CHAPTER XXVI.

THE PRESENT KHALIFA'S DESPOTISM IN THE SUDAN.

[The reader is reminded that all opinions expressed are those of Father Ohrwalder.--F. R. W.]

Reflections on the situation in the Sudan--The horrors of the present Khalifa's rule--How long shall it continue?

In the foregoing pages we have glanced at a bloody period in the history of the Sudan--the rise of the Mahdi, his victorious career through Kordofan, and his conquest of Khartum. We have sketched the development of his mighty empire, founded in bloodshed and revolution, and we have seen him honoured as a messenger of God by the millions of the Sudan; glorified--nay, almost worshipped--by his own people, and watched by the Muslim neighbours of his empire with an admiration mingled with the keenest anxiety. Then, in the full enjoyment of his victories, at the supreme moment of his power, while seated in his capital of Omdurman, he revolved schemes of conquest of the whole world he knew; then dead--dead of debauchery and disease, dead at an age when most lives' promises are brightest. Then we have seen the empire tottering, Abdullah rising to its support, slowly but firmly strengthening the trembling power, and, with the strength of bigotry and ignorance, replacing a shattered superstition by the iron rule of might.

Here I may properly submit some reflections on the general situation.

Mohammed Ali conquered the Sudan, and in the train of his conquest followed all the triumphs of progress and civilization. Wide new territories were discovered, fertile and thickly populated; explorers and missionaries advanced to the very heart of negro-land; Nile's solitudes were rippled by the advancing steamer. Far beyond the Equator reached the telegraph, and the metropolis of the Sudan formed part of the international postal system. Trade blossomed in security, and the white man could march to the countries of the Niam Niam, and there join hands with his brother from the Congo. European culture spread throughout, and the religion of Christ planted the world-saving banner in remotest frontiers.

The progress of fifty years was ruined by the Mahdi's revolt. The Sudan fell back into the darkness from which philanthropy had rescued it. Civilization was swamped in the flood of fanaticism. The sign of salvation was blotted out, the bearers of it chained as slaves, and the flag of tyranny waved over smoking ruins from Darfur to the Red Sea, and from Regaf northwards to the second cataract. Bands of fanatics have swept over the face of the land, destroying every Christian sign. The Sudan lies open in its desolation and nakedness. Everything but a little cloth and a little corn is superfluous,--nay wicked,--for those who accept the Mahdi's promise of eternal life. The minds of men are savage through years of warfare. The ignorant Baggara rule and the gentler Jaalin and Danagla are oppressed; the land is fallen back to wilderness.

The present ruler, Abdullah, is marching steadily in the path of desolation. He roots out eagerly every vestige of Egyptian rule; all foreign influence he keeps at a distance, for he will rule over an ignorant people. He wants nothing from beyond his own boundaries. If he has no money, cloth becomes the medium of exchange; ammunition he makes himself. With his Baggaras he rules with an iron hand. Those who resist are pitilessly robbed, imprisoned, or exiled.

Abdullah rules in the name of the Mahdi, whose religious prestige is the readiest weapon for swaying the multitude. He keeps unaltered the decisions, the visions, the wild dreams which so powerfully established the imposture. The pilgrimage to Mecca he regards as dangerous. Even from such enlightenment as they might find at the shrine of their faith, his people are heedfully kept away.

A Spartan habit of life was enjoined by the Mahdi. This Abdullah still attempts to maintain, for he wishes the people to be ready to follow him, and is careful that they shall have no inducement to stay at home. Like the Mahdi, the Khalifa puts his orders in the form of visions, which have the weight of divine manifestations. Often he locks himself in darkness in the Mahdi's tomb, and spends nights in pretended commune with his master.

The policy of Abdullah is directed to strengthening his power and concentrating it in the hands of his Baggaras. Once he is sure of what he has got, he will try to enlarge his dominion. Barbarism and desolation will be extended to provinces which internal difficulties have so far prevented him from absorbing. He thinks of nothing but war. Omdurman is one vast camp. All men bear arms or are flogged; whoso rides must carry a spear and five javelins. Speeches and harangues all raise the spirit of war.

The weakness of the monarchy lies in the dissensions between the Baggara and the Aulad-belad--that is, the Jaalin, Danagla, and others. The Danagla are objects of the Khalifa's special aversion, and he would gladly exterminate them. But with his Baggaras he can at present maintain himself with ease.

Mahdiism is founded on plunder and violence, and by plunder and violence it is carried on. In some districts half the people are dead, in others the loss of life is even greater. Whole tribes have been completely blotted out, and in their places roam the wild beasts, spreading and increasing in fierceness and in numbers, until they bid fair to finish the destruction of the human race; for they enter huts, and women and children are no longer safe.

How long shall this condition of affairs continue? Negotiation with Abdullah is hopeless; that has been proved by many well-intentioned efforts, but shall savagery and desolation continue for ever? Shall the roads remain always closed that lead from Halfa and Sawakin to the richest provinces of Africa? The Sudan has lost faith in the humanity of Europe, nor does it cease from wonder why Europe has not yet stepped in. Consuls of the greatest nations have been murdered, their flags torn down, their agents kept in slavery.

Interference while the revolt was at its height could not perhaps be efficient--that is understood. But now the face of things is changed. The Sudanese have been heavily punished for their mistaken trust; they have suffered to the bitter end. Where may they look for a deliverer?

For the sake of three people did not England undertake a costly and difficult war? Is not even a more worthy object the punishment of Abdullah and the delivery of the enslaved and decimated peoples? I have pined ten years in bondage, and now, by the help of God, I have escaped. In the names of the companions with whom I suffered, in the name of the Sudan people, whose misery I have seen, and in the name of all civilized nations, I ask this question:

How long shall Europe--and above all that nation which has first part in Egypt and the Sudan--which stands deservedly first in civilizing savage races, how long shall Europe and Great Britain watch unmoved the outrages of the Khalifa and the destruction of the Sudan people?

INDEX.

Ababdeh tribe, 124-5, 213, 351, 353, 360, 399, 440-2.

Abba Island, 6-7, 98.

_Abbas_, steamer, 127-8.

Abdel Baki, emir, 315-9.

Abdel Gayum, eunuch, 294.

Abdel Hadi (Arab), 263.

Abdel Halim, Emir, 76, 78, 86, 88, 102, 260.

Abdel Kader Pasha, 50, 164.

Abdel Kader (Mahdi's uncle), 59, 155, 164, 214, 350, 400.

Abdel Kader Guru, death of, 262.

Abdel Karim (Mahdi's uncle), 160, 164-5.

Abdel Majid, 256, 326, 343.

Abdel Maula, 228.

Abdel Nur, 320-322.

Abdel Samad, 93.

Abderrahman Wad Abu Degel, 253.

Abderrahman Wad en Nejumi, 16, 60, 96, 98, 125-6, 130, 141, 145, 149, 165, 171, 206, 233, 255-61, 350, 387, 412; vanquished at Argin, 262-5; death of, 263.

Abdullah et Taishi, Khalifa, 10-1, 14, 43-6, 64, 66, 69-71, 87, 96, 120, 131, 146, 149, 151; and King Adam, 95; and the sisters, 100; and Father Ohrwalder, 116-7; succeeds the Mahdi, 162-3, 185, 188; and revolt of black soldiers of old Sudan army, 193-200; at Omdurman, 202-3, 206; and Wad Suleiman, 206-7; Ibrahim Wad Adlan, 207-8, 323-7; and coinage at Omdurman, 210-3; system of justice, 214-5, 328-335; and Fiki Medawi, 218; and Yunis emir, 219-20; and King John, 221; and Abu Anga, 224; grand review at Omdurman, 225-6; war with Abyssinia, 228-31, 242-52; and Saleh Bey, 232-4; and Darfur, 235-41; and Egypt, 254-6, 258-69; letters from, 257; sends expedition up the White Nile, 269-72; and the Mahdi's decrees, 273; followers of, 274; and the Mahdi's tomb, 275-9; palace and houses of, 280-1; and war requisites, 281, 366-75; and the famine in Omdurman, 287-92; description of, 293; dress and food of, 293-4; harem of, 294; illnesses of, 294-5; character, 295-6; spies of, 295; and political conversations, 296, 320; mosque at Omdurman, 297-8; and visions, 298-9; a man of great activity, 300; fondness for music, 301; his barber, 301; life-guards and household cavalry of, 301-2; and business affairs of the State, 302; displays of magnificence, 302-4; cleanliness of, 304; grand reviews at Omdurman, 307-8; and the Taisha Arabs, 308-11; and firearms, 311-2; his brother, _see_ "Yakub"; and the Batahin tribe, 315-20; and Abdel Nur, 321-2; and the Saier at Omdurman, 347-52; and Charles Neufeld, 355-60; and Sheikh Khalil, 361-4; and the slave trade, 384-5; and the Baggaras, 387-405; his son Osman, 390-1; strict surveillance over the whites, 412-3; horrors of his rule, 447-50.

Abdullah Wad en Nur, 60, 98, 100, 115, 125, 143.

Abdullah Wad Ibrahim, 38, 223, 225, 227, 229; and Abyssinia, 247, 252-3.

Abu Anga (commander-in-chief of Mahdi's forces), 60, 85-9, 98, 111-2, 125, 131, 164, 171, 175, 202, 402; description and history of, 221-31; and Abyssinia, 242-4; death of, 245-6; and slave trade, 384.

Abu Gemaizeh, religious reformer, 237-40.

Abu Girgeh, emir, 76, 81, 94, 125, 167-8, 218, 267, 360.

Abu Habl, the Khor, 3, 78-9.

Abu Hamed, 364, 433; rebels at, 120, 128.

Abu Haraz, 219, 229.

Abu Klea, battle of, 134, 147-8, 177.

Abu Kru, battle of, 16, 134.

Abu Kuka, 56.

Abu Saud, 7.

Abyssinia, and Kassala garrisons, 166-7; and Galabat, 217-20; Abu Anga and, 229-31, 241-4; defeat of King John's army, 245-53.

Adam, King, of Tagalla, 95, 102, 223.

Adansonia trees, 34, 40, 76, 88, 170, 198.

Adila, girl at the Khartum Mission, 421, 424, 426.

Adultery, the Mahdi's punishment for, 62.

Agriculture in the Mahdiist kingdom, 376-85.

Ahmed Bey Daffallah, 10, 21, 35, 38, 59, 252.

Ahmed Bey Defterdar, 234.

Ahmed Hassan and escape of Father Ohrwalder, 415-45.

Ahmed Sharfi, 7, 140, 403-7.

Ahmed Wad Suleiman, 63, 82-4, 96-7, 111, 139, 143-5, 161, 206-7, 350.

Aigella, 77, 174.

Aisha, the Mahdi's principal wife, 157, 159.

Ala ed Din Pasha, 1, 77, 88.

Alchemy, Sudanese and, 369.

Alcoholic drinks, the Sudanese and, 17; _see also_ Marissa.

Ali Bakhit, 172, 174, 199.

Ali Bey Haider, Lieut-Col., 443.

Ali Esh Sherif, Khalifa, 14-5, 37, 41, 59, 66, 69, 88, 93, 100, 146, 163; at Omdurman, 202-3, 254, 306, 349, 399-407, 446.

Ali Pasha, 127.

Ali Wad Helu, Khalifa, 14, 146, 163, 282, 306, 403-7.

Allegiance, sheikhs' oath of, 70.

Aluba, Hicks at, 85.

Amarar Arabs, 266-7.

Andreis, Sister A., 48.

Amhara, the chief of, 217.

Amina (a black girl), 73.

Ammunition, the Khalifa's, 366-75.

Amulets, the fikis and, 274-5, 402.

Ansar, the, 306-8, 353.

Arabi, Baggara called, 265.

Arabi Pasha, 77.

Arabs; in Omdurman, 283; _see_ "Baggaras," "Bederieh," "Beni Jerrar," "Dar Hamed," "Ghodiat," "Gowameh," "Hawazma," "Kababish," &c.

Argin, battle of, 115, 262.

Aser, American Consul, 141.

Ashaf Station, 11.

Ashraf, the, 149, 214.

Assiut, 443.

Assuan, 174, 256.

Atbara River, 249.

Aulad-belad, the, 391-2, 405-6, 449.

Austrian Mission, at Delen, 4-5, 24-30; church at Khartum, 137-8; at El Obeid, 200; _see also_ "Sisters."

Awad el Kerim Abu Sin, 350.

Baggara tribe, 3, 14-5, 20, 25-6, 32, 49, 78, 106, 162-3, 178, 221, 255, 258, 266, 287, 293, 314, 325, 341; horsemanship of, 308; emirs, 312; women, 381; masters of the Sudan, 387-407, 449; _see also_ "Taisha Arabs."

Bahr el Arab, 3.

Bahr el Ghazal, slave trade in, 8-9, 12, 176, 383; revolt in, 241.

Bahr el Karrar, 257-8.

Baker Pasha, General Valentine, defeat of, 119; at El Teb, 266.

Banners of the Mahdi's Khalifas, _see_ "Flags."

Bara town, 11, 55, 77, 200-2, 235; fall of, 56.

Barabra tribe, 125, 255, 391, 399; language of, 283.

Bashra, the Mahdi's son, 159.

Batahin tribe, 205, 260, 315-20.

Bayuda Desert, 16.

Bederieh Arabs, the, 3, 11, 20, 106, 167.

Beit el mal at Omdurman, 208-14, 312, 323, 380, 393-5.

Ben en Naga Bey, 21, 88-9; son of, 333; daughter of, 343.

Benga village, 430.

Beni Helba tribe, 240.

Beni Jerrar Arabs, 35, 238.

Berber, 1, 14; fall of, 121, 124-5; Gordon at, 123, 208, 256, 312, 380, 396, 430, 439; Osman Digna at, 266, 268; old, 275; famine in, 290.

Berghof, a German, 9.

Birket, 3, 11, 20-1, 28, 34, 86, 91.

Bishir, 197, 224, 227.

Bishir Bey, 259.

Blue Nile, 126, 133-4, 150, 204, 227, 379; towns on the, 284.

Bonomi, Father, 1, 5, 27, 31-2, 43, 50, 56, 68-71, 73, 97, 100, 118, 170, 172-3; escape of, 178-84, 186, 352.

Books, the Mahdi and, 63; Khalifa Abdullah and, 299, 400-1.

Borgo, Sultan of, 12, 237.

Brick-making at Delen, 5.

Bringi, executioner at Omdurman, 318, 325, 356.

British East Africa, Imperial, Co., 271.

'Bruce's Travels' and the Batahin tribe, 315.

Buri village, 125, 132.

Busata village, 174.

Cairo, 1, 254; merchants of, and El Obeid, 35; Ohrwalder's arrival at, 443.

Camels, in Kordofan, 35-6, 379; of the Gehena tribe, 226, 228; of the Kababish tribe, 232, 234; for Ohrwalder's escape, 422, 427, 442.

Cattle in Dar Nuba, 4; in Kordofan, 35; of the Arabs, 126; of the Gehena tribe, 226; breeding in the Sudan, 376-9; cows of the Shilluks, 379.

Cemetery, European, at Khartum, 150.

Chad Lake, 241.

Chincarini, Sister C., 413-45.

Clementino, George, 126, 142.

Clothing in the Mahdi's kingdom, 381.

Coins in Omdurman, 210-13.

Comboni, Bishop, 1, 2, 24; grave of, at Khartum, 150.

Combotti, Marietta, 118.

Comet, a wonderful, 44.

Commerce in the Mahdiist kingdom, 376-85.

Corsi, Sister Concetta, 57, 419.

Cripples in Omdurman, 337.

Curios, museum of, at Omdurman, 213.

Cuzzi, Joseph, 120, 125-6.

Dabarosa bazaar, the, 258.

Dabra Sin, battle of, 229.

Dair, Jebel, 3.

Damur, pieces of cloth, 381-2; used as coins, 210.

Danagla, _see_ "Dongola."

Dara, 93.

Dar Fertit, singers from, 301.

Darfur, 12, 35; Slatin Bey, Governor of, 2; the Mahdi conquers, 93-4, 98; historical sketch of, 234-41; Zogal and, 201-3; revolt in, 260, 387; horses in, 308; women and spinning, 381; slaves from, 384.

Dar Homr (Arabs), 11, 20, 35, 106, 301, 309, 396.

Dar Nauli tribe of Arabs, 106.

Dar Nuba, _see_ "Nuba."

Dar Shaggieh, 380.

Dead, the Mahdi's law about the, 19.

Debaineh tribe, 290.

Degheim tribe, 14.

Delen, arrival at, 3; Mission at, 4, 5; news of the Mahdi at, 7, 8; description of, 23-31; quicksilver at, 35, 178, 187, 197.

Dervishes, the Mahdi's, 45; at El Obeid, 57-9; and Hicks Pasha's army, 88; in Khartum, 140; and Olivier Pain, 173; revolt against, 189-200; at Galabat, 217-9; review of, at Omdurman, 225-6; and tobacco chewing, 276; and the famine in Omdurman, 289; at Fashoda, 384.

Dhurra in Omdurman, 285, 378, 381.

Dichtl, Johann, 1.

Dinka tribe, 176.

Disease in the Sudan, 386.

Dispensary at Omdurman, 213.

Dobab mountain, 3, 102.

Dogman mountain, 24, 28.

Dogs, Mahdi's doctrine about, 143, 335.

Doka, Sheikh Egeil and, 219.

Dome to Mahdi's tomb at Omdurman, 275, 277.

Dongola, 12, 14, 35, 94, 127, 163, 172, 178, 190, 255, 256, 257-65, 268, 312, 380, 384, 387, 391, 396, 399, 449; famine in, 290; language, 283.

Doorway of the Mahdi's tomb, 277.

Dreams, the Mahdi and, 110-1, 353, 449.

Drums of the Mahdi's Khalifas, 15, 44, 47, 281, 304-6.

Dud Benga, Sultan, 184.

Duem, 126; General Hicks at, 76.

Dwarf, a, at Rahad, 110.

Ed Din, Sheikh, _see_ "Osman, Khalifa."

Egeil, sheikh, 218-9, 221.

Egypt, and Delen, 4; and the Sudan, 34; Abdullah and, 254-6, 257-69; and the Sudan, 123, 323; Wad Adlan and, 326; the Mahdi and, 110.

Egyptian troops, Hicks Pasha's, 77-90, 92-3.

El Eilafun, 127.

_El Fasher_, steamer, 128.

El Merhdi Abu Rof, 164, 226-7.

El Obeid, 2, 6; garrison of, 10, 21; the Mahdi and, 11, 20, 29, 36-41; description of, 34-6; siege of, 52-7, 232; Zogal at, 75; the Mahdi leaves, 85, 99-100; triumphal return to, 91-3, 170-2; King Adam at, 95; Lupton Bey at, 176; small-pox in, 183; revolt of black soldiers at, 189-200, 223; slaves at, 383-4.

El Obeid, Sheikh, 124, 127, 130, 315.

El Teb, battle of, 266.

Elephants, 3; in Darfur, 241.

Elias el Kurdi, 210.

Elias Pasha, 10, 12, 21, 35, 40, 76, 88, 93; son of, 86.

Elias Wad Kanuna, emir, 271.

Emin Pasha, 11; Gordon and, 133; and Lupton Bey, 176; Khalifa Abdullah and, 269-72.

Emirs, the, of the Sudan provinces, 46, 312.

England and Egypt, 262; and the Sudan, 450.

English mail, capture of an, 120.

English Relief Expedition to Khartum, 147-9, 176-8; and Kababish tribe, 232; at Dongola, June 1885, 256.

Equatoria, Abdullah's expedition to, 269-72.

Exports from Kordofan, 35.

Fadl Maula Bey, 163, 271, 401.

Fallata tribe, 278, 283.

Famines; in El Obeid, 183-4; in the Sudan, 252-3; in Dongola, 261; in Omdurman, 284-9; in Berber, 290; in the Provinces, 290-1.

Farag Pasha, 135, 143.

Faragallah Pasha, 131-2, 247.

Farquhar, Colonel Arthur, 79, 80.

Fasher, El, 94; besieged, 239-41.

Fashoda, 9, 11, 29, 269, 272, 379, 384, 396; corn from, 285.

Fedasi, 125.

Festivals, Khalifa Abdullah and, 362.

Fiki, Abdullah and the name, 274, 402.

Flags of the Khalifas, 15, 16, 281, 306.

Furs, annihilation of the, 236.

Galabat, province and town, 167, 217-9, 230, 242, 244; attack on, 247-8, 396; famine at, 290.

Gallows at Omdurman, 283, 317-8.

Gedaref, garrison of, 216-7, 290.

Gedir, Jebel, 3, 7, 10, 20, 223.

Gehena tribe, 226-7, 260-1.

Gellabas (traders), 14-5, 112, 189, 426, 428.

Georges Bey, Dr., 86; son-in-law of, 141.

Gessi Pasha, 2; and the slave trade, 8-9, 241, 383.

Gezireh, the Mahdi and, 14, 64, 93-4, 229, 284, 315, 380, 390.

Ghazali, Sheikh, 310-1, 350.

Ghittas, festival known as, 218.

Ghodiat Arabs, the, 3, 11, 20, 106.

Gianzara Hill, 40, 46.

Giegler Pasha, 2, 7.

Giniss, battle of, 256.

Girls in Khartum, Mahdi and, 144.

Goats in Dar Nuba, 4; in the Sudan provinces, 379.

Gold in Dar Nuba, 3.

Golfan-Naïma, 22-3, 49, 197, 223-4.

Gondar, 230-1, 248-9.

Gordon, General, 57, 96; arrives at Khartum, 97, 121-2; letter to the Mahdi, 98; the Mahdi and, 111, 119, 126, 130; English letters to, 120; at Berber, 123-4; defeat of Gordon's troops, 124-5; successful attack by, 127; besieged, and death of, at Khartum, 131-54, 177, 207-8; Sheikh Khalil and, 361; at Murat, 440.

Gordon Relief Expedition, 147-9, 176-8; viâ Berber, 266.

Gowameh tribe, 11, 344.

Graham, General, 120-1, 266.

Greeks, the, at Khartum, 133, 142-3.

Greger Hamed (Emir), 233.

Grenfell, General Sir F., 256, 262, 444; battle at Toski, 263, 265.

Gubat, 148, 154, 429.

Guineas coined at Omdurman, 210.

Gum, in Kordofan, 35; used as food at El Obeid, 53; at Omdurman, 323.

Habbanieh tribe of Arabs, 73, 258.

Hadarba merchants, 399.

Hadendoa Arabs, 266, 283.

Haimar Wells, 257.

Haj Ali Wad Saad, 123-4.

Hajji Abdullah Granteli, 210.

Hajji Khaled (Emir), 21, 35, 46, 71; son of, 86.

Hajji Mohammed Ben en Naga, 35.

Hajji Selim (soldier), 49, 190-1.

Hajji Zubeir, 240, 349-50, 396-7.

Halfaya, 127.

Hamran Arabs, 218.

Handub, battle of, 267.

Hansal (Austrian consul), 1, 67-9, 73, 118-9; death of, 139-40.

Hashish, use of, 17.

Hasib, emir, 271.

Hassan Khalifa, 257, 364-5.

Hassan en Nejumi (emir), 264.

Hassan Husni (interpreter), 128, 130.

Hassan Sadik, 164.

Hassan Zeki, 366.

Hebbeh village, 128.

Heddai, sheikh, 129.

Herlth, Major, extracts from diary of, 77-9, 86.

Hicks Pasha, General, 1; and Wad Makashef, 73; expedition of, 75; at Duem, 76; at Rahad, 77-85; defeat and death of, 86-92, 121, 169, 176; white horse of, 91; Bible of, 100; stable, 157.

Hilmi Gorab, 128.

Horses, the Sudanese and, 308.

Housebreakers in Omdurman, 334-5.

Howazma Arabs, 20, 106, 222.

Hussein Pasha, 120, 123, 125, 439; son of, 442.

Hussein Wad ed Dayim, 339-40.

Hyenas, 88, 289-90.

Ibrahim Nur, 394-5.

Ibrahim Pasha Fauzi, 143.

Ibrahim Ramadan, 203.

Ibrahim Wad Adlan, 35, 207-10, 214, 322-4, 350, 368; death of, 325-7.

Ibrahim Wad Abu Tagalla, 225.

Ibrahim Wad el Ahmer, 445-6.

Idris (sheikh), 101, 111, 114-7, 260, 350; death of, 262.

Imbrien, Bishop, of the Tyrol, 118.

Immorality, Mahdi's law regarding, 62; in the Sudan, 341-3; of slaves, 385-6.

Imports of the Mahdi's kingdom, 380.

Insects, at Delen, 4, 5; Neufeld and, 357; white ants as food, 53; lizards, 150; flies, 114.

Iron in Kordofan, 35.

Isa, sheikh, 28.

Isa, fiki, of the Shanabla, 194.

Ismail el Kheir, 400.

Ismail Wad el Andok, 22, 49, 59, 227, 229, 247.

Ismail Pasha, 234-5.

Italy and Kassala, 168.

Ivory, expedition to Equatoria to collect, 271; at Omdurman, 323.

Jaalin tribe, 123, 125, 255, 368, 384, 391, 399, 449.

Jabrallah, Sultan, 236, 350.

Jebel Dair, the Mahdi and, 111-2, 114, 199.

Jebel Naïma, 197.

Jerusalem, the Mahdi and, 110.

Jew merchants at Omdurman, 312; at Kassala, 360.

Jibbehs, the Mahdi and the manufacture of, 19.

Jinns, the, 307.

John, King of Abyssinia, throne of, 213; and Galabat, 217, 247-9; Abdullah and, 221, 242; and Abu Anga, 243; death of, 250-2.

Justice, system of, at Omdurman, 214-5, 329-34.

Kaba, 34, 36-7, 39.

Kababish tribe (Arabs), 35, 55, 64, 78, 178; destruction of the, 232-4.

Kadi Ahmed, 214-5, 246-7, 329, 350.

Kakum of Delen, 4, 24, 26-8, 31-2, 178; death of, 186-7.

Kalabsheh, village of, 257.

Kalakala, 130-2.

Kamal ed Din, and manufacture of powder, 367-8.

Karamallah (slave-dealer), 176, 269, 406; in Darfur, 235-6.

Karkoj, 226, 290, 380.

Kashgeil, Hicks at, 85, 87.

Kashm el Mus, Pasha, 148.

Kassala, 154, 162, 164-5, 168, 387, 396; siege of, 166-7; Osman Digna at, 266; famine at, 290.

Kavalli, Stanley's camp at, 271.

Kawakla, natives called, 7.

Kebkebieh, 94.

Kedaro hill, 3.

Kenana tribe, 14.

Kererri, 12, 307, 311, 361, 412.

Khabir, Pasha, of Darfur, 36.

Khalifas in the Sudan, _see_ "Abdullah," "Ali Wad Helu," "Ali Esh Sherif," Hassan, "Osman," &c.

Khalil, sheikh, 360-4.

Khartum, 1, 6, 7, 72, 93-4, 96-7, 106; the Mahdi's advance on, 99, 121, 126-7, 130; Gordon arrives at, 121-3; siege and fall of, 131-54, 177, 348; in ruins, 204, 216; materials for Mahdi's tomb from, 276; the Batahin tribe and, 315, 320; Neufeld at, 357, 359; survivors of, 372.

Khatafin (snatchers) in Omdurman, 286-8.

Khojali, 130, 219, 317.

Khojur, the, in Dar Nuba, 4, 24, 26, 28.

Khor Musa, fort at, 259.

Kirkesawi (slave-dealer), 176, 236, 406.

Kitchener Pasha, 359; wounded at Handub, 267.

Klein, tailor, of Khartum, 140-1.

Klootz, Gustav, 80-5, 88, 91, 93, 96, 109, 120, 174-5, 206, 348, 411; death of, 219.

Korbatsh, Mount, 34, 179, 200.

Kordofan, 199, 234, 380, 398; deserts of, 2-3; military stations in, 11-2; the Mahdi and, 20, 28; mountains, 34; exports from, 35-6; camels in, 35-6, 72; agriculture in, 378-9.

Korosko, 257, 442-3.

Korsi, 68.

Kudru hill, 32.

Kumbo, King, 98-9, 117-8.

Kuran, the, concerning ministers of Christianity, 104-6; first chapter in, 296.

Kurun hill, 3.

Lado Station, 272, 384.

Languages in the Sudan provinces, 283.

Laws made by the Mahdi, 17-20, 61-3.

Lead, manufacture of, at Omdurman, 368-70.

Legnani (Italian consul), 1.

Leontides, Consul N., 126, 134, 140.

Lime, near Delen, 5; pits in Omdurman, 205, 276.

Limona, Bianca, 57.

Locatelli (missionary), 54, 56-7.

Locusts, plague of, in the Sudan, 291.

Losi, Father Johann, 54, 58.

Lugard, Captain, 271.

Lupton Bey, 153, 175-7, 191, 202, 348, 412-3; death of, 366.

Madibbo, sheikh, 235; son of, 396.

Mahbas, wells of, 233.

Mahdi, the, _see_ "Mohammed Ahmed."

Mahdiism, belief in, 185; and Egypt, 265; in the Sudan, 255, 273, 326, 328, 403, 449; and the slave trade, 382-6.

Mahdiist kingdom, agriculture and commerce in, 376-86.

Mahmud Wad Ahmed, 240-1, 247-9.

Mail, capture of an English, 120.

Makada tribe, 241.

Makani village, 428.

Makbul dollar, the, in Omdurman, 210-4.

Makias (chains), 345-6.

Makin Wad en Nur, 260, 350.

Manoli, a Greek, 142.

_Mansureh_, steamer, 127.

Marcopoli Bey, 2, 73.

Mariani, Gabriel, 5, 41, 48.

Marissa (a kind of beer), 4; the Mahdi and drinking of, 61, 330, 340.

Market at Omdurman, 282, 339.

Marquet, 2.

Marriage ceremonies in the Sudan, 17-8, 341-3, 389-90.

Masalit, Sultan of, 213; people, 237.

Mecca, pilgrimage to, 278-9, 448; the Mahdi and, 110; a Sherif of, 412.

Medawi, fiki, 124, 218, 221.

Mek Omar, 28-32, 49-50, 178; son of, _see_ "Naser."

Melbeis, 95, 196.

Meshra Dehesh, 434, 437.

Messalamieh gate at Khartum, 150.

Metemmeh, 123, 268, 429.

Miracles, the Mahdi and, 7-8; performed by Sid el Hassan, 166.

Miserieh tribe of Arabs, 106, 222.

Mice, plague of, at Omdurman, 291-2.

Minneh, fiki, 11, 20, 37, 39-40, 46, 56, 59-60.

Mint, the, at Omdurman, 209-13.

Missionaries, at El Obeid, 40-51; _see also_ "Bonomi," "Losi," "Ohrwalder," "Rossignoli."

Mission Stations; _see_ "Austrian Mission."

Mohammed Ahmed, sheikh, 396.

Mohammed Ahmed (the Mahdi), rise of, 7-9; and Kordofan, 10-12; antecedents of, 12; outward appearance of, 13; Khalifas of, 14-5; military organization of, 15-6; new laws made by, 17-20, 60-3, 273; summons El Obeid to surrender, 20-1; defeat of, before El Obeid, 34, 36-41; and the missionaries, 42-51; siege of El Obeid, 53-9; finances, 62-3; art of winning over people, 66-7; and Consul Hansal's letter, 68-71, 73; victory over Hicks Pasha, 75-90;

triumphal entry into El Obeid, 91-2; and province of Darfur, 93-4; General Gordon and, 98, 130; and the sisters, 103-6; and Father Ohrwalder, on religion, 109-11; and Slatin Bey, 118; and violation of moral laws, 121; religious movement of, 122-3; and Cuzzi, 125-6; siege of Khartum, 126, 131-54; his life of ease and luxury, 60-4, 155-9, 449; principal wife of, 157; dwelling of, 157; harem, 158; death of, 160-62, 185; and Olivier Pain, 174-5; and Egypt, 254-6; tomb of, 275-80; and immorality, 341, 343; and property, 398; wives of, 404, 406; capital of the Mahdi's kingdom, _see_ "Omdurman."

Mohammed Ali, 234, 315, 439, 447.

Mohammed el Kheir, 125, 130, 256.

Mohammed Pasha Khabir, 21.

Mohammed Suleiman, 186.

Monasir tribe, 128, 438.

Monogamy in Dar Nuba, 4.

Moral laws, the Mahdi and violation of, 121.

Moslem law, 322; the killing of priests, 46; and justice, 61-2; Sudanese and, 279.

Mosque at Omdurman, 279, 297.

Mukran Fort, 126, 147.

Munzinger Pasha, 189, 191.

Murat, Saleh Bey and, 265; wells of, 364; Ohrwalder at, 440, 442.

Murders in the Sudan provinces, 333.

Musa, sheikh, 396.

Musallem, Sultan, 234.

Museum of curios at Omdurman, 213.

Mussaid, Emir, 258.

Mustafa Hadal, 166.

Mustafa Yawer, 64-6, 358, 363.

Nahut, in Kordofan, 240-1.

Naïma Jebel, 3, 223.

Naser (son of Mek Omar), 32-3, 40-1.

Nasri, sheikh, 167-8.

Nejumi, _see_ "Abderrahman Wad en Nejumi."

Nesim, Major, 11.

Neufeld, Charles, 233, 263, 345, 348, 353-60, 363.

News, the Sudanese and, 72-3; in Omdurman, 282.

Niam Niam, singers from, 301.

Nile, _see_ "White Nile," "Blue Nile."

Noaïa, sheikh, 222-3.

Nuba, country and people of, 3-5, 22-32, 35, 48-9, 50, 95, 102, 112-4, 117-8, 121, 171-2, 177, 186, 197-200, 223, 384.

Nubian desert, crossing the, 433-42.

Nur Angar, 16, 56, 112, 225, 247.

Nur Bey, 164-5.

Nur Gereifawi, 327, 379, 404; son of, 394.

Nuri, sheikh, 247.

Oath of allegiance, sheikhs taking the, 70; evidence on, at Omdurman, 329.

Obeid, _see_ "El Obeid."

O'Donovan, Mr. (_Daily News_ correspondent), 80, 96, 101.

Ohrwalder, Father, visit to Mek Omar, 50; illtreated by a sheikh, 69-70; taken before Abdullah, 100; journey to Rahad, 101-3; interview with the Mahdi on religion, 109-11; treatment of, by various masters, 114-7; in Khartum, 149-50; farewell to Father Bonomi, 178-84; down with fever, 190; sent to Omdurman, 199; and famine in Omdurman, 288; made a prisoner, 351-2; departure from Omdurman, 407; plans of escape, 408-23; and Lupton, 412-3; escape of, to Cairo, 424-46; present situation in the Sudan, 447-450.

Omala (tax-gatherers) in the Sudan, 313.

Omar Kisha (merchant), 267, 397.

Omar Saleh, 269-71.

Omar Wad Elias, Pasha, 247.

Omberer, a merchant, 35.

Omdurman, the Dervish capital, 146, 151, 275, 281, 304, 328, 380; the Mahdi at, 35, 126, 127; surrender of fort at, 131, 142, 177, 222; small-pox in, 154-5; and the Mahdi's death, 162-3; events in, 202-3; hill of, 204; scarcity of small coins in, 210-3; museum at, 213; the beit el mal at, 208-9; Abyssinians in, 220-1; Abu Anga and, 224, 230-1; grand review at, 225-6; panic in, 248; Osman Digna at, 267-8; Mahdi's tomb at, 275-9; Khalifa's palace, 280; roads in, 280-1; market-place, 282; gallows at, 283, 317-8; inhabitants of, 283; population, 283-4; famine in, 284-9; plagues of locusts and mice in, 291-2; thieves in, 328-9, 334-5, 340; system of justice at, 329-33; cripples in, 337;

immorality in, 341; marriages in, 341-3; Saier, or prison at, 344-65; Neufeld in, 355-60; scarcity of powder at, 367-75; sand-storms at, 376-7; slaves in, 383-6; the Greeks in, 412; dress of women in, 413; Ohrwalder's last day at, 424; flight from, 445, 449.

Om Herezeh mountain, 34, 46.

Om Sadik, 224.

Omshanga, 94.

Onbeïa (wind instrument), 15, 44, 306.

Ongat wells, 259.

Ornaments, the Mahdi and Sudanese, 18.

Ornithology: Birds in Dar Nuba, 3-4; kites at El Obeid, 53; vultures, 77, 88, 290.

Oshra Well, 40, 47.

Osman, Khalifa, 308, 353-4, 389.

Osman Azrak, 260.

Osman Digna, 11, 64, 166-7; defeat of, 266-8.

Osman Wad Adam, 199, 234, 236; and Abu Gemaizeh, 238-41; death of, 240.

Osman Wad Dekeim, 167.

Ostrich farms in Kordofan, 35.

Pain, Olivier, at El Obeid, 172-75.

Palace, the Khalifa's, at Omdurman, 280.

Passioni, Jew named, 360.

Pesavento, Sister E., 48.

Pilgrims at Omdurman, 206.

Pimezzoni, Franz, 1.

Plagues in the Sudan: of locusts, 291; of mice, 291-2.

Plough, a, in the Sudan, 378.

Poetry, the Arabs and, 67.

Polinari, Domenico, 138-40, 349-50.

Postal service in the Mahdi's kingdom, 300-1.

Powder, scarcity of, at Omdurman, 359, 367-75.

Power, Consul, 99, 129-30.

Prayers, the Mahdi and, 19; book of, 213; form of, 296.

Printing press at Omdurman, 213.

Prison at Omdurman, 344-65.

Proclamation by the Mahdi, 76.

Quicksilver found at Delen, 35.

Rabeh Zubeir, 240, 241.

Rahad, General Hicks at, 77-85; the road to, 101-3; the Mahdi at, 106-21, 125-6, 169.

Rahma, fiki, 11.

Rain in Dar Nuba, 3; in the Sudan, 376.

Ramadan, fast of, 64, 158.

Ras Adal, 247; and Galabat, 217-20.

Ras Alula, 167, 247.

Rashid Bey, 9.

Ratibs (Mahdi's book of prayers), 213.

Rauf Pasha, 1-2, 6-7.

Regaf Station, 269, 271-2, 340, 384, 396.

Religion, interview with the Mahdi on, 109-11.

Reptiles, 150; snakes, 3-4, 433; scorpions, 114, 347.

Review of Dervishes at Omdurman, 225-6, 307-8.

Rizighat tribe of Arabs, 73, 221, 396-7.

Roads in Omdurman, 280; in the Sudan, 341.

Rognotto, Joseph, 100.

Rossignoli, Father, 54, 57.

Roversi (inspector of slaves), 22-3, 27-30, 48; death of, 49.

Rundle Bey, 439.

Saburi Mountain, 5.

Saddlers at Omdurman, 381.

_Safia_ steamer, 127.

Said Bey Guma, 94, 202-3, 223, 236.

Said Mohammed, 39.

Said Pasha, 7, 10-1, 20-1, 29, 119; defence of El Obeid, 36-40, 49, 56, 58-9, 66.

Said el Mek, 6.

Saier at Omdurman, see "Prison."

Saleh, sheikh, 55.

Saleh Pasha Wad el Mek, 125, 153, 350.

Saleh Bey, 217-8, 221, 352-3, 364, 414.

Saleh Bey Fadlallah, 232-4, 265.

Salem, sheikh, 55.

Salisbury, Lord, letter to King John, 250-1.

Sandalia, perfume called, 157.

Sandstorm, a fearful, 203; in the Sudan, 376-7.

Santoni, A., 443; and Father Bonomi, 178-9, 183.

Sarras, Dervishes at, 257-8, 262.

Sawakin, 1, 121, 166-7; Osman Digna besieges, 266-7.

Sayer, Brother, 443.

Sayid el Mek, 407.

Sayid Hamed, 167-8.

Sayid Osman, _see_ "Osman, Khalifa."

"Sayidna Isa," 244-5.

Schuver, Jean M., 2.

Seckendorf, Baron, death of, 88; servant of, 80.

Selima wells, 233.

Selim Bey in Equatoria, 271.

Sennar, 154, 160, 162, 164-5, 226, 256, 290.

Senussi, sheikh, 4, 14, 173, 237.

Shaggieh troops, 239.

Shaggieh tribe, 143.

Shakka, 35, 59, 235, 384, 391.

Sharé River, 241.

Shatt Station, 11, 35, 77, 126, 175.

Shebba, a (forked wood), 97.

Sheep of the Kababish tribe, 232, 234; in the Sudan provinces, 379.

Shekan forest, battle near, 87, 92, 94, 171.

Shendi, 290.

Sherif, Khalifa, _see_ "Ali Esh Sherif."

Sherif Mahmud, 20, 60, 86, 106, 169-72, 174, 176-8, 183, 186-9, 197; death of, 198-9, 206, 223.

Shilluk tribe, 272, 379.

Shirkeleh, 77, 80, 126.

Shirra, Baggara chief, 187.

Shukrieh tribe, 166, 216, 290, 350.

Sideham, a Copt, 178.

Sid el Hassan, the celebrated Moslem, 165-6.

Sidi Hamdan, _see_ "Abu Anga."

Sieges, _see_ "Bara," "El Fasher," "El Obeid," "Galabat," "Kassala," "Khartum," "Sennar," "Sawakin," "Tokar," &c.

Singiokai, 25, 32, 49, 59.

Sisters of the Austrian Mission, before Abdullah, 100; at Rahad, 103-6; escape of, from Omdurman, 413-5, 418-45; _see also_ "Andreis," "Corsi," "Chincarini," "Pesavento," "Venturini."

Siwar ed Dahab, 21, 264.

Skander Bey, 21.

Skander, fate of Mulatte, 140.

Slatin Bey, 2, 73-5, 93, 118, 153, 174-5, 177, 189, 206, 348; and Darfur, 235; and waterskins, 237.

Slave trade, in Dar Nuba, 4; in the Bahr el Ghazal, 8-9, 12, 22; in the Sudan, 382-6.

Slaves, the Mahdi's law regarding, 62; of Khartum, 143; at Omdurman, 208-9, 333, 339.

Small-pox, in Omdurman, 154-5; in El Obeid, 183-4.

Soap-boiling at Omdurman, 213-4, 303, 413.

Sobei, the Khojur of, 187.

Sogaro, Archbishop Franz, 415-7, 420, 444-5.

Soil, of Dar Nuba, 3; of Bara, 200; in the Gezireh, 378.

Stambuli, George, 42-8, 54, 58, 68-71, 84, 96-7, 269.

Stanley, H. M., and Emin Pasha, 269, 271.

Starvation in the Mahdi's camp, 154.

Stewart, Col., murder of, 128-30, 177, 414, 438.

Sudan, Egypt and the, 34, 123; the Mahdi master of the, 94; English troops in the, 120; custom to drink melted butter, 175; revolt of black soldiers of army of, 189-200; witchcraft in, 44, 274-5; famine in the, 290-2; horsemanship in the, 308; immorality in the, 341-3; cattle breeding in the, 376-9; disease in the, 386; present situation in the, 387-407, 447-50.

Sudanese, the, marriage ceremony of, 17-8; and small-pox, 154-5; and alchemy, 369.

Suez, 1.

Suk Abu Sin, _see_ "Gedaref."

Suleiman Bey, Gessi and, 9-10.

Suleiman, Capt. M., 22, 27.

Suleiman el Hejazi, 240.

Suleiman Wad Naaman, sheikh, 129-30, 414.

Superstition, in the Sudan, 44, 274-5; the Nubas and, 186; _see also_ "Witchcraft."

Surur Effendi, 56.

Swindlers in Omdurman, 334, 337-9.

Syria, Sherif of, 111.

Tagalla, Jebel, 3, 7, 77, 222-3, 225, 247; _see also_ "Adam, King."

Taha, Sayid Mohammed, 91.

Taher, sheikh, 316-7.

Taisha Arabs, 14, 221, 301; Abdullah and, 308-11, 350, 395-6.

Takruri tribe, 171-2, 217, 244, 248, 283.

Tamai, battle of, 266.

Tamarinds in Kordofan, 35.

Taxation in the Mahdi's kingdom, 379-80.

Tax-gatherers of the Sudan provinces, 313.

Tax levied at Omdurman, 205.

Tayara Station, 11, 35, 60.

Testament, King John's copy of New, 250.

Thieves in Omdurman, 328-9, 334-7, 339-40.

"Three Holy Kings," festival of the, 218.

Tira hill, 3.

Tobacco, the Sudanese and, 17; chewing, 276; punishment of smokers of, 330.

Tobji, Osman, 65-6.

Todros Kasa, son of King Theodore, 242-5.

Tokar, 267-8; capture of, 367, 386, 414.

Tolodi, Jebel, 223.

Tomb of the Mahdi at Omdurman, 275-80.

Tome, sheikh, 55, 64; brother of, 232.

Toski, battle at, 263, 320, 350, 361.

Trades in Omdurman, 381-2.

Treasure in Khartum, 145.

Trees in Dar Nuba, 3.

Tur el Hadra, 2.

Tuti Island, 147, 375.

"Turk," Arabs and the term, 263.

Turkey, Sultan of, letter to, from Khalifa, 257.

Uganda, events in, 271.

Unyoro, events in, 271.

Venturini, Sister E., 413-45.

Victoria, Queen, and King John of Abyssinia, 250-1; letter to, from Abdullah, 257.

Wad Ali, 246, 249.

Wad Arbab, Emir, 217-8.

Wad Bishara, village of, 426.

Wad el Bedri, 10, 319, 395.

Wad el Besir, 94, 124, 258, 306.

Wadelai, 271.

Wad el Areik (merchant), 21, 35, 131, 405.

Wad el Banna, 401.

Wad el Hashmi, Emir, 76, 190, 193-4, 199.

Wad el Makashef, 11, 72, 164.

Wad er Reis, 445; _see_ "Hussein Wad Dayim."

Wad Gubara (Emir), 38-9, 85, 125, 130, 133, 260.

Wad Gesuli, 96.

Wad Guzuli, 345.

Wad Hamdu Allah, 313.

Wadi Gamr cataracts, 128.

Wadi Halfa, 257, 260.

Wad Nubawi (Emir), 233.

Wad Zaid, 350.

War materials at Omdurman, 349, 381.

Waterskins, the Masalit people and, 237.

Water-wheels along the Nile, 378.

White Nile, 3, 6, 12, 93, 126, 133-5, 150, 204; expedition up the, 269-272.

Witchcraft, the Mahdi's success attributed to, 94; the bark of Adansonia tree, 170; in the Sudan, 274-5, 402.

Wodehouse, Colonel, 115, 259, 265; battle at Argin, 262.

Wolseley (Lord), 'Soldier's Pocket-Book,' 101.

Yakub (Khalifa Abdullah's brother), 243, 277, 304, 313-4, 324-6, 361, 366, 368, 371-3, 389-90, 394, 402-7.

Yesin, Major, 59.

Yunis Ed Dekeim, 260, 265.

Yusef Angeli (Greek), 373-4.

Yusef Pertekachi, and manufacture of powder, 371-4.

Yunis, Emir, 206, 219-20, 223, 396, 417; and Abu Anga, 244-5.

Yusef, Sultan of Darfur, 213, 236, 308.

Yusef Kurdi (merchant), 333-4.

Yusef Pasha, 10-1, 42, 90.

Zeki Tummal and Abyssinia, 225, 247, 249, 251-2, 272, 285, 290.

Zeregga, 77.

Zogal (the Mahdi's uncle), 75, 93-4, 164, 184, 223, 235, 265-7, 360, 388, 396, 401, 417; and Darfur, 201-3.

Zogheir (a celebrated thief), 335-7, 353.

Zubeir, feast known as, 4.

Zubeir Pasha, 172, 391; Abu Anga and, 221; and Kingdom of Shakka, 235.

Zurbuchen, Dr., 2.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

Transcriber's Note

In this etext a u with circumflex is represented as [^u] and a u with a macron [=u]

Illustrations have been moved near the relevant section of the text.

The question mark after "thousand men" on Page 115 has been retained. Inconsistent use of quotes following "known as" have been left as-is. Inconsistent capitalization has been retained for "sub-Mudir" and "Sub-Mudir". The lack of an apostrophe after "days" in the expression "days later" has been left unchanged. Inconsistent hyphenation and use of separate words have been retained for "anyone" / "any one", "bodyguard" / "body-guard", "camelmen" / "camel-men", "contradistinction" / "contra-distinction", "headquarters" / "head-quarters", "hundredweight" / "hundred-weight", "nicknamed" / "nick-named", "reaction" / "re-action", "recaptured" / "re-capture", "reoccupy" / "re-occupy", and "waterskins" / "water-skins".

Here is a list of the minor typographical corrections made:

- Period added after "GOVERNMENT" on Page xi - Hyphen removed following "Emir" on Page 16 - "forbad" changed to "forbade" on Page 18 - "befel" changed to "befell" on Page 22 - "Goverment" changed to "Government" on Page 22 - Comma added after "age" on Page 24 - "succeded" change to "succeeded" on Page 29 - Comma changed to period after "merchants" on Page 36 - "Madhi" changed to "Mahdi" on Page 42 - "garrrison" changed to "garrison" on Page 54 - Quote added after "Mahdi" on Page 66 - "Madhi" changed to "Mahdi" on Page 95 - Comma removed following "viz." on Page 98 - Extra dash removed after "Khartum" on Page 131 - "mattrass" changed to "mattress" on Page 138 - Period added after "it" on Page 171 - "the the" replaced by "the" on Page - "I.e" italicized on Page 189 - Period added after "off" on Page 241 - Period added after "defeated" on Page 263 - "out-of-the way" changed to "out-of-the-way" on Page 351 - Comma added after "army" on Page 451 - "lifeguards" changed to "life-guards" on Page 451 - Italics added to "also" and removed from "Marissa" on Page 452 - Italics added to "also" on Page 452 - Semicolon replaced by comma after "35" on Page 453 - Corrected alphabetical order of "Emin Pasha" in index on Page 454 - "and" removed before "Sheikh" on Page 454 - Semicolon changed to comma after "4" on Page 454 - Period inserted after "401" on Page 454 - "skeikh" changed to "sheikh" on Page 455 - Alphabetical order of "Nesim" corrected in index on Page 457 - "sandstorms" changed to "sand-storms" on Page 458 - "smallpox" changed to "small-pox" on Page 459 - "power" changed to "powder" on Page 460 - Space inserted before "2" on Page 460