Part 1
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+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ | TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES: | | | | [OE] and [oe] represent the oe ligature. Text printed in italics | | and boldface in the original are represented here between under- | | scores (as in _italics_) and equal signs (as in =boldface=), res- | | pectively. Text printed in small capitals in the original have been| | transcribed as ALL CAPITALS. | | | | More Transcriber's Notes will be found at the end of this text. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
SHEEP, SWINE, AND POULTRY;
EMBRACING
THE HISTORY AND VARIETIES OF EACH; THE BEST MODES OF BREEDING; THEIR FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT; TOGETHER WITH THE DISEASES TO WHICH THEY ARE RESPECTIVELY SUBJECT, AND THE APPROPRIATE REMEDIES FOR EACH.
BY ROBERT JENNINGS, V. S.,
PROFESSOR OF PATHOLOGY AND OPERATIVE SURGERY IN THE VETERINARY COLLEGE OF PHILADELPHIA; LATE PROFESSOR OF VETERINARY MEDICINE IN THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF OHIO; SECRETARY OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF PHILADELPHIA; AUTHOR OF "THE HORSE AND HIS DISEASES," "CATTLE AND THEIR DISEASES," ETC., ETC.
With Numerous Illustrations.
PHILADELPHIA:
JOHN E. POTTER AND COMPANY. 617 SANSOM STREET
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1864, by
JOHN E. POTTER,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
PREFACE.
Encouraged by the favorable reception of his former works, the author presents in the following pages what is intended by him as a popular compendium relative to Sheep, Swine, and Poultry.
It would not have been a difficult matter to collect material bearing upon each distinct class sufficient for an entire volume of the present size. Indeed, the main trouble experienced has been the selecting of such facts and suggestions only as seemed to him of paramount practical importance. He has not deemed it advisable to cumber his work with items of information which could be of service to particular sections and localities only; but has rather endeavored to present, in a concise, yet comprehensible shape, whatever is essential to be understood concerning the animals in question.
The amateur stock-raiser and the wealthy farmer will, of course, call to their aid all the works, no matter how expensive or voluminous, which are to be found bearing upon the subject in which they are for the time interested. The present volume can scarcely be expected to fill the niche which such might desire to see occupied.
The author's experience as a veterinary surgeon among the great body of our farmers convinces him that what is needed by them in the premises is a treatise, of convenient size, containing the essential features of the treatment and management of each, couched in language free from technicality or rarely scientific expressions, and fortified by the results of actual experience upon the farm.
Such a place the author trusts this work may occupy. He hopes that, while it shall not be entirely destitute of interest for any, it will prove acceptable, in a peculiar degree, to that numerous and thrifty class of citizens to which allusion has already been made.
The importance of such a work cannot be overrated. Take the subject of sheep for example: the steadily growing demand for woollen goods of every description is producing a great and lucrative development of the wool trade. Even light fabrics of wool are now extensively preferred throughout the country to those of cotton. Our imports of wool from England during the past six years have increased at an almost incredible rate, while our productions of the article during the past few years greatly exceed that of the same period in any portion of our history.
Relative to swine, moreover, it may be said that they form so considerable an item of our commerce that a thorough information as to the best mode of raising and caring for them is highly desirable; while our domestic poultry contribute so much, directly and indirectly, to the comfort and partial subsistence of hundreds of thousands, that sensible views touching that division will be of service in almost every household.
To those who are familiar with the author's previous works upon the Horse and Cattle, it is needless to say any thing as to the method adopted by him in discussing the subject of Diseases. To others he would say, that only such diseases are described as are likely to be actually encountered, and such curatives recommended as his own personal experience, or that of others upon whose judgment he relies, has satisfied him are rational and valuable.
The following works, among others, have been consulted: Randall's Sheep Husbandry; Youatt on Sheep; Goodale's Breeding of Domestic Animals; Allen's Domestic Animals; Stephens's Book of the Farm; Youatt on the Hog; Richardson on the Hog; Dixon and Kerr's Ornamental and Domestic Poultry; Bennett's Poultry Book; and Browne's American Poultry Yard.
To those professional brethren who have so courteously furnished him with valuable information, growing out of their own observation and practice, he acknowledges himself especially indebted; and were he certain that they would not take offence, he would be pleased to mention them here by name.
Should the work prove of service to our intelligent American farmers and stock-breeders as a body, the author's end will have been attained.
CONTENTS.
SHEEP AND THEIR DISEASES. PAGE HISTORY AND VARIETIES 15 AMERICAN SHEEP 21 Native Sheep 22 The Spanish Merino 25 The Saxon Merino 36 The New Leicester 41 The South-Down 47 The Cotswold 52 The Cheviot 54 The Lincoln 56 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHEEP 57 Formation of the Teeth 59 Structure of the Skin 63 Anatomy of the Wool 64 Long Wool 76 Middle Wool 78 Short Wool 80
CROSSING AND BREEDING 81 BREEDING 81 Points of the Merino 93 Breeding Merinos 97 General Principles of Breeding 106 Use of Rams 112 Lambing 117 Management of Lambs 121 Castration and Docking 127
FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT 129 FEEDING 129 Shade 133 Fences 133 Hoppling 133 Dangerous Rams 134 Prairie Feeding 135 Fall Feeding 137 Winter Feeding 137 Feeding with other Stock 142 Division of Flocks 142 Regularity in Feeding 143 Effect of Food 144 Yards 146 Feeding-Racks 147 Troughs 150 Barns and Sheds 151 Sheds 155 Hay-Holder 156 Tagging 157 Washing 160 Cutting the Hoofs 165 Shearing 166 Cold Storms 171 Sun-Scald 171 Ticks 171 Marking or Branding 172 Maggots 173 Shortening the Horns 174 Selection and Division 174 The Crook 176 Driving and Slaughtering 177 Driving 177 Points of Fat Sheep 181 Slaughtering 184 Cutting Up 186 Relative qualities 187 Contributions to Manufactures 191
DISEASES AND THEIR REMEDIES 195 ADMINISTERING MEDICINE 197 BLEEDING 197 FEELING THE PULSE 199 Apoplexy 200 Braxy 201 Bronchitis 201 Catarrh 202 Malignant Epizoötic Catarrh 203 Colic 205 Costiveness 206 Diarrh[oe]a 206 Disease of the Biflex Canal 207 Dysentery 208 Flies 209 Fouls 209 Fractures 210 Garget 211 Goitre 211 Grub in the Head 212 Hoof-Ail 214 Hoove 225 Hydatid on the Brain 226 Obstruction of the Gullet 228 Ophthalmia 229 Palsy 229 Pelt-Rot 230 Pneumonia 230 Poison 233 Rot 233 Scab 236 Small-Pox 239 Sore Face 242 Sore Mouth 243 Ticks 243
ILLUSTRATIONS. A LEICESTER RAM 15 ROCKY MOUNTAIN SHEEP 19 A MERINO RAM 25 A SPANISH SHEEP-DOG 28 OUT AT PASTURE 35 A COUNTRY SCENE 41 A SOUTH-DOWN RAM 47 THE COTSWOLD 52 A CHEVIOT EWE 54 SKELETON OF THE SHEEP AS COVERED BY THE MUSCLES 57 THE WALLACHIAN SHEEP 64 THE HAPPY TRIO 81 THE SCOTCH SHEEP-DOG OR COLLEY 100 EWE AND LAMBS 117 FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT 129 A COVERED SALTING-BOX 130 A CONVENIENT BOX-RACK 147 A HOLE-RACK 148 THE HOPPER-RACK 150 AN ECONOMICAL SHEEP-TROUGH 151 SHEEP-BARN WITH SHEDS 152 A SHED OF RAILS 155 WASHING APPARATUS 162 TOE-NIPPERS 166 FLEECE 167 SHEPHERD'S CROOK 176 THE SHEPHERD AND HIS FLOCK 179 DROVER'S OR BUTCHER'S DOG 185 QUIET ENJOYMENT 195 AN ENGLISH RACK FOR FEEDING SHEEP 203 A BARRACK FOR STORING SHEEP FODDER 228 THE BROAD-TAILED SHEEP 236
SWINE AND THEIR DISEASES.
CONTENTS.
HISTORY AND BREEDS 245 (7) AMERICAN SWINE 254 (16) The Byefield 256 (18) The Bedford 256 (18) The Leicester 257 (19) The Yorkshire 257 (19) The Chinese 258 (20) The Suffolk 260 (22) The Berkshire 261 (23) NATURAL HISTORY OF THE HOG 263 (25) Formation of the Teeth 265 (27)
BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT 267 (29) BREEDING 267 (29) Points of a Good Hog 274 (36) Treatment during Pregnancy 276 (38) Abortion 277 (39) Parturition 279 (41) Treatment while Suckling 282 (44) Treatment of Young Pigs 283 (45) Castration 284 (46) Spaying 286 (48) Weaning 287 (49) Ringing 289 (51) Feeding and Fattening 290 (52) Piggeries 295 (57) Slaughtering 298 (60) Pickling and Curing 300 (62) Value of the Carcass 304 (66)
DISEASES AND THEIR REMEDIES 307 (69) Catching the Pig 308 (70) Bleeding 309 (71) Drenching 310 (72) Catarrh 310 (72) Cholera 311 (73) Crackings 314 (76) Diarrh[oe]a 314 (76) Fever 315 (77) Foul Skin 317 (79) Inflammation of the Lungs 317 (79) Jaundice 318 (80) Leprosy 319 (81) Lethargy 319 (81) Mange 320 (82) Measles 322 (84) Murrain 323 (85) Quinsy 323 (85) Staggers 323 (85) Swelling of the Spleen 323 (85) Surfeit 325 (87) Tumors 325 (87)
ILLUSTRATIONS. THE WILD BOAR 245 (7) THE WILD BOAR AT BAY 252 (14) THE CHINESE HOG 259 (21) THE SUFFOLK 260 (22) A BERKSHIRE BOAR 261 (23) SKELETON OF THE HOG AS COVERED BY THE MUSCLES 263 (25) THE OLD COUNTRY WELL 267 (29) WILD HOGS 279 (41) THE OLD ENGLISH HOG 299 (61) A WICKED-LOOKING SPECIMEN 307 (69) HUNTING THE WILD BOAR 315 (77)
POULTRY AND THEIR DISEASES.
CONTENTS.
HISTORY AND VARIETIES 327 (7) THE DOMESTIC FOWL 327 (7) The Bantam 330 (10) The African Bantam 331 (11) The Bolton Gray 333 (13) The Blue Dun 334 (14) The Chittagong 335 (15) The Cochin China 336 (16) The Cuckoo 339 (19) The Dominique 340 (20) The Dorking 340 (20) The Fawn-colored Dorking 343 (23) The Black Dorking 343 (23) The Dunghill Fowl 344 (24) The Frizzled Fowl 344 (24) The Game Fowl 345 (25) The Mexican Hen-Cock 347 (27) The Wild Indian Game 348 (28) The Spanish Game 348 (28) The Guelderland 349 (29) The Spangled Hamburgh 350 (30) The Golden Spangled 350 (30) The Silver Spangled 351 (31) The Java 352 (32) The Jersey-Blue 352 (32) The Lark-Crested Fowl 352 (32) The Malay 354 (34) The Pheasant-Malay 356 (36) The Plymouth Rock 357 (37) The Poland 358 (38) The Black Polish 360 (40) The Golden Polands 361 (41) The Silver Polands 363 (43) The Black-topped White 364 (44) The Shanghae 364 (44) The White Shanghae 367 (47) The Silver Pheasant 368 (48) The Spanish 369 (49) NATURAL HISTORY OF DOMESTIC FOWLS 372 (52) The Guinea Fowl 378 (58) The Pea Fowl 381 (61) The Turkey 386 (66) The Wild Turkey 386 (66) The Domestic Turkey 391 (71) The Duck 394 (74) The Wild Duck 396 (76) The Domestic Duck 398 (78) The Goose 402 (82) The Wild Goose 402 (82) The Domestic Goose 404 (84) The Bernacle Goose 407 (87) The Bremen Goose 409 (89) The Brent Goose 410 (90) The China Goose 411 (91) The White China 413 (93) The Egyptian Goose 414 (94) The Java Goose 415 (95) The Toulouse Goose 415 (95) The White-fronted Goose 416 (96) The Anatomy of the Egg 417 (97)
BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT 421 (101) BREEDING 421 (101) High Breeding 422 (102) Selection of Stock 429 (109) Feeding 432 (112) Bran 435 (115) Millet 436 (116) Rice 436 (116) Potatoes 436 (116) Green Food 437 (117) Earth-Worms 437 (117) Animal Food 438 (118) Insects 439 (119) Laying 439 (119) Preservation of Eggs 443 (123) Choice of Eggs for Setting 446 (126) Incubation 449 (129) Incubation of Turkeys 453 (133) Incubation of Geese 454 (134) Rearing of the Young 455 (135) Rearing of Guinea Fowls 458 (138) Rearing of Turkeys 459 (139) Rearing of Ducklings 461 (141) Rearing of Goslings 463 (143) Caponizing 464 (144) Fattening and Slaughtering 468 (148) Slaughtering and Dressing 472 (152) Poultry-Houses 474 (154)
DISEASES AND THEIR REMEDIES 478 (158) Asthma 479 (159) Costiveness 480 (160) Diarrh[oe]a 481 (161) Fever 482 (162) Indigestion 482 (162) Lice 483 (163) Loss of Feathers 485 (165) Pip 485 (165) Roup 488 (168) Wounds and Sores 490 (170)