Part 34

Columbus (Christopher) derives the idea of explorations to the West from Prince Henry’s researches into the Atlantic, i; the importance of his original letters, ii; the pathos and dignity of his complaints, iii; the evidence of European adventurers having visited America before his time, does not detract from his merit, xxxi; every previous discovery having been accidental, xxxii; his parentage and date of birth, xxxii, xxxiv; birthplace, xxxv; education, xxxv; his connection with Guillaume de Caseneuve discussed, xxxvii, xlii; his sojourn in Portugal, where he first receives the inspiration of his great discovery, his marriage with the daughter of Perestrello and consequent inheritance of his papers, etc., xlii, xliii; the facts and signs which convinced him there was land to the West, xliii, xliv; his studies, xlv; influenced by al Fergani or Alfragan, xlvii; Marco Polo and Sir John Mandeville, xlviii; his letter to Toscanelli and the answer, xlix; his patience in biding his time for application to the King of Portugal, l; his letters of 1477 quoted by his son, l; his audience with the king, li; his enterprise condemned by the Council, lii; his unworthy treatment, lii; and departure, liii; conjectures respecting his subsequent history, liii; his visit to the Convent of Rabida, liv; his various fortune at the Court of Spain, liv, lvii; sets out on his first great voyage, lvii; discovers the Island of San Salvador, etc., the true landfall discussed, lviii-lxiii; establishes a colony in Hispaniola, lxiii; his stormy passage home, lxiv; reception at the Azores, lxiv; arrives at Lisbon, lxv; and reaches Spain in safety, lxvi; his triumph at Barcelona, lxvi; the Papal bull obtained, lxvii; his second voyage, lxviii; and return, lxix; third voyage, lxix; his cruel treatment, lxxi, lxxii; arrives in Spain and is honourably received by the sovereigns, lxxiii; his fourth voyage, lxxiv; and return, lxxix; his sufferings till death, lxxx; his first letter addressed to Raphael Sanchez, 1; discovers San Salvador, Santa Maria de Conception, Fernandina, Isabella and Juana, 2; sees another island and names it Española, 3; takes possession of Española and builds the fortress of Villa de Navidad, 11; describes the benefits to be derived from his discoveries, 15, 16; leaves Cadiz for his second voyage, arrives at the Great Canary, Gomera, 20; Ferro, 21; discovers Dominica and Marigalante, 22; discovers Guadaloupe, 24; discovers Montserrat, Santa Maria la Redonda, Santa Maria la Antigua, and St. Martin, 34; discovers Santa Cruz and St. Ursula, 38; discovers Porto Rico, which he names St. John the Baptist, 39; arrives at Española, 41; receives a deputation from Guacamari, 44; finds the settlement destroyed by fire, 51; goes to visit Guacamari, 54; selects Port Isabella for the new settlement, builds the City of Marta, 62; sends two parties in search of gold mines, 69; his memorial to the King and Queen of the results of the second voyage, 72; refers to Gorbalan and Hojeda for an account of the gold to be found, 74; describes the difficulties and dangers to be encountered, 75, 81; describes the fertility of the country, 81; asks for supplies, 82, 84; asks for the confirmation of Antonio de Torres as governor of the City of Isabella, 92; recommends to the notice of the King and Queen Messire Pedro Margarite, Gaspar, Beltran, and Juan Aguado, 92, 93; also Dr. Chanca, 93; Coronel, 95; also Gil Garcia, 96; complains of the conduct of Juan de Soria, 98; asks for further assistance and stores, 100, 104; recommends Villacorta, 105; his narrative of his third voyage, 108; his address to the King and Queen, 108, 114; sails from San Lucar, 114; discovers Trinidad, 118; describes Indians in a canoe near the point of Arenal, 119; violent currents near the Point, 122; beauty of the country at the Punta de la Aguja, 125; conjectures respecting the violent currents, 130; the north star, 133; form of the earth, 134, 135; describe the Gulf of Pearls, 139; his conjectures as to the situation of Paradise, 141, 146; letter to the nurse of Prince John, 152; describes his troubles on arriving at Española, 155, 156; conduct of Hojeda and Vincent Yañez, 156; of Adrian Mogica and Don Ferdinand, 157; describes Bobadilla’s arrival, 160; his arrest by Bobadilla, 167; his house and papers seized, 173; letter to the King and Queen on his fourth voyage, 175; his reception in Española, 176; dreadful storm, 176, 178; his distress on account of his son and brother, 178, 179; arrives at Cariay, hears of gold mines in Ciamba, goes to Carambaru, 180; describes the people of Ciguare, 181; his conjectures with regard to the earth, 183; reaches the harbour of Bastimentos, 184; his suffering during an awful tempest, 185; returns to Puerto Gordo, 186; reaches Veragua, 187; finds gold mines, 188; deceit of the Cacique Quibian, 188; establishes a settlement, 189; takes the Cacique prisoner, 189; describes pathetically his misfortunes on this coast, 190; his dream, 191, 192; supposes himself in China, 194; reaches Jamaica, 195; repeats the course of his voyage, 196, 197; describes the enchanters of Cariay, 199; sculptured sepulchre, 199; animals, 200; products, 201; abundance of gold in Veragua, 202; conjectures concerning the gold of Solomon, 204; his distress for the condition of Española and Paria, 206; his touching complaint of cruel treatment, 209, 211; his conference with Diego Mendez related by the latter, 226

Columbus (Diego), information given by him to Las Casas respecting his father, xliii; leaves Lisbon with his father, liii; his father’s anxiety about him, 179

—— (Juan Antonio), commanded one of the ships sent on by Columbus to Española in the third voyage, 115

—— (Ferdinand), on the subject of his father’s parentage and date of birth, xxxii; on the subject of Caseneuve, xxxviii; on the subject of his father’s first thoughts of his great discovery, xlii; relates the facts and signs which led him on to the West, xliii; collects his father’s books and bequeaths them to the Cathedral of Seville, xlv; speaks of the influence of Alfragan, xlvii; quotes a letter of his father’s, l; his statement that his father went to Spain in 1484, liii

Copper mines in Cariay, 201

Coral ornaments worn by the Indians of Ciguare, 181

Cordeiro quoted by Sir John Barrow, xxvii

Coronel recommended to the notice of the King and Queen, 95

Correa (Pedro), brother-in-law of Columbus, confirms his idea of land to the West, xliii

Cortereals, the Portuguese explorers, xxvii

Cosa (Juan de la), his map, lxi, lxii, lxxxix

Cosmographiæ Introductio, of Waldseemüller, lxxxiv

Cotton worn by the Indian women, 6; great quantities in the islands, 15; found in Guadaloupe, both spun and prepared for spinning, 25; spun and woven into sheets by the Caribbees, 29; worn in bands round the knee and ankle by the Caribbee women, 30; hammock of, 56; worn by the Indian women, 64; trees of in Española, 66; worked in colours and worn by Indians near Point Arenal, 120; beautifully worked in Cariay, 201

Crantor confirms the story told by Plato, v

Cuba, _see_ Juana

Cubagua discovered, lxx

Dati (Giuliano), his poem, xc, cvii

Dauphin (Port) in Española, 60

De Murr, his evidence on the subject of Behaim, xxxi

De Guignes, states that the Chinese reached America by the north, vii; his opinion on the Arabian expedition, xix

Deza (Diego de), the faithful friend of Columbus, lv, lxxx

Documents—Columbus’ letter on the first voyage, 1; Dr. Chanca’s on the second voyage, 19; Memorial of Columbus on the second voyage, 72; letter of Columbus on the third voyage, 108; his letter to the nurse of Prince John, 152; his letter on the fourth voyage, 175; narrative of Diego Mendez, 212

Dogs in Española, 42

Dominica, Island of, discovered, 22; described in second voyage, 31; report of gold there, 37

Dragon’s mouth, 139

Ducks found in Zuruquia, 13

Editio Princeps of first letter of Columbus, the rival claims discussed, cxxii, cxxxviii

Edrisi on the Arabian expedition, xx

Egyptians supposed to have colonised America, etc., vi

El Retrete, lxxviii

Engaño, Point, Española, 41

Eric the Red colonises Greenland, x

Eric, Greenland Bishop, visits Vineland in 1121, xvii

Escobar, companion of Diego Mendez, 217

Escobedo, Rodrigo de, lieutenant to the governor of Española, 12

Española (St. Domingo), seen from Juana, 3; scenery, harbours, vegetation, spices, gold and other metals, 4-5; inhabitants, 5-9; great size, 11; town of Villa de Navidad, 11; manners and customs, 12-14; products, 15; arrival of Columbus on his second voyage, 41; its division into provinces, 41; country described, birds and animals, 42-43; harbour of Monte Cristi, 45; river Yaque, 45; Bay of Caracol, 47; Port Dauphin, 60; Port Isabella, 62; city of Marta, 62; vegetation, 63; the people, 64; gold mines, 64; products, 66-68; abundance of gold, 69-70; Columbus finds the colony in a state of revolt when he arrives there in his third voyage, 155; Bobadilla’s arrival, 160; reception of Columbus on his fourth voyage, 176

Evangelista discovered, lxviii

Exuma discovered, lxiii

Fernandina (Great Exuma) discovered, 2

Fonseca (Juan Rodriguez), Bishop of Badajos, his enmity to Columbus, lxviii and 156

Fortress built at Villa de Navidad, 11-12

Galea, Cape, now Cape Galeota, the south-east point of Trinidad, 118

Gallardo (Don Bartolomé), the _Imago Mundi_ not mentioned in his list of books in the Columbian library, xlvi

Gallega Island, 177

Garcia, land of, 121; violent currents between it and the I. of Trinidad, 123

Garcia (Gil), recommended to the notice of the King and Queen, 96

Gardar, a Dane, discovers Iceland in 863, x

Gaspar recommended to the notice of the King and Queen, 92

Genoa, birthplace of Columbus according to his own assertion, xxxv

Ghillany’s (Dr. F. W.) copy of Martin Behaim’s globe, xxxi

Gibbs (Mr.) confirms Navarrete on the landfall of Columbus, lviii

Giocondi (Fra Giovanni) translated Vespucci’s letter into Latin, lxxxiv

Globus Mundi, lxxxv

Gold and other metals in Española, 5, 15; report of large quantities at Cayre, 37; ear-rings and necklaces worn by the Indians, 44; masks sent as presents by Guacamari, 48; beaten into thin plates by the Indians, 55; mines at Cibao and Niti, 69; great quantities found by Gorbalan and Hojeda, 74; ornaments of, worn by the Indians of Paria, 125; Indians direct Columbus where to find it, 128; seizure of, by Bobadilla, 167; gold mines of Ciamba, 180; mirrors of, worn by the Indians of Carambaru, 180; ornaments of worn by the Indians of Ciguare, 181; mines of Veragua, 188; abundance of, in Veragua, 202; of Solomon, 204

Gomara on the subject of the Polish pilot, xxix

Gorbalan, his discovery of gold, 74

Greenland discovered and colonised, x

Grotius (Hugo) describes America as peopled from Norway, ix

Grüninger (Johann) of Strasburg, his edition of the _Cosmographiæ Introductio_, lxxxv

Guacamari sends a deputation to Columbus, 44; sends his cousin with an account of the destruction of the Spanish settlement, 48; receives Melchior and his party, 54; his interview with Columbus, 56; his hammock of cotton net-work, 56; his pretended wound, 58; his disappearance, 60

Guadaloupe, Island of, discovered, 24; immense waterfall, 25; deserted houses, 25; the inhabitants, 27; their arts, 29; manners and customs, 30-32

Guanaga Island discovered, lxxvii

Guanahani (San Salvador, now Watling’s Island) discovered, 2, lxi

Gunnbiorn discovers Greenland in 877, x

Gutierrez (Pedro), lieutenant to the governor of Española, 12

Hair, various ways of wearing among the Indians, 37

Hammocks used in Española, 56

Hatchets and axes made of stone, 68

—— etc., made of copper in Cariay, 201

Hayti, a province of Española, 41

Helgason (Adalbrand and Thorwald), Icelandic clergymen and explorers in 1285, xviii

Henry VII. willing to accept the services of Columbus, lvi

Herrera on the signs which led Columbus to the West, xliv; his map, its evidence on the landfall of Columbus, lx, lxii

Hispaniola, _see_ Española

Hojeda (Alonzo de) sent by Columbus to examine gold mines, 74; causes great trouble to Columbus in Española, 156

Homo, province of Cuba, 222

Honey found in Española, 5

Hornius, his treatise “_De originibus Americanis_,” vi

Huareo, Cacique, 224

Humboldt’s answer to the theory of De Guignes, viii; his assertion respecting Ortelius, viii; his opinion on the Arabian expedition, xx; on the subject of the Polish pilot, xxix-xxx; on the date of the _Imago Mundi_, xlvi; on Roger Bacon, xlvii; on the landfall of Columbus, lviii; his testimony to the glory of Columbus, lxxxviii

Hylacomylus, _see_ Waldseemüller

Iceland discovered and colonised, x

Idolatry not practised by the Indians, 8

_Imago Mundi_, studied by Columbus, xlv; dates assigned to the first edition, xlvi

Indians, their weapons, 6; their want of courage, 7; simple, honest and liberal, 7; not idolaters, 8; very intelligent, 9; their canoes, 10; manners and customs, 13-14; deserted houses in Guadeloupe found to contain cotton and human bones, 25; Caribbee, their characteristics, 29-30; their customs, 31-32; dress, 37; miserable hovels in Española, 52; their manner of working gold, 55; join readily with the Christians in their acts of worship, 65; tools made of stone, 68; their food, 68; of Paria, description of, 119, 124; their houses, food, etc., 126; dress, 128; tell Columbus where to find gold, 128; of Trinidad described, 137; of Carambaru wear golden mirrors round their necks, 180; of Ciguare, dress and customs, 181; of Cariay, enchanters, 199, 201; of Veragua, 215, 217; conflict with, 219, 221; refuse to supply Columbus, but are frightened into obedience by the prediction of an eclipse, 234

Ingolf, a Norwegian, colonises Iceland, x

Ires (William), native of Galway, one of the men left by Columbus in Española, 12

Iron not known by the Indians, 6

Isabella, her sympathy with Columbus, lxxiii; her death, lxxx

—— (Saometo or Crooked Island) discovered, 2

—— city, river, and port of Española, 62

Isle of Pines, _see_ Evangelista

Isla de las Bocas, 197

Jamaica, letter on the fourth voyage dated from, 211; Diego Mendez treats with the natives, 223

John, King of Portugal, grants an audience to Columbus, li; calls a council to consider his proposition, li; yields to the unworthy advice of his enemies, lii

Josef and Roderigo, with the assistance of Behaim, render the astrolabe useful for seamen, li; condemn the proposed enterprise of Columbus, lii

Juana (Cuba) discovered, 2; its size, 10; contained two provinces, 10

Karlsefne (Thorfinn), distinguished early discoverer, xiii

King’s Garden (The) discovered, lxiii

Kircher (Athanasius), his conjectures concerning the colonisation of America, etc., vi

Klaproth, his answer to the theory of De Guignes, vii

Kohl, on the Venetian expedition, xxv

Lajes (Tallarte de), an Englishman, one of the men left by Columbus in Española, 12

Lambinet on the date of the _Imago Mundi_, xlvi

Landfall of Columbus discussed, lviii, lxiii

Las Casas, his evidence respecting Columbus and Perestrello, xliii

Launoy (Jean de), on the date of the _Imago Mundi_, xlvi

Leibnitz acknowledges that he had erroneously inserted the name of “Christophorus” into the letters supposed to refer to Columbus, xxxvii-xxxviii

Lescarbot (Marc) derives the Americans from the Canaanites, vi

Lief, son of Eric the Red, discovers Newfoundland and Nova Scotia in the year 1000, xi; also New England, xii

Li-Yen, Chinese historian quoted by De Guignes, vii

Lizards, an Indian luxury, 43

Lud (Walter), canon of St. Dié, his college and printing press, lxxxiv

Macao (Point), Española, 41

Mackenzie (Commander Alexander Slidell) on the route of Columbus, lxii

Malte Brun on the Arabian expedition, xx

Manchineal, fruit of, 24

Mandeville (Sir John), influence on Columbus, xlviii

Mangi, name given to Southern China by Marco Polo, 194

Maps: by Nicolò Zeno, xxv; anonymous, xxvi; by Andrea Bianco, xxvi; the earliest MS. bearing the name of America, lxxxvii

_Mappa Mundi_, by Pierre d’Ailly, treats of Alfragan, xlvii

Mappe-monde, by Appianus, bearing the name of America, lxxxvii

Marchena (Fray Juan Perez de), his interest in Columbus, liv

Marco Polo, influence of his work on Columbus, xlviii

Marcolini (Francesco), his account of the Venetian expedition, xxii

Margarita, Island, discovered, 156

Margarite, Messire Pedro, recommended to the notice of the King and Queen, 92

Margry (M.), his pretension founded on the fondness of Columbus for the works of Pierre d’Ailly, xlv; disproved, xlv

Marigalante (Island of) discovered, 22

Marquez (Diego) and his party lost for four days, 27, 28

Marta (City of), Española, 62

Martin (Andreas), his respectful treatment of Columbus in his trouble, lxxii

Martin (Fernam), his correspondence with Toscanelli, xlix

Masks of gold made by the Indians, 55

Mastic found, 15

Matenino (Martinique), 14

Mayaguana, supposed by Varnhagen to be the landfall of Columbus, lx

Mayreni, a chief in Española, accused of burning the Spanish settlement, 48

Medici (Lorenzo di Pier Francesco de’), letter to him from Vespucci, lxxxiii

Melchior and his party received by Guacamari, 54

Melilla, 224

Memorial of Columbus on the second voyage, 72

Mendez (Diego), extract from his will, iii; his devotion to Columbus, lxxviii, lxxix; his narrative, 212; renders assistance to Columbus at Veragua, 213; his reception by the Indians, 216; conflict with, 219; made captain of the ship _Capitana_, 222; goes to treat with the natives of Jamaica for food, 223; goes to Española and purchases a ship for Columbus, 233; his interview with Columbus and promised reward, 235, 236; his disappointment, 237; directions respecting his grave, 239

Mendoza, archbishop of Toledo, adopts the cause of Columbus, lv

Mogica (Adrian), one of the rebels in Española, 157

Mona, 41

Monte Cristi, harbour in Española, 45

Montserrat (Island of), discovered, 34

Mundus Novus of Johann Ottmar, lxxxii

Muñoz, his opinion that Columbus went to Genoa from Lisbon, liii; his opinion on the landfall of Columbus, lviii

Mylius (Abraham) supposes America to have been peopled by the Celts, ix

Narrative by Diego Mendez, 212

Navarrete on the landfall of Columbus, lviii

Navidad, villa de, town and fortress in Española, 12

New England discovered, xii

Newfoundland discovered A.D. 1000, xi

Nightingales and other birds singing in November in Española, 4

Niti, gold mines of, 69

Norwegians supposed to have peopled America, ix

Nova Scotia discovered in the year 1000, xi

Odjein or Ougein, 135

_Opus Majus_ of Roger Bacon supplied the portion of the _Imago Mundi_ which is supposed to have given Columbus the idea of discovering America, xlvii

Oronoco, confluence of the, with the sea, 123

Ortelius, _not_ the first to recognize the discovery of America by the Northmen, viii

Ottmar (Johann), his _Mundus Novus_, lxxxii

Otto (Mr.) of New York, his assertion respecting Martin Behaim and the Azores, xxx

Ovando (Nicolas de), the governor of St. Domingo after Bobadilla, lxxiii

Palm-trees, very fine in Española, 4, 5

Paracelsus, his statement of the peopling of the New World, vi

Paradise, supposed situation of, 141

Paria, coast of, 121

Parrots found in deserted houses in Guadaloupe, 25

Pearls, Gulf of, 139

Pearls, bracelets of, worn by the Indians of Paria, 125; Columbus leaves orders with the people in Española to fish for them, 155

Pelicans show that land was near, 40

Pelican (Point), 125

Peña Blanca (Point), 123

Pepper plant, known to the people of Ciguare, 181

Perestrello (Felipe Moñiz de), wife of Columbus, and daughter of Bartollomeu Perestrello, xlii

—— (Bartollomeu), received the commandership of Porto Santo from Prince Henry, his widow gives up his papers, etc., to Columbus, xlii, xliii

Perez (Alonzo), the first to see land in the third voyage, 118

Philesius, pseudonym of Ringmann, lxxxiv

Pilot of the ship _Capitana_ first to see land on the second voyage, 21

Pinzon, his jealousy of Columbus, lxvi

Plato speaks of an island called Atlantis, v

Polar star, observations of Columbus on, 133

_Pomponius Mela_, edited by Vadianus, lxxxvi, lxxxvii

Porto Rico, named by Columbus St. John the Baptist, discovered, 39

Portuguese expedition to America, xxvii

Prince Henry originates the researches into the Atlantic which led to the discoveries of Columbus, i

Puerto Bello discovered, lxxviii

Puerto Gordo, 186

Queen’s Gardens discovered, lxviii

Quibian, the Cacique, attempts to deceive Columbus, 188; taken prisoner, 189; advice of Columbus respecting him, 205

Rabida (Convent of Santa Maria de), Columbus’s visit there, liv

Rafn (Professor), his work _Antiquitates Americanæ_, ix; his collection of MSS. on the discoveries of the Northmen, and his inferences, ix, xviii

Reeds used as Indian weapons, 6

René II, Duke of Lorraine, patron of Walter Lud, lxxxiv

Reptiles eaten by the Indians, 68

Rhubarb and other drugs in Española, 15

Ringmann (Mathias), his admiration of Vespucci, lxxxiv; suggests the name of America, lxxxv

Roderigo and Josef, with the assistance of Behaim, render the astrolabe useful for seaman, li; condemn the proposed enterprise of Columbus, lii

Roldan, the enemy of Columbus, perishes in a storm, lxxvi

Sais, priests of, their story of the Island of Atlantis, v

Sandy Point (Punta del Arenal), 119

S. Brandan, supposed island of, xxvi

St. Catherine discovered, lxiii

St. Domingo, _see_ Española

St. Martin (Island of) discovered, 34

St. Ursula and the eleven thousand virgins (Islands of) discovered, 38

San Miguel (Cape), 232

—— Salvador (Watling’s Island), name given by Columbus to Guanahani, 2

Santa Cruz (Island of) discovered, 38

—— Maria la Antigua (Island of) discovered, 34

—— Maria de Concepcion (Long Island) discovered, 2

—— Maria la Redonda (Island of) discovered, 34

Santander (Serna) on the earliest date of the first edition of the _Imago Mundi_, xlvi

Scandinavians supposed to have peopled America, viii

Sepulchre in Cariay, 199

Serpent’s mouth, 123, 139

Snakes in Española, 42

Soderini (Pietro), Vespucci’s schoolfellow, the letter intended for him, lxxxiv

Solon, remarkable story related to, v

Soria (Juan de), the complaint of Columbus respecting his conduct, 98

Sousa, Faria y, silent respecting the Cortereals, xxviii; supposed discovery of Newfoundland, xxviii