

Industrial production: growth rate 4.1% (1988)

Electricity: 17,000,000 kW capacity; 68,000 million kWh produced, 3,360 kWh per capita (1989)

Industries: textiles, clothing, chemicals, electronics, food processing, plywood, sugar milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum

Agriculture: accounts for 6% of GNP and 20% of labor force (includes part-time farmers); heavily subsidized sector; major crops--rice, sugarcane, sweet potatoes, fruits, vegetables; livestock--hogs, poultry, beef, milk, cattle; not self-sufficient in wheat, soybeans, corn; fish catch expanding, 1.1 million metric tons in (1987)

Aid: US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $439 million

Currency: new Taiwan dollar (plural--dollars); 1 new Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates: new Taiwan dollars per US$1--26.3 (March 1990), 26.156 (December 1989), 28.589 (1988), 31.845 (1987), 37.838 (1986), 39.849 (1985)

Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

- Communications Railroads: about 1,075 km common carrier lines and over 3,800 km industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-meter gauge 708 km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection is under construction; common carrier lines owned by the government and operated by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications; industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprises

Highways: 18,800 km total; 15,800 km bituminous or concrete, 2,500 km crushed stone or gravel, 500 km graded earth

Pipelines: 615 km refined products, 97 km natural gas

Ports: Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung, Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tung

Merchant marine: 218 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,061,960 GRT/7,634,074 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 61 cargo, 13 refrigerated cargo, 71 container, 14 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 54 bulk

Airports: 38 total, 37 usable; 32 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 6,000,000 telephones; extensive microwave transmission links on east and west coasts; stations--91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 relays); 8,000,000 radio receivers; 6,000,000 TV sets (5,300,000 color, 700,000 monochrome); satellite earth stations--1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cable links to Japan (Okinawa), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe

- Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Garrison Command

Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,809,354; 4,534,950 fit for military service; about 185,235 currently reach military age (19) annually

Defense expenditures: 6.8% of GNP, or $8.2 billion (FY90 est.) ---------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- Appendix A: The United Nations System

The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate agencies and bodies as follows:

1) Secretariat: UNDRO United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator's Office

2) General Assembly: INSTRAW International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat) UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNRISD United Nations Research Institute for Social Development UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNSP United Nations Special Fund UNU United Nations University UP University for Peace WFC World Food Council WFP World Food Program

3) Security Council: UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus UNGOMAP United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNTAG United Nations Transition Assistance Group UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization

4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): Specialized agencies FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IDA International Development Association IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UPU Universal Postal Union WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization Related organizations GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Regional commissions ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Functional commissions Commission on Human Rights Commission on Narcotic Drugs Commission for Social Development Commission on the Status of Women Population Commission Statistical Commission

5) Trusteeship Council

6) International Court of Justice (ICJ) ---------------------------------------------------- Appendix B: International Organizations

ACC Arab Cooperation Council ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (assoc. with EC) ADB Asian Development Bank AfDB African Development Bank AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development AIOEC Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries AL Arab League or League of Arab States AMF Arab Monetary Fund AMU Arab Maghreb Union --- Andean Pact ANRPC Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries ANZUS ANZUS Council AP Andean Pact APC African Peanut (Groundnut) Association ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASPAC Asian and Pacific Council ASSIMER International Mercury Producers Association --- Association of Tin Producing Countries

BADEA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa BCIE Central American Bank for Economic Integration Benelux Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union BIS Bank for International Settlements BLEU Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union BOAD West African Development Bank

C Commonwealth CACM Central American Common Market CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market CCC Customs Cooperation Council CDB Caribbean Development Bank CE Council of Europe CEAO West African Economic Community CEEAC Economic Community of Central African States CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (sometimes CMEA or Comecon) CENTO Central Treaty Organization CEPGL Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research CILSS Permanent Interstate Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel CIPEC Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries CMEA see CEMA Comecon see CEMA --- Conference of East and Central African States CP Colombo Plan

DAC Development Assistance Committee (OECD)

EADB East African Development Bank EAMA African States associated with the EC EC European Communities ECA Economic Commission for Africa (UN) ECE Economic Commission for Europe (UN) ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America (UN) ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UN) ECOSOC Economic and Social Council (UN) ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia (UN) EFTA European Free Trade Association EIB European Investment Bank EMS European Monetary System Entente Council of the Entente ESA European Space Agency ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN) ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (UN)

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (UN) FZ Franc Zone

G-8 Group of Eight G-10 Group of Ten G-77 Group of 77 GA General Assembly (UN) GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (UN) GCC Gulf Cooperation Council

IADB Inter-American Development Bank IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency (UN) IATP International Association of Tungsten Producers IBA International Bauxite Association IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or World Bank (UN) ICAC International Cotton Advisory Committee ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization (UN) ICC International Chamber of Commerce ICCO International Cocoa Organization ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration ICES International Cooperation in Ocean Exploration ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ICJ International Court of Justice (UN) ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration ICO International Coffee Organization ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDA International Development Association (IBRD affiliate, UN) IDB Inter-American Development Bank IDB Islamic Development Bank IEA International Energy Agency (associated with OECD) IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development (UN) IFC International Finance Corporation (IBRD affiliate, UN) IHO International Hydrographic Organization IIB International Investment Bank ILO International Labor Organization (UN) ILZSG International Lead and Zinc Study Group IMF International Monetary Fund (UN) IMO International Maritime Organization (UN) INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization INRO International Natural Rubber Organization INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization IOC International Olympic Committee IOOC International Olive Oil Council IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union IRC International Rice Council ISO International Sugar Organization ITC International Tin Council ITU International Telecommunication Union (UN) IWC International Whaling Commission IWC International Wheat Council LAES Latin American Economic System LAIA Latin American Integration Association --- Lake Chad Basin Commission LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies --- Mano River Commission --- Mekong Committee MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

NAM Nonaligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NC Nordic Council NCC Nordic Council of Ministers NEA Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD) NIB Nordic Investment Bank --- Niger River Commission --- Nordic Council

OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization of African Unity OCAM Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization ODECA Organization of Central American States OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference OMVS Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley OPANAL Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

PAHO Pan American Health Organization PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration

SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference SC Security Council (UN) SELA Latin American Economic System SPC South Pacific Commission SPEC South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation SPF South Pacific Forum

TC Trusteeship Council (UN) TDB Trade and Development Board (UN)

UDEAC Central African Customs and Economic Union UEAC Union of Central African States UN United Nations UNCTAD UN Conference on Trade and Development UNDP UN Development Program UNESCO UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNHCR UN High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF UN Children's Fund UNIDO UN Industrial Development Organization UPEB Union of Banana Exporting Countries UPU Universal Postal Union (UN)

WCL World Confederation of Labor WEU Western European Union WFC World Food Council (UN) WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions WHO World Health Organization (UN) WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization (UN) WMO World Meteorological Organization (UN) WP Warsaw Pact WPC World Peace Council WSG International Wool Study Group WTO World Tourism Organization ---------------------------------------------------- Appendix C: Country Membership in International Organizations

This information is currently available only as a table in the printed version of The World Factbook 1990. For the 1991 edition a new textual format will be adopted that will greatly expand the breadth and depth of coverage to include many more organizations with complete name, acronym or abbreviation, date established, aim, and list of members. ---------------------------------------------------- Appendix D: Weights and Measures

Mathematical Notation