Part 168

---- omelet, 456

---- soup, 265

Spirit lamps, 83

---- of minderus, 779

---- of nitre, 779

---- of salt poisoning, 793

Spirit-rapping séance, 681

Spirits as food, 602

Sponge cake, 219

---- ---- pudding, 433

Sponge, cleaning, 545

Sponge pudding, 433

Spongy iron as a filter, 24, 30

Sprains, 793

Sprat pie, 301

---- toast, 302

Sprats, 301, 580

----, baked, 301

----, fried, 301

----, patties, 301

----, pickled, 131

----, potted, 131

----, rissoles, 302

----, salted, 131

----, smoking, 124

----, soused, 302

Spring bed, 702

Spring soup, 265

Springs, 13, 14

----, seasonal variation, 14

Sprouts, 565

Spruce beer, 204

Spurge laurel poisoning, 793

Squab pie, 331

Square eights dance, 653

Stables, 910

Stack-pipes, 42

Stage illusions, 656

Stained floors, 96

Stains, removing, 553

Staircase curtains, 98

Stanford’s pipe drains, 53

Starching, 548

Stays, 710

Steam baths, 831

---- boiler, 234

---- cooking, 233

---- heating, 81, 82

---- laundries, 849

---- oven, 208

---- power, 940

---- washing, 848

---- on windows, curing, 83

Steamed oysters, 291

Steatite gas burners, 85, 87

Steel, cleaning, 538

Steinlach dress, 731

Stewing, 242

---- fish, 269

Stewpans, copper, 238

Stews as food, 599

Sticklerspersgrod, 494

Still lemonade, 205

Stilton cheese, 165

Stings, 780

Stock, 244

----, clarifying, 246

----, clear, 245

----, fish, 246

----, gravy, 246

----, veal, 246

----, vegetable, 246

----, white, 246

Stockings, 711

Stölle, 495

Stomach bitters, 181

---- pump, 791

Stone cisterns, 19

----, cleaning, 535

Stoneware drains, 52

Stopped drains, 38, 50

Stoppers, removing, 562

Stopping chinks in floors, 56

---- ---- in windows, 56

Storing ice, 114

Stott’s gas regulator, 88

Stouffate, 509

Stoughton bitters, 181

Stoves, American, 70

----, close-fire, 71

----, convoluted, 74

----, German, 74

----, gill, 73

----, hot-air, 75

----, oil, 79

----, open, 62

----, slow combustion, 72

----, underfed, 71

Sracchino cheese, 166

Strange Christmas-box, 679

Straw goods, cleaning, 522

---- palliasse, 701

Strawberries, 568, 569, 570, 572, 574

----, bottling, 138

----, preserved, 152

Strawberry chartreuse, 433

---- cordial, 189

---- cream, 433

---- essence, 179

---- flavour, 480

---- ice cream, 443

---- jam, 137, 152

---- jelly, 152

---- short-cake, 434

---- soup, 266

---- syrup, 178

---- tartlets, 434

Strengthening darn, 897

Stretchers, 787

Strode’s gas regulator, 89

Strudels, 495

Strychnine poisoning, 793

Stuffed artichokes, 372

---- cabbage, 374

---- John Dory, 281

---- red mullet, 287

---- specimens, cleaning, 547

Stuffing, chestnut, 367

----, truffle and chestnut, 366

Stuffings, 460

Sturgeon, 582

Styes in eyes, 809

Styles and titles, 648

Suburek, 513

Sucking pig, 337

---- ----, carving, 627

Suction lamps, 83

---- pipe of pumps, 20

Suet keeping, 112

---- pudding, 343, 434

Suffocation, 790

Sugar, buying, 577

---- of lead poisoning, 793

Sugg’s gas regulating burner, 89

Sulphate of copper, 779

---- ---- potash, 779

---- ---- quinine, 779

---- ---- zinc, 779

Sulphuric acid poisoning, 793

---- ether, 779

---- orangeade, 205

Sultanas, 582

Summer beer, 179

---- drinks, 205

---- milk, 156

Sun burner, 90

Sunlight, 82

Sunstroke, 794

Suppers, 646

Swan, 581

Sweating, excessive, 824

Swedish dance, 653

Sweeping carpet, 525

Sweet dishes, 387

---- omelets, 456

---- potatoes, 568

---- rice omelets, 456

---- rusks, 219

---- sauce, 474

Sweetbread, 343, 569

---- soup, 266

----, stewed, 344

Sweetmeat nuts, 219

Swill-tubs condemned, 49

Swimming, 886

---- dresses, 718

Swiss cream, 156

---- darn, 898

---- eggs, 459

---- omelets, 457

---- pastry, 434

---- pudding, 434

---- roll, 435

Switches for electric light, 95

Swizzle, 516

Syllabubs, 205

Syrian curtains, 98

Syrup for ices, 441

---- of senna, 779

Syrups, candying, 175

---- for aerated drinks, 173

----, fruit, preventing fermentation of, 175

----, preparing, 174

----, preserving, 175

----, soda-water, red colouring for, 176

Tables, drawing-room, 97

Tainted dripping, 112

---- meat, 112

Tamarind fish, 302, 503

Tanks, rain-water, 15, 16

Tansy pudding, 435

Tapestry carpets, 97

Tapioca and apples, 389

----, buying, 578

---- cream, 435

---- pudding, 435

---- snow, 435

---- soufflé, 435

---- soup, 266

Taps for drinking-water, 45

Tar, removing from hands, 533

---- stains, removing, 555

Tarragon vinegar, 137

Tartar emetic poisoning, 793

Tartare sauce, 474

Tauf, 513

Tauk dolmas, 513

Taxes, 957

Tea as a drink, 604

----, beef, 316

---- cake, 219

----, testing, 520

----, veal, 344

Teaching, 865

Tea-kettle broth, 266

Teal, 568, 580, 581

Teapot, cleaning, 547

Tears of the widow of Malabar cordial, 189

Teas, 642

----, high, 645

Teething, 752

Telephone, 103

Tellemarken dress, 739

Temperature for setting milk, 158

---- of dairy, 154

---- of patient, 764

---- of sickroom, 755

Temptations of St. Anthony, 682

Tenancy, determination of, 957

Tench, 302, 580

----, broiled, 302

----, roast, 302

----, stewed, 382

Tent cordial, 189

Test for drinking-water, 24

Testing air, 55, 518

---- bread, 520

---- butter, 520

---- cocoa, 521

---- coffee, 521

---- drainage system, 40

---- drains, 52

---- eggs, 922

---- foods, 519

---- gas pipes, 92

---- milk, 520

---- pepper, 521

---- pickles, 521

---- tea, 520

---- water, 519

Textile goods, cleaning, 547

Thames Bank Iron Co.’s stove, 71

Thatched roof, 5

Thawing pipes, 847

Theatricals, amateur, 654

Thermometer, clinical, 764

Thick gingerbread, 219

Thieves, precautions, 108

Thirst, 603

Thomas and Taylor’s churn, 158

Thorncliffe range, 228

Thunder, artificial, 656

Tile floors, 7

---- roof, 7

Tiles, glazed, 96

Tin saucepans, 238

Tincture of arnica, 779

---- of chiretta, 779

---- of colchicum, 779

---- of henbane, 779

---- of lavender, 779

---- of quinine, 779

---- of rhubarb, 779

---- of squills, 780

---- of steel, 780

---- of valerian, 780

Tinned meat collops, 307

---- ----, cooking, 307

---- ---- in batter, 307

---- ----, Irish stew, 307

---- ----, mince, 307

---- ---- patties, 307

---- ---- pie, 307

---- ---- pudding, 308

---- ---- sausage rolls, 308

---- ---- shape, 308

---- ---- stew, 308

---- ----, Vienna steak, 308

---- ---- vinaigrette, 308

Tipsy puddings, 435

Titles and styles, 648

Toast and water, 206

----, fish, 271

Tobacco pipes, cleaning, 555

---- smoking, 606

Toffee, 439, 499

Toilet, 706

---- table, 98

Tolu ratafia, 190

Tomato cheese, 449

---- chutney, 133

---- omelets, 457

---- pickle, 136

---- preserve, 153

---- salad, 387

---- sauce, 475, 504

---- soup, 266

Tomatoes, 576, 579, 582

---- and eggs, 451

---- and meat pudding, 380

----, baked, 380, 484

----, forced, 380

----, keeping, 122

---- stewed, 484

----, stuffed, 380

Tongue, 316

----, salted, 131

----, sheep’s, 329

Tonic lemonade, 173

Toothache, 825

Toothbrushes, 708, 825

Tooth powders, 824

Tooth troubles, 824

Tops and bottoms, 220

Tortoise stove, 72

Tourist outfit, 721

Training, 870

Transferring, 893

Trapped drains, 52

---- gullies for sinks, 50

Trapping cistern pipes, 44

---- w.c. waste pipe, 46

Traps of w.c.’s, 46

Travelling dress, 721

Treacle pie, 436

---- posset, 773

---- pudding, 436

Treasure range, 229

Trees around dwellings, 2

Trial by fire, 683

Tricks and illusions, 664

Trifle, 436

Tripe, 337

Triumph dance, 652

Trousers, 711

Trout, 352, 489, 568, 569, 570, 571, 573

----, baked, 302

----, broiled, 302

----, grilled, 302

---- jelly, 302

----, potted, 132

----, soused, 302

----, stewed, 303

---- with remoulade sauce, 303

Truffle and chestnut stuffing, 366, 477

---- sauce, 380, 477

Truffles, 380, 579

----, keeping, 122

Tuginar, 514

Turbines, 938

Turbot, 303, 565, 566, 568, 569, 570, 573, 576, 578, 582

---- à la Normande, 303

---- au gratin, 304

----, boiled, 304

----, carving, 622

Turbot, fried, 304

----, hashed, 304

---- sauté, 304

---- with tomato sauce, 304

---- with white sauce, 304

---- with wine sauce, 304

Turkey, 366, 565, 566, 570, 571, 573, 578, 580, 581

----, blanched, 366

----, boiled, 366

----, boning, 367

----, braised, 366

----, carving, 629

----, devilled, 367

----, forcemeat, 368

----, galantine, 367

---- gravy, 368

----, grilled leg, 368

---- patty, 368

----, roast, 368

----, stuffed, 511

----, using up, 368

---- with mushrooms, 368

---- with oysters, 368

Turkeys, keeping, 926

Turkish baths, 831

---- dishes, 511

---- dress, 735

Turned meat, 112

Turning out gas, 85

Turnip soup, 266

---- tops, 381

Turnips, 565, 568, 569, 570, 582

----, boiled, 381

----, mashed, 381

Turpentine poisoning, 793

Turtle soup, 266

---- ----, mock, 259

Tutti frutti, 436

Twelfth cake, 216, 220

Twice laid cod, 277

Tying down bottles, 170

Type for school-books, 863

Tyrolean dress, 731

Umido, 503

Unconsciousness, 790

Underclothing, 709

Underfed grate, 71

---- smoke-consuming kitchener, 228

---- subjects, diet for, 597

Underground water supply, 14

Undressing, 708

Utrecht velvet chairs, 98

Valve closets, 47

Vanilla cream, 436

---- flavour, 480

---- ice cream, 444

---- sauce, 477

---- soufflé, 436

---- syrup, 178

Vapour baths, 831

Varnished walls, 99

---- wood floors, 7

Varnishing floors, 96

Veal, 337

---- and ham pie, 341

----, braised loin, 337

----, buying, 563, 565, 567, 569, 571, 573

---- cake, 484

----, carving, 626

---- croquettes, 339

----, curried, 339

---- cutlets, 339

---- fritters, 340

----, hashed, 340

---- kidney, 485

----, minced, 340

---- patties, 340

---- pie, 341

---- quenelles, 341

----, roast, 342

----, rolled, 342

---- scallops, 342

---- shape, 342

----, stewed breast, 343

---- stock, 246

---- suet pudding, 343

----, sweetbread, 343

---- tea, 344

----, vol au vent, 344

Vegetable carbon as a filter, 23

---- curry, 496

---- foods, 591

---- garden, 930

---- marrow, 381, 573, 574

---- ---- flowers, stuffed, 506

---- ---- preserve, 153

---- ---- soup, 267

---- marrows, keeping, 114, 122

---- ----, stuffed, 381, 512

---- soup, 267

---- stock, 246

Vegetables, 371

----, buying, 565, 566, 568, 569, 570, 572, 573, 574, 576, 578, 582

----, eating, 634

----, keeping, 113

Vegetarian dinners, 639

Veils, 713

Vellum, cleaning, 542

Velocipeding, 886

Velvet joining, 894

Venice cake, 220

Venison, 369

----, buying, 563, 571, 573, 575, 580, 581

----, carving, 62

---- collops, 369

----, hashed, 370

---- pasty, 370

----, roast haunch, 369

---- stew, 370

Venomous bites, 781

Ventilating by gas, 87, 90

---- by the chimney, 57

---- cellar, 168

---- cowls, 59

---- sickroom, 755

---- soil pipes, 49

---- walls, 5

Ventilation, 55

---- by fires, 55

---- by glass louvres, 56

---- by perforated panes, 56

---- by windows, 55

---- of dairy, 154

---- of drains, 38

---- of w.c.’s, 46

---- pipes, 43

---- through side walls, 57

---- without draught, 55

Ventilators, filtering, 57

---- for kitchen range, 226

---- in ovens, 224

---- necessary for gas, 85

Venus pudding, 436

Vermicelli soup, 267

Vermin, destroying, 556

---- killers, poisoning by, 793

Vermouth liqueur, 190

Vestry, inspection of drains by, 54

Victoria pudding, 436

---- soup, 267

Vienna bread, 220

---- steak, 308

Vinaigrette, 308

----, beef, 316

Vinegar, 136

----, making, 136

---- plant, 136

----, primrose, 136

----, raspberry, 137

----, tarragon, 137

Vint, 696

Violet ratafia, 190

Violin, cleaning, 555

---- bow, cleaning, 556

Visitors to patient, 758

Voice, loss of, 803

Vote, 962

Waffles, 437, 486

Wages, law of, 959

Waiting at table, 607

Wakefulness, 703

Walking dress, 722

Wallachian dress, 731

Wall-papers, 99, 101

---- - ----, cleaning, 556

Walls absorbing water, 4

----, basement, 96

----, bedroom, 101, 699

----, coloured, 99

----, dairy, 154

----, decorating, 99

----, draining, 5

----, kitchen, 96

----, night nursery, 102

----, nursery, 101, 746

----, painted, 99

----, passage, 96

----, scullery, 96

----, varnished, 99

----, ventilating, 5

----, ---- through, 57

----, waterproofing, 8

Walnut ketchup, 134

---- pickle, 137

---- ratafia, 190

Walnuts, 573, 579

----, keeping, 123

----, preserved, 153

Want of draught in ranges, 225

Wardrobe, 98

Warming, 60

----, American stoves, 70

---- bedroom, 699

----, blower, 80

---- by chemicals, 82

---- by gas, 77

---- by high-pressure water, 81

---- hot air, 60

---- by hot water, 80

---- by oil stoves, 79

---- by steam, 81, 82

----, causes of heat, 61

----, close-fire stoves, 71

----, combustion, 61

----, convoluted stoves, 74

----, drum principle, 76

---- economisers, 63

----, economising kitchen heat, 76

----, effects of heat, 60

----, flues, 79

---- fresh air, 77

----, gas hot-air stove, 78

----, German stoves, 74

----, gill stoves, 73

----, hot-air furnace, 75

----, lighting fires, 64

---- milk pans, 155

----, modern open grates, 65

---- northerly rooms, 77

---- open grates, 61

---- open stove, 62

----, Pridgin Teale on, 62

----, principles, 60

----, ---- of grates, 61

----, radiant heat, 60

----, rules for grates, 62

----, slow-combustion stoves, 72

----, sluggish draught, 80

----, smoky chimney, 80

----, underfed grate, 71

----, varieties of grate, 61

Warts, 825

Washing by steam, 848

---- casks, 169

---- -copper, 848

---- dairy utensils, 154, 156, 158

---- floorcloth, 97

---- hair, 810

---- hands, 706

---- infants, 748

---- -machines, 851

Washleather gloves, cleaning, 532

Wash-out closets, 48

Washstand, 98, 101

Wasps, 561

Wassail bowl, 206

Waste of water, 12

---- pipes of cisterns, 19, 44

---- ---- for sink, 45

Watches, cleaning, 556

Water absorbed by walls, 4

----, amount required, 12

---- as a drink, 603

---- at high pressure, heating by, 81

----, bacteria in, 23

---- bath, 242

---- cisterns, 18

---- ---- in roof, 39

---- closets, 45

---- ----, flushing, 48

---- ---- in bedroom, 49

---- ----, position of, 47, 48

---- ----, qualifications, 47

---- ----, safe tray, 46

---- ----, seats, 48

---- ---- supply of water, 44

---- ----, trapping waste pipe, 40

---- ----, traps, 46

---- ----, ventilation of, 46

---- ----, water contaminated by, 40

---- ----, water-waste preventers for, 50

---- contaminated in the cisterns, 39

---- ---- from w.c., 40

----, drinking, 519

---- essential in diet, 601

---- gruel, 410

----, hard, 519

---- heating, 78

---- in gas pipes, 85

----, law of, 958

---- pans for ovens, 224

---- pipes, 19

---- power, 937

----, purification, 16, 23

---- service pipes, 20

----, soft, 519

----, sources of, 13

----, storing in cisterns, 19

---- supply, 12

---- ---- to w.c.’s, 44

----, surface soakage, 14

----, test for purity, 24

----, testing, 519

----, underground supply, 14

----, waste of, 12

---- ---- preventers, 50

----, when potable, 604

Watercress and potable water, 604

---- butter, 477

---- salad, 387

Water lentil and non-potable water, 604

Waterproofing walls, 8

Waterproofs, 714

Wax for bottling, 138

Weak subjects, diet for, 597

Weaning infants, 750

Weather influence on diet, 595

Wedding breakfasts, 646

Weevil in malt, 180

Weight as a guide to health, 602

Well-drained house, 37

Wells, 14

---- contaminated by floods, 55

----, dangers of, 14

----, demand on, 15

----, sinking, 15

Welsh dress, 739

---- rarebit, 449

West Indian dishes, 514

---- ---- outfit, 727

Westphalia loaves, 335

Wet cloths for freshening air of rooms, 56

Wharncliffe grate, 67

Wheatears, 571, 572, 573

Whelks, buying, 565

Whipped cream, 403, 477

Whist, Siberian, 696

White bread, 593

---- cabbage salad, 484

---- precipitate poisoning, 793

---- sauce, 379, 477

---- salmon, 573

---- sharp sauce, 474

---- soup, 267

---- stock, 246

---- wine negus, 206

Whitebait, 304, 567, 569, 570, 573

----, fried, 304

Whiting, 305, 565, 566, 569, 570, 571, 573, 578, 580, 582

---- à la Venetienne, 305

---- au gratin, 305

---- aux fines herbes, 305

----, baked, 305

----, carving, 622

----, dressed, 306

----, fillets, 306

----, fried, 306

---- in jelly, 306

---- puddings, 306

Whole meal, 593

Whooping cough, 802

Whortleberry cakes, 484

Widgeon, 568, 580, 581

Wigs, 437

Wild cherry bitters, 181

---- duck, 565, 566, 573, 580, 581

---- ---- sauce, 478

Wildfowl, 371

----, carving, 631

----, grilled, 371

----, roast, 371

----, salmis, 371

Willesden paper roof, 6

Will-o’-the-Wisp, 681

Wilson range, 229

Wind as a motive power, 936

---- machine, 657

Window fastenings, 108

Windows, area of, 82

----, burglar-proof, 108

----, cleaning, 529

----, curing steam on, 83

----, dairy, 155

----, decorating, 100

----, double, 60, 83

---- for cold climates, 60

---- for ventilation, 55

----, heat lost by, 60

----, nursery, 101

----, perforated panes for ventilating, 56

----, sickroom, 756

----, stopping chinks in, 56

Wine as food, 602

----, barreling, 190

---- bins, 190

---- biscuits, 220

---- bottling, 190

----, cooling, 191

----, dinner, 641

----, drinking, 635

----, fermenting, 190

----, fruit for, 190

----, home-made, 190

---- jelly, 437

---- making, 190

----, racking off, 190

---- roll, 437

---- sauce, 478

Winkles, buying, 565

Winter cream, 437

Wiring bobbins for bell, 107

Wizard’s incantation, 681

Wonderful jugglers, 680

Wood charcoal as a filter, 23

Woodcock, 565, 566, 568, 580, 581

----, carving, 630

---- on toast, 371

----, roast, 371

Wooden cisterns, 19

---- floors, 7

---- slate roof, 6

Worcester sauce, 478

Workroom, 890

Wormwood liqueur, 190

Wounds, 788

Wright’s gas cooker, 235

Writing, 864

---- letters, 649

Wrought-iron cisterns, 19

Yachting dress, 722

Yeast, brewers’, 207

----, German, 208

----, making, 208

Yeasts in cheese, 161

Yewberry poisoning, 793

York biscuits, 220

Yorkshire cake, 220

---- pudding, 437

---- range, 231

Yule cake, 220

Zinc-lined cisterns, 19

---- vessels, cleaning, 540

Zrazy, 507

Zuchillo, 504

---- sauce, 476

Zweibach, 495

Zwetschen brandy, 188

_For Index to Supplement_, see p. 1010.

SUPPLEMENT.

THE DWELLING: Water Closets. Continued from p. 48.

Messrs. Reid & Co., 69, St. Mary Axe, London, are well known as makers of Pearson’s “Twin Basin” Water Closets. These closets hardly need recommendation, they have stood the test of many years’ use in Hospitals, Schools, Railway Stations, Mansions, Warehouses, &c., with the best results. The “Portable” Water Closets made by this firm are indispensable for invalids’ apartments, and are also of great service where there is no proper system of drainage.

VENTILATION. Continued from p. 60.

Automatic ventilation connected with the “Acme” system of heating (The Acme Ventilating and Heating Co., 35, Tarleton Street, Liverpool) and the Company’s patented system of graduated extraction flues, can be arranged in the following manner. A foul air chamber is formed of wood-work, and if desired lined with zinc, and fixed under the roof, into which channels of suitable dimensions are led from the perforated ceiling ornaments in the different apartments. The channels enter near the floor, so that impure air issuing and coming in contact with the highly heated surfaces of the hot water coil in the chamber, the foul air immediately rises to the roof, and is being constantly carried away through louvres into the open air. These louvres can be made to close in frosty or stormy weather, or when the apparatus is not in use. This coil (for ventilation purposes), together with that which heats the water for the bath and lavatories, can be connected to a separate furnace, so that either one or both can be in operation in the summer if required.

Another arrangement of ventilation (where hot water coils are not in use) is as follows: powerful rings of gas burners--each ring being placed inside a sheet-iron tube--are fixed in flue near the roof, or in the apex of roof in churches, &c. Into this the foul air is drawn by a powerful induced current, created by the novel manner in which the heat in the tubes is arranged, the foul air being finally carried away in a similar manner to that described in the foregoing paragraph. For dwelling houses the said rings of gas jets may be governed by a small master light which cannot be blown out, and which may be regulated by two small cords attached to a lever leading from landing, or other convenient position. The one small master light is constantly kept burning when others are turned off. Such master light costs but 2_d._ per annum at the most for gas; no matches are necessary, and there is perfect safety from fire. This is a most efficient and satisfactory means of ventilation, and far preferable to any of the revolving cowls, air pumps, and other unsightly and perishable systems.

The “Acme” patent system of mechanical ventilation, connected with hot water heating, is unequalled for public institutions, asylums, prisons, police courts, infirmaries, or other public buildings where many people are assembled; or where--as in hospitals--from the nature of the complaints, the air requires to be changed very often, and that without draughts.

By placing coils of pipe in the wards to be warmed, and passing fresh air, also previously heated, through them in such a manner that no draught whatever is caused, or by placing all the pipes in the basement, into and through which the fresh air is drawn by an “Acme” patent ventilating machine. Such warmed air is thence passed through properly regulated channels into the different rooms, each channel being provided with a valve worked from any convenient or central position, so as to regulate the supply of fresh air as circumstances may require.

Ventilating and heating as carried out by the “Acme” system, co-operate in establishing the most permanent and satisfactory results.

Blackman Ventilating Co. See page 2 of Advertisements.

_Sugg’s Continuous Up-Draught Ventilator._--This new ventilator is submitted to the consideration of architects as embodying a novel system. It has been the custom hitherto to guard against down-draughts by fixing talc flapper arrangements at the lower ends of ventilating shafts (in the case of the lower floors of buildings), and to adopt either a sliding door or revolving shutter worked by cords from the floor to ventilators fixed at the roof ridge. It is clear that, with these arrangements, the outer cold air has free access through the cowl to the ventilating shaft, and, in fact, right down to the back-draught preventers, or shutters, at the lower end of the shaft. With this continuous up-draught ventilator the valve is in the cowl, and is opened by the up draught. Thus the whole of the shaft, right from the room to the cowl, is filled always by the warm air of the room, and is never allowed to become cold and damp by the ingress of the outer air. The valve impedes the outward passage of the foul air as little as (or less than) the old-fashioned talc flappers. It is noiseless, cannot get out of order, and its combination with the cowl renders the entire apparatus the cheapest and most effective extracting cowl and down-draught preventer in the market.