Chapter 43
FOOTNOTES
[Footnote 1: See discussion by George H. Babcock, of Stirling's paper on "Water-tube and Shell Boilers", in Transactions, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Volume VI., Page 601.]
[Footnote 2: When one temperature alone is given the "true" specific heat is given; otherwise the value is the "mean" specific heat for the range of temperature given.]
[Footnote 3: For variation, see Table 13.]
[Footnote 4: Where range of temperature is given, coefficient is mean over range.]
[Footnote 5: Coefficient of cubical expansion.]
[Footnote 6: Le Chatelier's Investigations.]
[Footnote 7: Burgess-Le Chatelier.]
[Footnote 8: For accuracy of high temperature measurements, see Table 7.]
[Footnote 9: Messrs. White & Taylor Trans. A. S. M. E., Vol. XXI, 1900.]
[Footnote 10: See Scientific American Supplement, 624, 625, December, 1887.]
[Footnote 11: 460 degrees below the zero of Fahrenheit. This is the nearest approximation in whole degrees to the latest determinations of the absolute zero of temperature]
[Footnote 12: Marks and Davis]
[Footnote 13: See page 120.]
[Footnote 14: See Trans., A. S. M. E., Vol. XIV., Page 79.]
[Footnote 15: Some waters, not naturally acid, become so at high temperatures, as when chloride of magnesia decomposes with the formation of free hydrochloride acid; such phenomena become more serious with an increase in pressure and temperature.]
[Footnote 16: L. M. Booth Company.]
[Footnote 17: Based on lime containing 90 per cent calcium oxide.]
[Footnote 18: Based on soda containing 58 per cent sodium oxide.]
[Footnote 19: See Stem Correction, page 80.]
[Footnote 20: See pages 125 to 127.]
[Footnote 21: The actual specific heat at a particular temperature and pressure is that corresponding to a change of one degree one way or the other and differs considerably from the average value for the particular temperature and pressure given in the table. The mean values given in the table give correct results when employed to determine the factor of evaporation whereas the actual values at the particular temperatures and pressures would not.]
[Footnote 22: See page 117.]
[Footnote 23: Ratio by weight of O to N in air.]
[Footnote 24: 4.32 pounds of air contains one pound of O.]
[Footnote 25: Per pound of C in the CO.]
[Footnote 26: Ratio by volume of O to N in air.]
[Footnote 27: Available hydrogen.]
[Footnote 28: See Table 31, page 151.]
[Footnote 29: This formula is equivalent to (10) given in chapter on combustion. 34.56 = theoretical air required for combustion of one pound of H (see Table 31).]
[Footnote 30: For degree of accuracy of this formula, see Transactions, A. S. M. E., Volume XXI, 1900, page 94.]
[Footnote 31: For loss per pound of coal multiply by per cent of carbon in coal by ultimate analysis.]
[Footnote 32: For loss per pound of coal multiply by per cent of carbon in coal by ultimate analysis.]
[Footnote 33: The Panther Creek District forms a part of what is known as the Southern Field; in the matter of hardness, however, these coals are more nearly akin to Lehigh coals.]
[Footnote 34: Sometimes called Western Middle or Northern Schuylkill Field.]
[Footnote 35: Geographically, the Shamokin District is part of the Western Middle Mahanoy Field, but the coals found in this section resemble more closely those of the Wyoming Field.]
[Footnote 36: See page 161.]
[Footnote 37: U. S. Geological Survey.]
[Footnote 38: See "Steam Boiler Economy", page 47, First Edition.]
[Footnote 39: To agree with Pfaundler's formula the end ordinates should be given half values in determining T", _i. e._, T" = ((Temp. at B + Temp. at C) ÷ 2 + Temp. all other ordinates) ÷ N]
[Footnote 40: B. t. u. calculated.]
[Footnote 41: Average of two samples.]
[Footnote 42: Assuming bagasse temperature = 80 degrees Fahrenheit and exit gas temperature = 500 degrees Fahrenheit.]
[Footnote 43: Dr. Henry C. Sherman. Columbia University.]
[Footnote 44: Includes N.]
[Footnote 45: Includes silt.]
[Footnote 46: Net efficiency = gross efficiency less 2 per cent for steam used in atomizing oil.
Heat value of oil = 18500 B. t. u.
One ton of coal weighs 2000 pounds. One barrel of oil weighs 336 pounds. One gallon of oil weighs 8 pounds.]
[Footnote 47: Average of 20 samples.]
[Footnote 48: Includes H and CH_{4}.]
[Footnote 49: B. t. u. approximate. For method of calculation, see page 175.]
[Footnote 50: Temperatures are average over one cycle of operation and may vary widely as to maximum and minimum.]
[Footnote 51: Dependant upon length of kiln.]
[Footnote 52: Results secured by this method will be approximately correct.]
[Footnote 53: See "Chimneys for Crude Oil", C. R. Weymouth, Trans. A. S. M. E., Dec. 1912.]
[Footnote 54: To determine the portion of the fuel which is actually burned, the weight of ashes should be computed from the total weight of coal burned and the coal and ash analyses in order to allow for any ash that may be blown away with the flue gases. In many cases the ash so computed is considerably higher than that found in the test.]
[Footnote 55: As distinguished from the efficiency of boiler, furnace and grate.]
[Footnote 56: To obtain the efficiency of the boiler as an absorber of the heat contained in the hot gases, this should be the heat generated per pound of combustible corrected so that any heat lost through incomplete combustion will not be charged to the boiler. This, however, does not eliminate the furnace as the presence of excess air in the gases lowers the efficiency and the ability to run without excess air depends on the design and operation of the furnace. The efficiency based on the total heat value per pound of combustible is, however, ordinarily taken as the efficiency of the boiler notwithstanding the fact that it necessarily involves the furnace.]
[Footnote 57: See pages 280 and 281.]
[Footnote 58: Where the horse power of marine boilers is stated, it generally refers to and is synonymous with the horse power developed by the engines which they serve.]
[Footnote 59: In other countries, boilers are ordinarily rated not in horse power but by specifying the quantity of water they are capable of evaporating from and at 212 degrees or under other conditions.]
[Footnote 60: See equivalent evaporation from and at 212 degrees, page 116.]
[Footnote 61: The recommendations are those made in the preliminary report of the Committee on Power Tests and at the time of going to press have not been finally accepted by the Society as a whole.]
[Footnote 62: This code relates primarily to tests made with coal.]
[Footnote 63: The necessary apparatus and instruments are described elsewhere. No definite rules can be given for location of instruments. For suggestions on location, see A. S. M. E. Code of 1912, Appendix 24. For calibration of instruments, see Code, Vol. XXXIV, Trans., A. S. M. E., pages 1691-1702 and 1713-14.]
[Footnote 64: One to two inches for small anthracite coals.]
[Footnote 65: Do not blow down the water-glass column for at least one hour before these readings are taken. An erroneous indication may otherwise be caused by a change of temperature and density of the water within the column and connecting pipe.]
[Footnote 66: Do not blow down the water-glass column for at least one hour before these readings are taken. An erroneous indication may otherwise be caused by a change of temperature and density of the water within the column and connecting pipe.]
[Footnote 67: For calculations relating to quality of steam, see page 129.]
[Footnote 68: Where the coal is very moist, a portion of the moisture will cling to the walls of the jar, and in such case the jar and fuel together should be dried out in determining the total moisture.]
[Footnote 69: Say ½ ounce to 2 ounces.]
[Footnote 70: For methods of analysis, see page 176.]
[Footnote 71: For suggestions relative to Smoke Observations, see A. S. M. E. Code of 1912, Appendix 16 and 17.]
[Footnote 72: The term "as fired" means actual condition including moisture, corrected for estimated difference in weight of coal on the grate at beginning and end.]
[Footnote 73: Corrected for inequality of water level and steam pressure at beginning and end.]
[Footnote 74: See Transactions, A. S. M. E., Volume XXXIII, 1912.]
[Footnote 75: For methods of determining, see Technologic Paper No. 7, Bureau of Standards, page 44.]
[Footnote 76: Often called extra heavy pipe.]
[Footnote 77: See Feed Piping, page 312.]
[Footnote 78: See Superheat Chapter, page 145.]
[Footnote 79: See Radiation from Steam Lines, page 314.]
[Footnote 80: D, the density, is taken as the mean of the density at the initial and final pressures.]
[Footnote 81: Diameters up to 5 inches, inclusive, are _actual_ diameters of standard pipe, see Table 62, page 308.]
[Footnote 82: Diameters up to 4 inches, inclusive, are _actual_ internal diameters, see Table 62, page 308.]
[Footnote 83: H. P. Jordan, "Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers", 1909.]
[Footnote 84: "Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieur", 1909, page 1750.]
[Footnote 85: Heinrich Gröber--Zeit. d. Ver. Ing., March 1912, December 1912. Leprince-Ringuet--Revue de Mecanique. July 1911. John Perry--"The Steam Engine". T. E. Stanton--Philosophical Transactions, 1897. Dr. J. T. Nicholson--Proceedings Institute of Engineers & Shipbuilders in Scotland, 1910. W. E. Dally--Proceedings Institute of Mechanical Engineers, 1909.]
[Footnote 86: Proceedings Royal Society, Vol. LXXI.]
[Footnote 87: Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieur, 1910, page 1154.]
[Footnote 88: Proceedings Institute of Engineers and Shipbuilders, 1910.]
[Footnote 89: Natural or Hyperbolic Logarithm.]