Chapter 42

Absolute pressure 117 Absolute zero 80 Accessibility of Babcock & Wilcox boiler 59 Acidity in boiler feed water 106 Actual evap. corresponding to boiler horse power 288 Advantages of Babcock & Wilcox boilers 61 Stoker firing 195 Water tube over fire tube boilers 61 Air, composition of 147 In boiler feed water 106 Properties of 147 Required for combustion 152, 156 Specific heat of 148 Supplied for combustion 157 Vapor in 149 Volume of 147 Weight of 147 Alkalinity in boiler feed water 103 Testing feed for 103 Altitude, boiling point of water at 97 Chimney sizes corrected for 248 Alum in feed water treatment 106 A. S. M. E. code for boiler testing 267 Analyses, comparison of proximate and ultimate 183 Proximate coal, and heating values 177 Analysis, coal, proximate, methods of 176 Coal, ultimate 173 Determination of heating value from 173 Analysis, Flue gas 155 Flue gas, methods of 160 Flue gas, object of 155 Anthracite coal 166 Combustion rates with 246 Distribution of 167 Draft required for 246 Firing 190 Grate ratio for 191 Semi 166 Sizes of 190 Steam as aid to burning 191 Thickness of fires with 191 Arches, fire brick, as aid to combustion 190 Fire brick, for 304 Fire brick, laying 305 Automatic stokers, advantages of 195 Overfeed 196 Traveling grate 197 Traveling grate, Babcock & Wilcox 194 Underfeed 196 Auxiliaries, exhaust from, in heating feed water 113 Superheated steam with 142 Auxiliary grates, with blast furnace gas 228 With oil fuel 225 With waste heat 235 Babcock, G. H., lecture on circulation of water in Boilers 28 Lecture on theory of steam making 92 Babcock & Wilcox Co., Works at Barberton, Ohio 7 Works at Bayonne, N. J. 6 Babcock & Wilcox boiler, accessibility of 59 Advantages of 61 Circulation of water in 57, 66 Construction of 49 Cross boxes 50 Cross drum 53 Cross drum, dry steam with 71 Drumheads 49 Drums 49 Durability 75 Evolution of 39 Fittings 55 Fixtures 55 Fronts 53 Handhole fittings 50, 51 Headers 50, 51 Inclined header, wrought steel 54 Inspection 75 Life of 76 Materials entering into the construction of 59 Mud drums 51 Path of gases in 57 Path of water in 57 Rear tube doors of 53, 74 Repairs 75 Safety of 66 Sections 50 Set for utilizing waste heat 236 Set with Babcock & Wilcox chain grate stoker 12 Set with bagasse furnace 208 Set with Peabody oil furnace 222 Supports, cross drum 53 Supports, longitudinal drum 52 Tube doors 53 Vertical header, cast iron 58 Vertical header, wrought steel 48 Babcock & Wilcox chain grate stoker 194 Babcock & Wilcox superheater 136 Bagasse, composition of 206 Furnace 209 Heat, value of 206 Tests of Babcock & Wilcox boilers with 210 Value of diffusion 207 Barium carbonate in feed water treatment 106 Barium hydrate in feed water treatment 106 Barrus draft gauge 254 Bituminous coal, classification of 167 Combustion rates with 246 Composition of 177 Distribution of 168 Firing methods 193 Semi 166 Sizes of 191 Thickness of fire with 193 Blast furnace gas, burners for 228 Combustion of 228 Composition of 227 Stacks for 228 Boiler, Blakey's 23 Brickwork, care of 307 Circulation of water in steam 28 Compounds 109 Development of water tube 23 Eve's 24 Evolution of Babcock & Wilcox 39 Fire tube, compared with water tube 61 Guerney's 24 Horse power 263 Loads, economical 283 Perkins' 24 Room piping 108 Room practice 297 Rumsey's 23 Stevens', John 23 Stevens', John Cox 23 Units, number of 289 Units, size of 289 Wilcox's 25 Woolf's 23 Boilers, capacity of 278 Care of 291 Efficiency of 256 Horse power of 265 Operation of 291 Requirements of steam 27 Testing 267 Boiling point 86 Of various substances 86 Of water as affected by altitude 97 Brick, fire 304 Arches 305 Classification of 304 Compression of 303 Expansion of 303 Hardness of 303 Laying up 305 Nodules, ratio of 303 Nodules, size of 303 Plasticity of 302 Brick, red 302 Brickwork, care of 307 British thermal unit 83 Burners, blast furnace gas 228 By-product coke oven gas 231 Natural gas 231 Oil 217 Oil, capacity of 221 Oil, mechanical atomizing 219 Oil, operation of 223 Oil, steam atomizing 218 Oil, steam consumption of 220 Burning hydrogen, loss due to moisture formed in 261 By-product coke oven gas burners 231 By-product coke oven gas, combustion of 231 By-product coke oven gas, composition and heat value of 231 Calorie 83 Calorific value (see Heat value). Calorimeter, coal, Mahler bomb 184 Mahler bomb, method of correction 187 Mahler bomb, method of operation of 185 Calorimeter, steam, compact type of throttling 132 Correction for 131 Location of nozzles for 134 Normal reading 131 Nozzles 134 Separating 133 Throttling 129 Capacity of boilers 264, 278 As affecting economy 276 Economical loads 283 With bagasse 210 With blast furnace gas 228 With coal 280 With oil fuel 224 Capacity of natural gas burners 229 Capacity of oil burners 221 Carbon dioxide in flue gases 154 Unreliability of readings taken alone 162 Carbon, fixed 165 Incomplete combustion of, loss due to 158 Monoxide, heat value of 151 Monoxide, in flue gases 155 Unconsumed in ash, loss due to 261 Care of boilers when out of service 300 Casings, boilers 307 Causticity of feed water 103 Testing for 105 Celsius thermometer scale 79 Centigrade thermometer scale 79 Chain grate stoker, Babcock & Wilcox 194 Chemicals required in feed water treatment 105 Chimney gases, losses in 158, 159 Chimneys (see Draft). Correction in dimensions for altitude 248 Diameter of 243 Draft available from 241 Draft loss in 239 For blast furnace gas 253 For oil fuel 251 For wood fuel 254 Height of 243 Horse power they will serve 250 Circulation of water in Babcock & Wilcox boilers 57, 66 Of water in steam boilers 28 Results of defective 62, 66, 67 Classification of coals 166 Fire brick 304 Feed water difficulties 100 Fuels 165 Cleaners, turbine tube 299 Cleaning, ease of, Babcock & Wilcox boilers 73 Closed feed water heaters 111 Coal, Alaska 169 Analyses and heat value 177 Analysis, proximate 176 Analysis, ultimate 173 Anthracite 166 Bituminous 167 Cannel 167 Classification of 165, 166 Combustion of 190 Comparison with oil 214 Consumption, increase due to superheat 139 Distribution of 167 Formation of 165 Lignite 167 Records 293 Semi-anthracite 166 Semi-bituminous 166 Sizes of anthracite 190 Sizes of bituminous 191 Code of A. S. M. E. for boiler testing 267 Coefficient of expansion of various substances 87 Coke 171 Oven gas, by-product, burners 231 Oven gas, by-product, combustion of 231 Oven gas, by-product, composition and heat value of 231 Coking method of firing 195 Color as indication of temperature 91 Combination furnaces 224 Combustible in fuels 150 Combustion 150 Air required for 152, 156 Air supplied for 157 Combustion of coal 190 Of gaseous fuels 227 Of liquid fuels 212 Of solid fuels other than coal 201 Composition of bagasse 205 Blast furnace gas 227 By-product coke oven gas 231 Coals 177 Natural gas 229 Oil 213 Wood 201 Compounds, boiler 109 Compressibility of water 97 Compression of fire brick 303 Condensation, effect of superheated steam on 140 In steam pipes 313 Consumption, heat, of engines 141 Correction, stem, for thermometers 80 For normal reading in steam calorimeter 131 For radiation, bomb calorimeter 187 Corrosion 101, 106 Coverings, pipe 315 Cross drum, Babcock & Wilcox boiler 52, 53, 60 Dry steam with 71 Draft area as affecting economy in Babcock & Wilcox boilers 70 Available from chimneys 241 Draft loss in chimneys 239 Loss in boilers 245 Loss in flues 243 Loss in furnaces 245 Draft required for anthracite 246 Required for various fuels 246 Drums, Babcock & Wilcox, cross 53 Cross, boxes 50 Heads 49 Longitudinal 49 Manholes 49 Nozzles on 50 Dry steam in Babcock & Wilcox boilers 71 Density of gases 147 Steam 115 Dulong's formula for heating value 173 Ebullition, point of 86 Economizers 111 Efficiency of boilers, chart of 258 Combustible basis 256 Dry coal basis 256 Increase in, due to superheaters 139 Losses in (see Heat balance) 259 Testing 267 Test _vs._ operating 278 Variation in, with capacity 284 With coal 288 With oil 224 Ellison draft gauge 254 Engine, Hero's 13 Engines, superheated steam with 141 Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 degrees 116 Eve's boiler 24 Evolution of Babcock & Wilcox boiler 39 Exhaust steam from auxiliaries 113 Expansion, coefficient of 87 Of fire brick 303 Of pipe 315 Pyrometer 89 Factor of evaporation 117 Fahrenheit thermometer scale 79 Fans, use of, in waste heat work 233 Feed water, air in 106 As affecting capacity 279 Boiler 100 Feed water heaters, closed 111 Economizers 111 Open 111 Feed water heating, methods of 111 Saving by 110 Feed water, impurities in 100 Lines 312 Method of feeding 110 Feed water treatment 102 Chemical 102 Chemical, lime and soda process 102 Chemical, lime process 102 Chemical, soda process 102 Chemicals used in lime and soda process 105 Combined heat and chemical 105 Heat 102 Less usual reagents 106 Firing, advantages of stoker 195 Methods for anthracite 190 Bituminous 193 Lignite 195 Fittings, handhole in Babcock & Wilcox boilers 50, 51 Pipe 311 Superheated steam 145 With Babcock & Wilcox boilers 55 Fixtures with Babcock & Wilcox boilers 55 Flanges, pipe 309 Flow of steam into pressure above atmosphere 317 Into the atmosphere 328 Through orifices 317 Through pipes 317 Flue gas analysis 155 Conversion of volumetric to weight 161 Methods of making 160 Object of 155 Orsat apparatus 159 Flue gas, composition of 155 Losses in 158, 159 Weight per pound of carbon in fuel 158 Weight per pound of fuel 158 Weight resulting from combustion 157 Foaming 102, 107 Fuel analysis, proximate 176 Ultimate 173 Fuel calorimeter, Mabler bomb 184 Tests, method of making 186 Fuels, classification of 165 Gaseous, and their combustion 227 Fuels, liquid, and their combustion 212 Solid, coal 190 Solid, other than coal 201 Furnace, bagasse 209 Blast furnace gas 228 By-product coke oven gas 231 Combination wood and oil 225 Efficiency of 283 Natural gas 229 Peabody oil 222 Webster 55 Wood burning 201, 202 Galvanic action 107 Gas, blast furnace, burners 228 Combustion of 228 Composition of 227 Gas, by-product coke oven, burners 231 Combustion of 231 Composition of and heat value 231 Gas, natural, burners 229 Combustion of 229 Composition and heat value of 229 Gases, chimney, losses in 158, 159 Density of 163 Flue (see Flue gases). Path of in Babcock & Wilcox boilers 57 Waste (see Waste heat) 232 Gaskets 312 Gauges, draft, Barrus 254 Ellison 255 Peabody 255 U-tube 254 Gauges, vacuum 117 Grate ratio for anthracite 191 Gravity of oils 214 Grooving 102 Guerney's boiler 24 Handhole fittings for Babcock & Wilcox boilers 50, 51 Handholes in Babcock & Wilcox boilers 50, 51 Hardness of boiler feed water 102 Permanent 102 Temporary 102 Testing for 105 Hardness of fire brick 303 Heat and chemical methods of treating feed water 105 And its measurement 79 Balance 262 Consumption of engines 141 Latent 84 Of liquid 120 Sensible 84 Specific (see Specific heat) 83 Total 86 Transfer 323 Heat value of bagasse 205 By-product coke oven gas 231 Coal 177 Heat value of fuels, determination of 173 Determination of Kent's approximate method 183 High and low 174 Heat value of natural gas 229 Oil 215 Wood 201 Heat waste (see Waste heat) 232 Heaters, feed water, closed 111 Economizers 111 Open 111 Heating feed water, saving by 110 Hero's engine 13 High and low heat value of fuels 174 High pressure steam, advantages of use of 119 High temperature measurements, accuracy of 89 Horse power, boiler 265 Evaporation (actual) corresponding to 288 Rated boiler 265 Stacks for various, of boilers 250 Hydrogen in flue gases 156 Ice, specific heat of 99 "Idalia", tests with superheated steam on yacht 143 Impurities in boiler feed water 100 Incomplete combustion of carbon, loss due to 158 Injectors, efficiency of 112 Relative efficiency of, and pumps 112 Iron alum in feed water treatment 106 Kent, Wm., determination of heat value from analysis 183 Stack table 250 Kindling point 150 Latent heat 84, 115 Laying of fire brick 305 Red brick 305 Lignite, analyses of 181 Combustion of 195 Lime and soda treatment of boiler feed 102 Used in chemical treatment of feed 105 Lime treatment of boiler feed water 102 Liquid fuels and their combustion 212 Loads, economical boiler 283 Losses due to excess air 158 Due to unburned carbon 158 Due to unconsumed carbon in the ash 261 Losses in efficiency (see Heat balance). In flue gases 158, 159 Low water in boilers 298 Melting points of metals 91 Mercurial pyrometers 89 Moisture in coal, determination of 176 In fuels, losses due to 259 In steam, determination of 129 Mud drum of Babcock & Wilcox boiler 51 Napier's formula for flow of steam 321 Natural gas, burners for 229 Combustion of 229 Composition and heat value of 229 Nitrate of silver in testing feed water 105 Nitrogen, as indication of excess air 157 In air 147 In flue gases 157 Nodules, fire brick, ratio of 303 Size of 303 Normal reading, throttling calorimeter 131 Nozzles, steam sampling for calorimeter 134 Location of 134 Oil fuel, burners (see Burners). Capacity with 224 Combustion of 217 Comparison with coal 214 Composition and heat value of 213 Efficiency with 224 Furnaces for 221 Gravity of 214 In combination with other fuels 224 Stacks for 251 Tests with 224 Open hearth furnace, Babcock & Wilcox boiler set for utilizing waste heat from 236 Open heaters, feed water 111 Operation of boilers 291 Optical pyrometers 91 Orsat apparatus 160 Oxalate of soda in feed water treatment 106 Oxygen in air 147 Flue gases 155 Peabody draft gauge 255 Formulae for coal calorimeter correction 188 Furnace for oil fuel 221, 222 Oil burner 218 Peat 167 Perkins' boiler 24 Pfaundler's method of coal calorimeter radiation correction 187 Pipe coverings 315 Data 308 Expansion of 315 Pipe fittings 311 Flanges 309 Flow of steam through 317 Radiation from bare and covered 314 Sizes 312 Supports for 315 Piping, boiler room 308 Pitting 102 Plant records, coal 293 Draft 294 Temperature 294 Water 293 Plasticity of fire brick 302 Pressed fuels 171 Priming in boilers 102 Methods of treating for 107 Properties of water 96 Proximate analyses of coal 177 Proximate analysis 173 Method of making 176 Pulverized fuels 170 Pump, efficiency of feed 112 Pyrometers, expansion 89 Mercurial 89 Optical 91 Radiation 90 Thermo-electric 90 Quality of steam 129 Radiation correction for coal calorimeter 187, 188 Correction for steam calorimeter 131 Effect of superheated steam on 140 From pipes 314 Losses in efficiency due to 307 Pyrometers 90 Ratio of air supplied to that required for combustion 157 Reagents, less usual in feed treatment 106 Records, plant, coal 293 Draft 294 Temperature 294 Water 293 Requirements of steam boilers 27 As indicated by evolution of Babcock & Wilcox 45 Rumsey's boiler 23 Safety of Babcock & Wilcox boilers 66 Salts responsible for scale 101 Solubility of 101 Sampling coal 271 Nozzles for steam 134 Nozzles for steam, location of 134 Steam 134 Steam, errors in 135 Saturated air 149 Saving by heating feed 110 With superheat in "Idalia" tests 143 With superheat in prime movers 140, 142 Scale (see Thermometers) 101 Sea water, composition of 97 Sections, Babcock & Wilcox boiler 50 Selection of boilers 277 Sensible heat 84 Separating steam calorimeter 132 Sizes of anthracite coal 190 Bituminous coal 191 Smoke, methods of eliminating 197 Smokelessness, relative nature of 197 With hand-fired furnaces 199 With stoker-fired furnaces 199 Soda, lime and, treatment of feed 103 Oxalate of, in treatment of feed 106 Removal of scale aided by 300 Silicate of, in treatment of feed 106 Treatment of boiler feed 103 Space occupied by Babcock & Wilcox boilers 66 Specific heat 83 Specific heat of air 148 Ice 99 Saturated steam 99 Specific heat of superheated steam 137 Various solids, liquids and gases 85 Water 99 Spreading method of firing 193 Stacks and draft (see Chimneys) 237 Stacks for blast furnace gas 228 Oil fuel 251 Wood 202, 254 Stayed surfaces, absence of, in Babcock & Wilcox boilers 69 Difficulties arising from use of 67 Steam 115 As aid to combustion of anthracite 191 As aid to combustion of lignite 195 Consumption of prime movers 289 Density of 115 Flow of, into atmosphere 320 Flow of, into pressure above atmosphere 318 Flow of, through pipes 317 High pressure, advantage of 119 History of generation and use of 13 Making, theory of 92 Moisture in 129 Properties of, for vacuum 119 Properties of saturated 122 Properties of superheated 125 Quality of 129 Saturated 115 Specific heat of saturated 99 Specific heat of superheated 137 Specific volume of 115 Superheated 137 Superheaters (see Superheated steam). Steaming, quick, with Babcock & Wilcox boilers 73 Stem Correction, thermometer 80 Stevens, John, boiler 23 Stevens, John Cox, boiler 23 Stokers, automatic, advantages of 195 Babcock & Wilcox chain grate 194 Overfeed 196 Smokelessness with 199 Traveling grate 197 Underfeed 196 Superheated steam 137 Additional fuel for 139 Effect on condensation 140 Effect on radiation 140 Fittings for use with 145 "Idalia" tests with 143 Specific heat of 137 Variation in temperature of 145 With turbines 142 Superheater, Babcock & Wilcox 136 Effect of on boiler efficiency 139 Supports, Babcock & Wilcox boiler 52, 53 Tan bark 210 Tar, water gas 225 Temperature, accuracy of high, measurements 89 As indicated by color 91 Of waste gases 232 Records 294 Test conditions _vs._ operating conditions 278 Testing, boiler, A. S. M. E. code for 267 Tests of Babcock & Wilcox boilers with bagasse 210 Coal 280 Oil 224 Theory of steam making 92 Thermo-electric pyrometers 90 Thermometer scale, celsius 79 Thermometer scale, centigrade 76 Fahrenheit 79 Réaumur 79 Thermometer scales, comparison of 80 Conversion of 80 Thermometer stem correction for 80 Thermometers, glass for 79 Throttling calorimeter 129 Total heat 86, 115 Treatment of boiler feed water (see Feed water) 102 Chemicals used in 105 Less usual reagents in 106 Tube data 309 Doors in Babcock & Wilcox boilers 53 Tubes in Babcock & Wilcox boilers 50 Ultimate analyses of coal 183 Analysis of fuels 173 Unaccounted losses in efficiency 261 Unconsumed carbon in ash 261 Units, boiler, number of 289 Size of 289 Units, British thermal 83 Unreliability of CO_{2} readings alone 162 Vacuum gauges 117 Properties of steam for 119 Valves used with superheated steam 312 Variation in properties of saturated steam 119 Superheat from boilers 145 Volume of air 147 Water 96 Volume, specific, of steam 115 Waste heat, auxiliary grates with boilers for 235 Babcock & Wilcox boilers set for use with 236 Boiler design for 233 Curve of temperature, heat absorption, and heating surface 235 Draft for 233 Fans for use with 233 Power obtainable from 232 Temperature of, from various processes 232 Utilization of 232 Water, air in boiler feed 106 Boiling points of 97 Compressibility of 97 Water feed, impurities in 100 Methods of feeding to boiler 132 Saving by heating 110 Treatment (see Feed water). Water-gas tar 225 Heat of the liquid 120 Path of, in Babcock & Wilcox boilers 57 Properties of 96 Records 293 Specific heat of 99 Volume of 96 Weight of 96, 120 Watt, James 17 Weathering of coal 169 Webster furnace 55 Weight of air 147 Wilcox boiler 25 Wood, combustion of dry 202 Wet 203 Composition and heat value of 201 Furnace design for 201 Moisture in 201 Sawmill refuse 202 Woolf s boiler 24 Zero, absolute 81