Chapter 6

LOANWORDS.

AGAIT, _adv._ uniformly. R.R. 622. Sco. _ae_, one, + O.N. _gata_ literally "ae way," one way.

AGAIT, _adv._ astir, on the way. See Wall.

AGROUF, _adv._ on the stomach, grovelling. Ramsay, II, 339. O.N. _á grúfu_, id. See _grouf_.

AIRT (ę̆rt), _vb._ urge, incite, force, guide, show. O.N. _erta_, to taunt, to tease, _erting_, teasing. Norse _erta_, _örta_, id. Sw. dial. _erta_, to incite some one to do a thing. Sw. _reta_ shows metathesis. M.E. _ertin_, to provoke.

ALLGAT, _adv._ always, by all means. Bruce, XII, 36; L.L. 1996. O.N. _allu gatu_. O. Ic. _öllu gǫtu_. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 938.

ALGAIT, ALGATIS, _adv._ wholly. Douglas, II, 15, 32; II, 129, 31. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 938.

ALTHING, as a _sb._ everything. Gau, 8, 30, corresponding to Dan. _alting_. "Over al thing," Dan. _over alting_. Not to be taken as a regular Sco. word, however. Gau has a number of other expressions which correspond closely to those of the Dan. original of Kristjern Pedersen, of which Gau's work is a translation.

ANGER, _sb._ grief, misery. Bruce, I, 235. Sco. Pro. 29. O.N. _angr_, grief, sorrow. See Bradley's Stratmann, and Kluge and Lutz. The root _ang_ is general Gmc., cp. O.E. _angmod_, "vexed in mind." M.L.G. _anxt_, Germ. _angst_, Dan. _anger_. The form of the word in Eng., however, is Scand.

ANGRYLY, _adv._ painfully. Wyntoun, VI, 7, 30. Deriv., cp. Cu. _angry_, painful, O.N. _angrligr_, M.E. _angerliche_. The O. Dan. vb. _angre_, meant "to pain," e.g., _thet angar mek, at thu skal omod thorn stride_ (Kalkar).

APERT, _adj._ bold. Bruce, XX, 14. _apertly_, boldly, XIV, 77. Evidently from O.N. _apr_, sharp, cp. _en aprasta hrið_, "sharp fighting," cited in Cl. and V. Cl. and V. compares N.Ic. _napr_, "snappish," cp. furthermore _apirsmert_, adj. (Douglas, II, 37, 18), meaning "crabbed," the second element of which is probably Eng. _Apr_ in O.N. as applied to persons means "harsh, severe" (Haldorson).

ASSIL-TOOTH, _sb._ molar tooth. Douglas, I, 2, 12. See Wall.

AT, _conj._ that. O.N. _at_, Norse, Dan. _at_, to be regarded as a Scand. word. Might in some places be due to Celtic influence, but its early presence, and general distribution in Scand. settlements in England, Scotland, Shetland, etc., indicates that it is Scand.

AWEBAND, _sb._ "a band used for tying cattle to the stake." Jamieson, Lothian. O.N. _há-band_, "vinculum nervos poplitis adstringens" (Haldorson). Norse _habbenda_, "to tie cattle with a rope between the knees to keep them from running away." Cp. O. Sw. _haband_, Sw. dial. _haband_, "a rope that unites the oar with the oarlock."

AWKWART, _prep._ athwart, across. Wallace, III, 175; II, 109. Same as the Eng. adj. "awkward" which was originally an adv. Etymologically it is the O.N. _afugr_ (O. Ic. _öfugr_) + Eng. _ward_ (Skeat), cp. the Norse vb. _afvige_, to turn off. I have not found the prepositional use of the word in Eng. Cp. "toward."

AWSOME, _adj._ terrible, deriv. from _awe_ (O.N. _ági_). The ending _some_ is Eng. O.N. _ágasamr_, Norse _aggsam_, means "turbulent, restless."

AYND (ēnd), _sb._ O.N. _andi_, breath, O. Sw. _ande_, Norse _ande_, Dan. _aande_.

AYNDING, _sb._ breathing, deriv. See _aynd_.

AYNDLESS, _adj._ breathless. Bruce, X, 609. See _aynd_.

BAIT, _vb._ to incite. Dunbar, 21127. O.N. _bæita_, O. Ic. _beita_. See B-S.

BAITH, BATH (bēth), _pron._ both. M.E. _bōþe_, _bāþe_, Cu. _beatth_, Eng. _both_, O.N. _bāðir_, O. Dan. _bāðe_. Skeat.

BAITTENIN, _pr. p._ thriving. Jamieson. O.N. _batna_, Eng. _batten_. See Skeat, and Kluge and Lutz.

BAITTLE (bētl), _sb._ a pasture, a lea which has thick sward of grass. Jamieson, Dumfries. O.N. _bæita_, "to feed," _bæiti_, pasturage. Cp. Norse _fjellbæite_, a mountain pasture.

BAN, _vb._ to swear, curse. Dunbar, 13, 47; Rolland, II, 680. O.N. _banna_, to swear, to curse, _banna_, a curse, Norse _banna_, to swear, _banning_, swearing, W. Sw. dial. _bænn_ id., Dan. _bande_, to swear, to wish one bad luck, O.S. _banna_ id. M. Du. _bannen_ means to excommunicate. This is the L.G. meaning. The Sco. usage is distinctly Scand. It is also a Northern word in Eng. diall. Cp. Shetland _to ban_, to swear.

BANG, _vb._ to beat. Sat. P. 39, 150. O.N. _banga_, O. Sw. _banka_, Norse, _banke_, to beat, to strike. Cp. Shetland _bonga_, in "open de door dat's a bonga," somebody is knocking, literally "it knocks" Norse _det banka_. _Bang_ is very frequently used in the sense of rushing off, cp. Dalrymple's translation of Leslie, I, 324, 7.

BANGSTER, _sb._ a wrangler. Sat. P. 44, 257. Evidently Norse _bang_ + Eng. suffix _ster_. See _bang_ vb. Cp. _camstarrie_, where the second syllable corresponds to that in Germ. _halsstarrig_.

BARK, _vb._ to tan, to harden. Dunbar F. 202 and 239. Ramsay, I, 164, "barkit lether," tanned leather. O.N. _barka_, to tan, Norse _barka_, to tan, to harden, M.E. _barkin_. General Scand. both sb. and vb. In the sense "to tan" especially W. Scand., cp. Sw. _barka_, to take the bark off. O. Sw. _barka_, however, has the meaning "to tan."

BARKNIT, _adj._ clotted, hardened. Douglas, II, 84, 15. pp. of vb. _barken_, to tan. See above.

BASK, _adj._ dry, withering (of wind). Jamieson, Dumfries. Dan. _barsk_, hard, cold, _en barsk Vinter_, a cold winter. Cp. Sco. "a bask daw," a windy day. M.L.G. _barsch_ and _basch_ do not agree in meaning with the Sco. word; besides the _sk_ is Scand. For loss of _r_ before _sk_ cp. _hask_ from _harsk_.

BAUCH, BAWCH, BAUGH, _adj._ awkward, stiff, jaded, disconsolate, timid. Sat. P. 12, 58; Dunbar Twa. M.W. 143; Rolland, IV, 355; Johnnie Gibb, 127, 2. O.N. _bagr_, awkward, clownish, inexperienced, unskilful. _Bauchly_, poorly, in Ramsay, II, 397.

BAYT, _vb._ to feed, graze. Bruce, XIII, 589, 591; Lyndsay, 451, 1984. O.N. _bæit_, to feed, to graze, causative from _bita_, literally means to make to bite. Norse _bita_, to graze, Sw. _beta_, M.E. _beyten_. In many diall. in Norway the word means "to urge, to force." Cp. _bait_.

BECK, _sb._ a rivulet, a brook. Jamieson. O.N. _bekkr_, O. Sw. _bäkker_, Norse _bekk_, O. Dan. _bæk_. Sw. _bäck_, a rivulet. In place-names a test of Scand. settlements.

BEET, _vb._ to incite, inflame. Burns, 4, 8. Same as _bait_, incite, q.v. Cp. Cu. "to beet t'yubm, to supply sticks, etc. to the oven while heating" (Dickinson).

BIG, BEGG, _sb._ barley. Fergusson, II, 102; Jamieson, Dumfries. O.N. _bygg_, Dan. _byg_. See Wall. Cp. Shetland _big_.

BEGRAVE, _vb._ to bury. Douglas, II, 41, 25; IV, 25, 22; IV, 17, 8. Dan. _begrave_, Norse _begrava_, O. Sw. _begrava_, _begrafwa_, to bury. Possibly not a loanword.

BEIN, BENE, BEIN, _adj._ liberal, open-handed, also comfortable, pleasant. Douglas, III, 260, 23; Fergusson, 108; Sat. P. 12, 43. _Beine_, hearty, in Philotus, II, is probably the same word. O.N. _bæinn_.

BEIR, _vb._ to roar. Douglas, II, 187, 1. See _bir_, sb.

BIG, _vb._ to build, dwell, inhabit. Dunbar T.M.W. 338; Dalr., I, 26, 19; Sco. pro. 5. O.N. _byggia_. See Wall. Sco. "to big wi' us," to live with us, cp. Norse _ny-byddja_, to colonize.

BIGGING, BYGINE, _sb._ a building. O.N. _bygging_, a building, habitation. Scand. diall. all have the form _bygning_, so O. Sw. _bygning_. The word may be an independent Sco. formation just as _erding_, "burial," from _erde_, "to bury"; _layking_, "a tournament," from _layke_, "to sport"; _casting_, "a cast-off garment," from _cast_; _flytting_, "movable goods," from _flyt_, "to move"; _hailsing_, "a salute," from _hailse_; and Eng. _dwelling_, "a house," from vb. _dwell_. Cp. however Shetland _bogin_.

BING, _sb._ a heap, a pile. Douglass, II, 216, 8. O.N. _bingr_, a heap, O. Sw. _binge_. Norse _bing_ more frequently a heap or quantity of grain in an enclosed space. O. Dan. _byng_, _bing_.

BIR, BIRR, BEIR, _sb._ clamor, noise, also rush. S.S. 38; Lyndsay, 538, 4280. O.N. _byrr_, a fair wind. O. Sw. _byr_. Cp. Cu. _bur_ and Shetland "a pirr o' wind," a gust. Also pronounced _bur_, _bor_.

BIRRING, _pr. p._ flapping (of wings). Mansie Wauch, 159, 33. See _bir_.

BLA, BLAE (blē), _adj._ blue, livid. Douglas, III, 130, 30; Irving, 468. O.N. _blá_, blue, Norse _blaa, blau_, Sw. _blå_, Dan. _blaa_. Not from O.E. _blēo_.

BLABBER, _vb._ to chatter, speak nonsense. Dunbar F., 112. O.N. _blabbra_, lisp, speak indistinctly, Dan. _blabbre_ id., Dan. dial. _blabre_, to talk of others more than is proper. M.E. _blaber_, cp. Cu. _blab_, to tell a secret. American dial. _blab_, to inform on one, to tattle. There is a Gael. _blabaran_, sb. a stutterer, which is undoubtedly borrowed from the O.N. The meaning indicates that.

BLAIK, _vb._ to cleanse, to polish. Johnnie Gibb, 9, 6. O.N. _blæikja_, to bleach, O. Sw. _blekia_, Sw. dial. _bleika_. All these are causative verbs like the Sco. The inchoative corresponding to them is _blæikna_ in O.N., N.N., _blekna_ in O. Sw., _blegne_ in Dan. See _blayknit_. Cp. Shetland _bleg_, sb. a white spot.

BLAYKNIT, _pp._ bleached. Douglas, III, 78, 15. O.N. _blæikna_, to become pale, O. Sw. _blekna_, Norse _blæikna_ id. O.N. _blæikr_, pale. Cp. Cu. _blake_, pale, and _bleakken_ with _i_-fracture. O.E. _blāc, blæcan_.

BLECK, _vb._ put to shame. Johnnie Gibb, 59, 34, 256, 13. O.N. _blekkja_, to impose upon, _blekkiliga_, delusively, _blekking_, delusion, fraud; a little doubtful.

BLETHER, BLEDDER, _vb._ to chatter, prate. O.N. _blaðra_, to talk indistinctly, _blaðr_, sb. nonsense. Norse _bladra_, to stammer, to prate, Sw. dial. _bladdra_, Dan. dial. _bladre_, to bleet. Cp. Norse _bladdra_, to act foolishly.

BLATHER, _sb._ nonsense. Burns 32, 2, 4 and 4, 2, 4. O.N. _blaðr_, nonsense. Probably the Sco. word used substantively.

BLOME, _sb._ blossom. Bruce, V, 10; Dunbar, I, 12. Same as Eng. _bloom_ from O.N. _blómi_.

BLOME, _vb._ to flourish, successfully resist. Douglas, IV, 58, 25. "No wound nor wapyn mycht hym anis effeir, forgane the speris so butuus blomyt he." Small translates "show himself boastfully." The word _blómi_ in O.N. used metaphorically means "prosperity, success."

BLOUT, BLOWT, _adj._ bare, naked, also forsaken. Douglas, III, 76, 11; IV, 76, 6. O.N. _blautr_, Norse _blaut_, see Cl. and V. The corresponding vowel in O.E. is _ea_: _blēat_. The O.N. as well as the N.N. word means "soft." The O.E. word means "wretched." In Sco. _blout_ has coincided in meaning with _blait_. The Dan. word _blot_ is, on account of its form, out of the question.

BODIN, _adj._ ready, provided. Douglas, III, 22, 24; Dunbar, 118, 36; Wyntoun, VII, 9, 213. From _boðinn_, _boðja_ (E.D.D.).

BOLAX, _sb._ hatchet. Jamieson. O.N. _bolöx_, a poleaxe, Norse _bolöks_, O. Sw. _bolöxe_, _bolyxe_, O. Dan. _bulöx_, Dano- Norse _bulaks_. Ormulum _bulaxe_ (see further Brate).

BOLE, _sb._ the trunk of a tree. Isaiah, 44, 19. O.N. _bolr_, the trunk of a tree, Norse _bol_, _bul_, O. Sw. _bol, bul_, Sw. dial. _bol_ id.

BOLDIN, _vb._ to swell. Douglas, II, 52; I, II, 130, 25. Norse _bolna_, older _bolgna_, Dan. _bolne_, M.E. _bollen_ (also _bolnin_). The Sco. word has developed an excrescent _d_ after _l_. In Lindsay, 127, 3885, _boildin_, adj. pp. swollen.

BOLLE, _sb._ a measure. Bruce, III, 221; Wyntoun, VII, 10, 519, 521, 523. O.N. _bolli_, a vessel, _blotbolli_, a measure, Sw. _bulle_. Rather than from O.E. _bolla_ (Eng. _bowl_).

BOUN, _adj._ bent upon, seems to have almost the idea of "compelled to." Gol. and Gaw. 813. O.N. _búinn_. See Wall under _bound_, and Cl. and V. under _bua_ B. II.

BOUNE, _vb._ to prepare, to prepare to go, to go. Houlate, I, 23; Poet. R. 107, I; Gol. and Gaw. 59, 13, 40. See _bown_.

BOWDYN, _pp. adj._ swollen. Dunbar T.M.W. 41, 345; Montg. F. 529. See _boldin_.

BOWK, _sb._ trunk of the body, body. Dunbar, 248, 25; Rolland, II, 343. O.N. _búkr_, the trunk, the body, Norse _būk_, Dan. _bug_, O. Sw. _buker_. Specific Scand. usage. O.E. _būc_, like O.F. _buk_ and Germ. _bauch_, meant "belly."

BOW, _sb._ a fold for cows. Douglas, III, 11, 4. O.N. _ból_, a place where cows are penned, also den, lair or lying-place of beasts. Norse _bol_, Shetland _bol_, _bøl_, a fold for cattle. In Psalms XVII, 12, _bole_ occurs in the sense of "a lion's den."

BOWN, _adj._ ready, prepared. L.L. 1036. O.N. _búinn_. Not Eng., but a loanword from O.N., and as Kluge P.G.(2)I, 939, has pointed out shows also Norse influence in the Midland dial.

BOWNE, _vb._ to swell. Irving, 230. O.N. _bolgna_ to swell, Norse _bolna_, Dan. _bolne_. Shows characteristic Sco. change of _l_ to _w_. In _boudin_, Irving, 467, an excrescent _d_ has developed before the _l_ became _u_ (_w_). Wallace, VI, 756, _bolnyt_, swelled. So in Wyntoun, IX, 17, 5. _Boldnit_ with excrescent _d_ occurs in Douglas, II, 84, 16.

BRA, BRAE, BRAY (brē), a slope, declivity. O.N. _brá_, see Bradley's Stratmann. Cp. _Jöstedalsbrä_ in Western Norway.

BRAID (brēd), _sb._ a sudden movement, an assault (Small). Douglas, III, 251, 2. O.N. _bragð_, a sudden motion, a quick movement, tricks or sleights in wrestling. O. Sw. _braghþ_, a sudden motion. Norse, Sw. _bragd_, manner of execution, exploit. The fundamental idea in the Sco. and the O. Nh. word is sudden movement. The O.E. _brægd_ meant deceit, fraud.

BRAITH, _adj._ hasty, violent. Wallace, X, 242. O.N. _bráðr_, sudden, hasty, O. Dan. _braadh_, Norse _braad_. Cp. _braahast_ (E. Norse), great hurry, O. Sw. _brader_, _brodher_, hasty, violent, Orm. _bra_, angry. _Brothfall_ (Orm), a fit, _broth_ (Eng. dial.), in Skeat's list. _Braithful_, violent, sharp.

BRAITHLY, _adv._ violently, suddenly. O.N. _bráðliga_, hastily. Cp. E. Norse _braaleg_ adj., and M. Dan. _bradelig_. O.N. _bráðorðr_ means "hasty of speech."

BROKIT, BRUKIT, _adj._ streaked, spotted. Burns, 569. O. Sw. _brokoter_, Norse _brokut_, Dan. _broget_, variegated, striped. Cp. _dannebrog_, the Danish flag. Same as Cu. _breukt_. Probably the same with Shetland _brogi_, in "a brogi sky," cloudy. May possibly be Eng. Exists in M.L.G.

BROD, _sb._ a sharp point. Wyntoun, VI, 14, 70. O.N. _broddr_, Norse, Sw. _brodd_, Orm. _brodd_. (See Brate.)

BROD, _vb._ to prick, spur on, incite. C.S. 123; Douglas, III, 3, 20; Dunbar T.M.W. 330. O.N. _brodda_, to prick, to urge. Dan. _brodde_ means "to equip with points," a vb. later developed out of the sb.

BRONT, _sb._ force, rush, shock. Douglas, I, 90, 20; II, 161, 28. "At the first bront we swept by." See Skeat _brunt_.

BUD, _sb._ a bribe, an offer. Lyndsay, 436, 1616; Dunbar T.M.W. 142. O.N. _bod_, an offer, Norse _bod_, Sw. _bud_, Dan. dial. _bud_, an offer at an auction. Cp. O.E. _friðbote_, a peace- offering, O.N. _frið_ + _boð_.

BUGHT, _sb._ a corner or stall where cows are milked. Ramsay, II, 539. O.N. _bugt_, a bowing, a bight, Norse _bugt_, Dan. _bugt_.

BULLER, _vb._ to trickle, bubble. Winyet, II, 62. O.N. _buldra_, Norse _bulrdra_. See E.D.D. cp. Sw. _bullra_, to make an indistinct noise. O. Fr. _bulder_, L.G. _bullern_ (see Koolman), Germ. _poltern_ all have more the idea of loud noise, clamor, as the Norse word sometimes has. Lyndsay, 226, 95, uses the word in this sense. It may be genuine Eng.

BUSK, _vb._ to prepare, dress, adorn, ornament. O.N. _búask_ from _búa sik_, to make ready, to ornament. See Wall. Exhibits W. Scand. reflexive ending _sk_. The Gael. _busgainnich_, to dress, to adorn, is a loanword from O.N.

BUSKIE, _adj._ fond of dress, Jamieson, _busk_ sb. dress, decoration. See _busk_ vb.

BUITH (ū), _sb._ booth, shop. Winyet, 1, 23, 2. O.N. _búð_, shop, O. Dan. _both, bodh_. O. Sw. _boð_, Norse _bud_, Sw. _bod_, Dan. dial. _bod_. M.E. _bōþe_, cp. M.L.G. _bode_.

BYNG, _vb._ to heap up. Douglas, III, 144, 5. See _bing_ sb.

BYRD, _vb._ impers., it behoved. Bruce, VI, 316. O.N. _byrja_, to behove, beseem, pret. _burði_, Norse _byrja_ id., pret. _burde_, O. Dan. _böræ_, Sw. _böra_.

BYSNING, _adj._ strange, monstrous, terrible, Douglas, I, 29, 7; I, 37, 5; II, 70, 17. M.E. _biseninge_, ill-boding, monstrous, from O.N. _býsna_, to portend, Norse _bisna_, to marvel over.

BYSNING, _sb._ a strange person, an unusually unfortunate person. Douglas, I, 2544; I, 339. O.N. _býsna_, to portend, _býsn_, a strange and portentous thing. Norse _bysn_, a prodigy, _bysning_, curiosity. See the adj. Cp. Shetland _sóni-bosni_, O.N. _sjonar-býsn_, a marvel.

CADYE, _adj._ wanton. Lyndsay, LXXXVII, 2567. Also written _cady_, _caidgy_, _caigie_; sometimes means "sportive, cheerful." Dan. _kaad_, merry, lusty, lustful. So Sw. _kåt_, O.N. _katr_, merry, cheerful, Norse _kaat_. Cp. Philotus 5, "the carle caiges," where the same word is used as a vb. to wanton, be wanton.

CALLER, _adj._ cool. Fergusson, 73. Very common in modern Sco. diall. O.N. _kaldr_, Norse _kall_, cold. Seems to be a case of the Norse inflexional _r_ not disappearing in Sco.

CANGLER, a wrangler. Ramsay, II, 482. Norse _kengla_, _kæingla_, _kjæingla_, to quarrel. A Sco. vb. _cangle_, to quarrel, also exists. Cp. O.N. _kangin-yrði_, jeering words, Yorkshire _caingy_, cross, ill-tempered.

CAPPIT, _vb. pret._ strove. Douglas, II, 154, 21. O.N. _kapp_, contest, zeal, _deila kappi við_, strive with. Norse _kapp_ id. _kappa_, reflexive, to race. Dan. _kamp_, O.E. _camp_, _cempam_. The Sco. word exhibits W. Scand. assimilation of _mp_ to _pp_, the form _kapp_, however, also existed in O. Sw. and exists in N.Dan. In Cu. a _capper_ is one who excels. This is probably the same word. See, however, E.D.

CAREING (kēr), _pr. p._ driving, from _care_, _caire_, to drive. Douglas, III, 166, 10; Wallace, IX, 1240. O.N. _köyra_, O. Ic. _keyra_, Norse _køyra_, to drive, ride, O. Ic. _keyrsla_, a driving, Norse _kjørsel_, id. Cp. Shetland _care_, id. Monophthongation in O. Sw. _köra_, Dan. _köre_.

CARL, _sb._ a man, an old man, very frequently with an idea of disrespect. C.S., 144. O.N. _karl_, Norse _kar_, a man, fellow, but _kall_, an old man, with assimilation of _rl_ to _ll_. W.Norse _kadl_ exhibits the change of _ll_ to _dl_. In Dan. and in Sw. dial _karl_. Cu. _carl_ means a coarse fellow. Dunbar has the word _wifcarl_, man.

CARLAGE, _adj._ oldish, decrepit. Irving, 172. O.N. _karl_ + _leikr_.

CARLING, KARLING, CARLINE, _sb._ an old woman, a slatternly woman. O.N. _kerling_, an old woman, _karlinna_, a woman. O. Dan. _kærlingh_, O. Sw. _kärling_, Norse _kjæring_, Dan. _kiærling_ (pronounced _kælling_), id. Dan. dial. _kerling_. Cp. Gael. _cailliach_. Does not seem to exist in Eng. diall. south of the border.

CARP, KARP, _vb._ to talk, converse. Wyntoun, VI, 18, 313. O.N. _karpa_. See Skeat Et.D.

CASTINGS, _sb. pl._ cast off clothes. Dunbar's Complaynt, 43. Deriv. from _cast_. O.N. _kasta_.

CHAFT, _sb._ the jaw, also used vulgarly for the mouth. O.N. _kjaptr_, the jaw. Norse _kjæft_, vulgar name for the mouth. O. Sw. _kiäpter_, M. Sw. _käft_, Dan. _kjæft_, M.E. _chaft_.

CHAFT-BLADE, CHAFF-BLADE, _sb._ jaw. Mansie Wauch, 41, 20; 76, 23; 147, 28. Cp. Norse _kjæfte-blad_, id. See _chaft_.

CHOWK, _sb._ jawbone. Dalr., VIII, 112, 14; Isaiah, L, 6. O.N. _kjálki_, the jawbone, Norse _kjāke_.

CHYNGIEL, _sb._ gravel. Douglas, III, 302, 30. Norse _singl_, see Skeat, and Wall.

CLED, _pp._ clad, clothed. Wallace, I, 382. O.N. _klæddr_, dressed, from _klæða_. O.E. _clæðan_, from which N. Eng. _clothe_, was borrowed from the Scand. in late O.E. See Kluge P.G.(2)I, 932.

CLAG, _sb._ a stain, a flaw. Dalr., VIII, 97, 17. The vowel in O.N. _kleggi_ does not correspond. It is rather Dan. _klag_, see _claggit_.

CLAGGIT, _adj._ clagged, literally adhering, sticking, vb. _clag_, to stick. Lindsay, LXXXVII, 2667. Dan. _klæg_, mud, sticky clay, as adj. sticky, cp. Cu. _claggy_, adhesive, _clog_, to stick to, O.E. _clæg_, from which N. Eng. _clay_. Possibly from an unpalatalized O. Nhb. _clæg_.

Cleading, _sb._ dress, clothing, A.P.B. 110 cp. Norse _klædning_, Sco. formation, same as clothing in Eng. The Sco. vb. is _cleed_.

CLECKIN, _sb._ brood of chickens. Burns, 99, 4. Cp. O.N. _klekking_, chicken, but probably Sco. formation from _cleck_, to hatch, q.v.

CLEG, _sb._ the gadfly, horsefly. Burns, 88, I. O.N. _kleggi_, horsefly, Dan. _kleg_. See Wall.

CLEK, _vb._ to hatch. Dunbar, 105; Douglas, II, 198, 3. O.N. _klekja_, O. Sw. _kläkkia_, Norse _klökkja_, _klöttja_, Dan. _klække_, Sw. _kläcka_, id.

CLOFF, _sb._ fork, fissure. Montg. F., 60. O.N. _klof_, bifurcation, O. Dan. _klov_, a rift in a tree, O. Sw. _klovi_, id. Norse _klov_, a cleft opening. Cp. Sco. _long-cloved_ and Ic. _klof-langr_.

CLOUR, _vb._ to beat, strike; always used with reference to personal encounters. O.N. _klóra_, to scratch, Norse _klōra_ id., _klōr_ sb. used with reference to the scratch one gets as the result of a blow. In Sco. _clour_ may also mean the blow itself.

CLOUR, CLOWRE, _sb._ a scratch or swelling after a blow. Fergusson, 120; Philotus, 153; Douglas, I, 6, 4. O.N. _klór_, a scratching. Norse _klōr._ Probably Sco. formation.

CLUBBIT, _adj._ clubfooted, clumsy. Montg. S., XXVIII; M.P., 13, 30. O.N. _klubba_ and _klumba_, Norse _klubba_, Dan., Norse _klump_. Cp. Eng. _clump_. Söderwall gives _klubba, klobba_, probably M. Sw. Cp. N.Dan. _klubbe_. Exhibits assimilation of _mb_ to _bb_ which is general in W. Scand. Also appears to some extent later in E. Scand. Eng. _club_ is Scand. See Skeat.

CLUNK, _vb._ to emit a hollow and uninterrupted sound. Jamieson, Ayr. O.N. _klunka_, Norse _klunka_, to emit a gurgling sound. O. Sw. _klunka_, Eng. _clink_ shows umlaut.

CLYFFT, _sb._ a cleft, a fissure. Wallace, VII, 859. Norse _klyft_, _kluft_, Ic. _kluft_, Sw. _klyfta_, Dan. _kloft_. See also Skeat under _cleft_, and B.S. _cluft_. The Sco. word like the M.E. exhibits the umlaut which has taken place in some places in Norway and Sweden.

COG, KOG, COGGIE, _sb._ a keg, a wooden vessel of any kind. Ferguson, 13; Burns, 195, 51, 2; 195, 50, 6. O.N. _kaggi_, Norse _kagge_, Dan. Sw. _kagge_, a cask, a barrel. Skeat cites the form _cag_ for Eng. diall. The Sco. word preserves more closely the Norse sound, which is not _o_, but _a_. On L.G. cognates see Skeat Et.D.

COSTLYK, _adj._ costly, magnificent. Wyntoun, VIII, 28, 76; IX, 18, 66, costlike. O.N. _kostligr_, costly, choice, desirable. O. Sw. _kosteliker_, O. Dan. _kostælic_, N. Dan. _kostelig_, Norse _kosteleg_, costly, magnificent. Deriv. _costlykly_. Wyntoun, VII, 5, 96.

COUR, _vb._ to bow, to croutch. O.N. _kúra_, O. Dan. _kuræ_, O. Sw. _kura_, Norse _kura_, _kurra_, bend down, become quiet, go to rest. Norse _kurr_, adj. silent, _kurrende still_, perfectly quiet, cowered to silence. The fundamental idea in the O.N. word was probably that of "lying quiet." Cp. Shetland _to cur_, to sit down. Isaiah, LVIII, 5: "His head till cower like a seggan flouir."

COW, _vb._ to overcome, surpass, "beat." O.N. _kúga_, to compel to something, to tyrannize over. Dan _kue_, _underkue_, suppress, oppress, Norse _kua_, press down, also put into subjection. The more general meaning in the modern diall. is "to beat." "To cow a'," in Barrie, to beat everything; _cow'd_, Fergusson 117, terrified.

CRAIK, _sb._ crow. Burns, 226, 119, 3, and 121, 1. O.N. _kráka_, Norse _kraake_, _krauka_, Dan. _krage_, Shetland _kraga_, crow. See also Wall.

CRAVE, _vb._ to demand payment of a debt, to dun. A regular Sco. use of the word. O.E. _crafian_ is a loanword from Scand. See Kluge P.G.(2)I, 933. Cp. Norse _kreva_, to dun.

CROVE, _sb._ hut, cottage. Ramsay, I, 158. O.N. _kró_, a hut, a little cottage (Haldorson), Norse, _kro_, specialized to "wine or ale house." So in Dan.

CUNNAND, _adj._ knowing, skilful, dexterous. Wyntoun, VII, 3, 28; _connand_, V, 12, 1243; Douglas, II, 18, 22. O.N. _kunnandi_, knowing, learned, Norse _kunnande_, skilled. Deriv. _cunnandly_, _conandly_ (Wallace, I, 248).

CUNNANDNESS, _sb._ skill, knowledge, wisdom. Wyntoun, V, 12, 280; VII, 8, 667. Sb. formation from _cunnand_.

DAGGIT, _adj. pp._ soaked. Montg. S., 68, 11. O.N. _döggva_, to bedew, _döggottr_, covered with dew, Norse _dogga_, id., Sw. _dagg_, thin, drizzling rain, O. Sw. _dag_, dew, Shetland _dag_, dew, "he's dagen," it is misting. Cp. Cu. _daggy_, misty.

DAPILL, _adj._ gray. Douglas, II, 257, 19; Scott 72, 126, "till hair and berd grow dapill." O.N. _depill_. See Skeat.

DAPPLET, _adj._ spotted, flecked. Burns, VII, 11. See _dapple_ in Skeat Et.D.

DASH, _vb._ to strike. Burns, 210, 872, 8, 7. O.N. _daska_, to strike, sb. _dask_, a strike, Norse _daska_, Dan., Sw. _daska_, M.E. _daschen_. See Bradley's Stratmann.

DE, DEE, _vb._ to die, M.E. _deyen_. Undoubtedly a Scand. loan-word. Luik (91-93), agreeing with Napier, thinks the word is native from primitive Gmc. *_daujan_. I think, however, with Kluge, that if the word had existed in O.E. it would have appeared earlier. See Kluge P.G.(2)I, 933. O.N. _döyja_, Norse _döi_, O. Dan. _döia_, Dan, _dö_. On M.E. _deyen_ see Brate.

DEGRAITHIT, _pp._ deprived of. Lyndsay, 523, 3935. Formed from the sb. _graith_, possessions, hence _degraith_, to dispossess. Cp. the Eng. parallel. See _graith_.

DEY, DEE, _sb._ maid, woman. A.P.B., 151; Ramsay 399. O.N. _dæigja_, a dairy maid, Norse _deigja_, servant, _budeie_, dairy maid, O. Sw. _deghia_, _deijha_, maid, girl, sweetheart, O. Dan. _deije_, mistress, _deijepige_, servant. The Sco. word has nearly always the general sense of "woman."

DING, _vb._ to drive, strike, beat, overcome. O.N. _dengja_, to hammer, Norse _dengja_, _denge_, to whip, beat, O. Sw. _dängia_ id., Sw. _dänge_, O. Dan. _dænge_, M.E. _dingen_. A very common word in Sco., used quite generally as Eng. "beat," in the sense of "surpassing." "To ding a'" = to beat everything. Cp. "to cow a'."

DIRDUM, _sb._ tumult, uproar. Douglas, I, 117, 9. O.N. _dýra-dómr_, "doordoom, an ancient tribunal held at the door of the house of the suspected person, which often was followed by uproar and bloodshed" (Small). The word appears in Gael. as _durdan_.

DOIF, _adj._ deaf, dull. Irving, 214. See _douff_. For similar parallel forms cp. _gowk_ and _goilk_; _nowt_ and _nolt_; _howk_ and _holk_; _lowp_ and _loip_; _bowdyn_ and _boildin_, etc.

DONK, _adj._ damp, moist. Douglas, II, 196, 32; Dunbar, G.T., 97. Cu. _donky_. See Skeat under _dank_. Cp. _donk_ sb.

DONK, _sb._ a moist place. Rolland, I, 2. Sw. dial. _dank_, a moist marshy place, small valley. O.N. _dökk_, a pool, Norse _dok_, a valley, Shetland _dek_. Exhibits E. Scand. non-assimilation of _nk_ to _kk_.

DONK, _vb._ to moisten. Dunbar, T.M.W., 10, 512. M.E. _donken_, to moisten. See _donk_, adj.

DONNART, _adj._ stupid, stupefied. Mansie Wauch, 96, 29. Norse _daana_, Sw. _dåna_, to faint. For the _r_ cp. dumbfoundered, M.W., p. 210, 25. An excrescent _r_ appears in a number of words, so in _dynnart_, a variant of the word above, Dunbar, T.M.W. 10. Cp. _daunert_, in stupor, Johnnie Gibb, 56, 44, and _dauner_, to wander aimlessly, Psalms CVII, 40.

DOOCK, DUCK. _sb._ a kind of coarse cloth. Jamieson. Probably in this case, as the form of the word indicates, from O.N. _dúkr_, O. Sw. _dūker_, cloth. Cp. Norse _dūk_, Dan. _dug_, Sw. dial. _duk_. Skeat derives the Eng. _duck_ from Du. _dock_, but the Sco. word agrees more closely with the Norse.

DOSEN, _adj._ stupefied. Burns 220, 107, 2. Cp. Cu. _dozent_, stupefied, and Mansie Wauch, 207, 24, _dozing_, whirling, sprawling. The Norse work _dusen_ has the same meaning as _dosen_ above. The form _dosynt_, pp. dazed, stunned (Burns), is to be explained from a Sco. vb. _dosen_ (not necessarily _dosnen_ in Scotland), corresponding to M.E. _dasin_, O.N. _dasa_. See Skeat under _doze_.

DOWFF, DOUF, DOLF, _adj._ deaf, dull, melancholy, miserable. Douglas, II, 63, 11; Burns, 44, 4. O.N. _daufr_, deaf, Norse _dauv_, drowsy, dull, _dauva_, make drowsy. See _dowie_.

DOWIE, DOWY, _adj/_ melancholy, dismal. O.N. _doufr_, dead, drowsy. Norse _dauv_, _dau_, id. Cp. Sco. _doolie_ and Ir. _doiligh_, mournful, O.N. _daufligr_, dismal.

DOWLESS, _adj._ careless, worthless. Isaiah, 32, 11. O.N. _duglauss_, Norse _duglaus_, good for nothing, said of a person who has lost all courage or strength, as opposed to _duglegr_, capable. Norse _dugløysa_, weakness, inability. Cp. Dan. _due_, to be able. Germ. _taugen_.

DRAIK, _vb._ to drown, drench. Lyndsay, 247, 714; _draikit_, Isaiah, I, 22. Apparently from O.N. _drekkja_, to drown, to swamp. The vowel is difficult to explain. The Cu. form _drakt_, drenched, wet, indicates a verb, _drak_. The change in vowel would then be similar to that in _dwall_ from O.N. _dvelja_, Eng. _dwell_. Uncertain.

DRAM, _sb._ a drink. Fergusson, 40; Mansie Wauch, 9, 9; 90, 2. Norse _dram_, a drink, always used with reference to a strong drink, so in Sco. Dan. _dram_, as much of a strong drink as is taken at one time (Molbeck). O. Sw. _dramb_, drinking in general, carousing. This usage of _dram_ is distinctively Scand. and Sco. Cp. Eng. _dram_, Sco. vb. _dram_, to furnish with drinks.

DRAWKIT, _adj._ drenched. Dunbar 142, 102; Douglas, I, 56, 12; III, 303, 8. See _draik_. The vowel is difficult to explain. Absence of _n_ before the _k_ proves that it is either a Scand. loanword direct, or a Sco. formation from one. There is no Scand. word from which _drawkit_ could come. It may be a Sco. formation from _draik_. For change of _ai_ to _aw_ cp. _agent_ and _awgent_; _various_ and _vawrious_, in Aberdeen dial. The M. Dan. _drockne_, N. Norse _drokna_, would hardly account for _aw_ in _drawkit_.

DROOK, to drench, to drown. Isaiah, XVI, 9; LV, 10; Psalms, VI, 6. Cannot come from O.N. _drekkja_. Probably from O.N. _drukna_, to drown, Norse _drukna_, O. Dan. _dronkne_, by lengthening of the vowel. Cp. Cu. _drookt_, severely wet. The following infinitive forms also occur, _draik_, _drowk_, _drawk_.

DROUKIT, _adj._ drenched. Fergusson, 40. See _drook_.

DRUCKEN, DRUKEN, _adj._ drunken, addicted to drink. O.N., Norse _drukken_, pp. of _drikka_, to drink. Early E. Scand. has the unassimilated form. Cp. O. Dan. _dronkne_, _drone_. Later Dan. _drougne_, _drocken_. Early Sw. _drokken_.

DUDDY, _adj._ ragged. Fergusson, 146; Burns, 68, 48. See _duds_. Cp. Cu. _duddy fuddiel_, a ragged fellow.

DUDS, _sb. pl._ rags, clothes, O.N. _dudi_, "vestes plumatae" (Haldorson), _duda_ (_duða_), to wrap up heavily, to swaddle. Gael. _dud_, rag, is a loan-word from O.N. It is possible that the word may have come into Lowland Sco. by way of Gael.

EGG, _vb._ to urge on, to incite. O.N. _eggja_, goad, incite, Norse _egga_, Dan. _egge_, id. The word is general Gmc., but this specific sense is Scand. Cp. O. Fr. _eggia_, to quarrel, to fight. M.L.G. _eggen_, to cut, to sharpen a sword.

EGGING, _sb._ excitement, urging. Bruce, IV, 539. See _egg_.

EIDENT, YDAN, YTHAND, _adj._ diligent. Dalr., I, 233, 35; Fergusson, 94; Douglas, I, 86, 17. O.N. _iðinn_, assiduous, diligent, _iðja_, to be active. Norse _idn_, activity, industry. Cp. Dan. _id_, _idelig_.

ELDING, _sb._ fuel. Dalr., I, 10, 8. O.N. _elding_, firing, fuel. Norse _elding_, id. Cu. _eldin_. From O.N. _eldr_, fire. Cp. Shetland _eld_, fire. See N.E.D.

ELDNYNG, _sb._ passion, also jealousy. Dunbar, 36, 204; 119, 126, literally "firing up." O.N. _eldr_, fire. Cp. Sw. _elding_.

ENCRELY, YNKIRLY, _adv._ especially, particularly. Bruce, I, 92; I, 301; X, 287. O.N. _einkarlegr_, O. Dan. _enkorlig_, O. Sw. _enkorlika_, adj. adv. special, especially. Cp. Norse _einkeleg_, unusual, extraordinary. See B-S and Skeat's glossary to Barbour's Bruce.

END, _sb._ breath. Sat. P., 42, 63. See _aynd_.

END, _vb._ to breathe upon. Dalr., I, 29, 6. O.N. _anda_, Norse _anda_, breathe, M.E. _anden_.

ERD, _vb._ to bury. Dunbar, F., 372; Douglas, II, 266, 10; Bruce, XX, 291. O.N. _jarða_, to bury, O. Sw. _iorþa_. O.E. _eardian_ meant "to dwell, inhabit." See further Wall. A case of borrowed meaning, the form is Eng.

ERDING, _sb._ burial. Bruce, IV, 255; XIX, 86. See _erd_ vb.

ESPYNE, _sb._ a long boat. Bruce, XVII, 719. O.N. _espingr_, a ship's boat, Sw. _esping_.

ETTIL, ETIL, _sb._ aim, design. Douglas, II, 249, 13; II, 254. See _ettil_ vb.

ETLYNG, _sb._ aim, endeavor, intention. Bruce, II, 22; I, 587; R.R., 1906. Probably a deriv. from _ettle_, see below, but cp. O.N. _etlun_, design, plan, intention.

ETTLE, ETTIL, _vb._ to intend, aim at, attempt. O.N. _ætla_, intend, O. Dan. _ætlæ_, ponder over, Norse _etla_, intend, determine, or get ready to do a thing. Cu. _ettle_, York, _attle_. In Isaiah, LIX, colophon, _ettle_ signifies "means, have the meaning."

FALOW, _vb._ to match, compare. R. R., 3510. Also the regular form of the sb. in Sco., O.N. _félagr._ See Skeat, B-S under _fēlaȝe._ The Sco. vowel is long as in O.N. and M.E. The tendency in Sco. is toward _a_ in a great many words that have _e_ in Eng. Cp. Aberdeen _wast_ for _west_; _laft_ for _left_; _stap _ for _step_; _sattlit_ for _settled_, S. Sco. _wat_ for _wet_. Similar unfronting of the vowel is seen in _prenciple_, _reddance_, _enterdick_.

FANG, _vb._ to catch, seize. O.N. _fanga_, to fetch, capture. Norse _fanga_, Dan. _fange_. This word in Northern England and Scotland is to be regarded as a Scand. loan-word. The word _fangast_, a marriageable maid, cited by Wall, proves this. Literally the word means something caught (cp. Norse _fangst_). This meaning could not possibly have arisen out of the O.E. word, but is explained by the Norse use of it and the peculiar Norse custom, cp. _fanga kǫnu_, to wed a woman, _kvan-fang_, marriage, _fangs-tið_, wedding-season, Norse _bryllöp_ < _brudlaup_, the "bride-run." Wall suggests that it may come from the root of O.E. pp. _gefangen_. Its presence in S.Eng. diall. in the meaning "to struggle, to bind," may be explained in this way.

FARANDNESS, _sb._ comeliness, handsomeness. R.R., 1931. See _farrand_. Cp. _cunnandness_, from pr. p. _cunnand_.

FARRAND, _adj._ appearing, generally well-appearing, handsome, e.g., _a seemly farrand person_. The word frequently means "fitting, proper," O.N. _fara_, to suit, to fit, a secondary sense of _fara_, to go.

FEIR, FER, _adj._ sound, unharmed. O.N. _færr_, safe, well, in proper condition, originally applied to a way that was in proper condition or a sea that was safe, e.g., _Petlandsfjörðr var eigi færr_, the Pentland Firth was not safe, could not be crossed. Norse _før_ also has this same meaning, also means "handy, skillful," finally "strong, well-built." Dan., Sw. _för_, able. So in Dunbar, 258, 51. Sometimes spelled _fier_.

FELL, _sb._ mountain. O.N. _fjald_, Norse _fjell_. See Wall.

FILLOK, _sb._ a giddy young woman. Douglas, III, 143, 10; Lyndsay, 87, 2654. Diminutive of _filly_, q.v.

FILLY, _sb._ a chattering, gossipy young woman. Ramsay, II, 328. Sco. usage. See Skeat under _filly_, O.N. _fylja_.

FIRTH, _sb._ a bay, arm of the sea. O.N. _fjörðr_, O. Sw. _fjördher_. See Skeat.

FLAKE, _sb._ a hurdle. Douglas, IV, 14, 10. O.N. _flaki_, a hurdle, or shield wicker-work. Norse _flake_, Sw. _flake_ and O. Sw. _flaki_. Cu. _flaks_, pieces of turf, is probably the same. Cp. Norse _flake_, in _kote-flake_.

FLAT, _adj._ dull, spiritless. Rolland, Prol. 16. O.N. _flat_, Norse _flat_, ashamed, disappointed, _fara flatt fyrir einem_, to fare ill, be worsted, O. Dan. _flad_, weak.

FLECKERIT, _pp. adj._ spotted. Gol. and Gaw., 475. O.N. _flekkr_, a spot, _flekkóttr_, spotted. The _r_ in the Sco. word is frequentative, not the inflexional ending of the O.N. See also Skeat under _fleck_.

FLEGGER, _sb._ a flatterer. Dunbar, F., 242. Dan. dial. _flægger_, false, _flægre_, to flatter.

FLINGIN TREE, _sb._ a piece of timber hung by way of partition between two horses in a stable (Wagner), Burns, 32, 23. O.N. _flengja_, Norse _flenga_, _flengja_, to fling, to sling. Sw. _flänga_, O. Ic. _flengja_, to whip up, to cause to hurry, to ride furiously. The Norse and the Dan., like the English, do not have the primary meaning seen in O. Ic. and N.Sw. See further Skeat.

FLIT, _vb._ to move, change abode. O.N. _flyttja_, Norse _flytta_, O. Dan. _flyttæ_, O. Sw. _flyttia_, to move, M.E. _flytten_ . The O.N. _flyttja_ meant "to migrate," as also the M.E. word, otherwise the usage is the same in all the Scand. languages. Sco. _flit_ is to be derived from O.N. not from Sw.

FLYRE, _vb._ to grin, leer, whimper, look surly. Montg. F., 188. Dunbar, T.M.W., 114. O.N., _flira_, Norse _flira_, smile at, leer, laugh, Dan. _flire_ to leer, M.E. _fliren_. The three words _flina_, _flira_ and _flisa_ in Scand. mean the same. Cu. _fliar_, to laugh heartily. See also Wall.

FLYTTING, _sb._ furniture, moveable goods. Wyntoun, VIII, 38, 50. In Wallace simply in the sense of removal. O.N. _flutning_, transport, carriage of goods. The Sco. word is probably a deriv. from _flyt_, as indicated also by the umlauted vowel.

FORELDERS, _sb. pl._ parents. Gau. 15, 2. Dan. _forældre_, Sw. _föräldrar_, Norse _foreldre_, parents. In the sense "ancestors" the word is general Gmc, but the above use is specifically Scand. In Sco. the word usually has the general sense. Gau has Dan. elements that are not to be found in other Sco. works.

FORJESKIT, _adj._ jaded, fatigued. Burns, 44, 29. Dan. _jask_ adj., _jaske_ vb. to rumple, put in disorder, _jask_, a rag, _jasket_, _hjasket_ left in disordered condition. Dan. dial. _jasked_, clumsy, homely. Sw. dial. _jaska_, to walk slovenly and as if tired, _jasked_, adj. in bad condition. R.L. Stevenson in "The Blast" uses _forjaskit_ in the sense of "jaded." The prefix _for_ may be either Eng. or Dan.

FORLOPPIN, _adj._ renegade. Sat., p. 44, 243. The pp. of _loup_, to leap, to run, with intensive prefix _for_. See _loup_. Cp. the Norse _forloppen_ from _læupa_, used precisely in the same way, and the Dan. dial. _loben_. _Forloppin_ as sb., Dunbar, 139. See also _loppert_.

FORS, _sb._ a stream. O.N. _fors_, N.Ic. and Norse _foss_, Dan., Sw. _foss_, stream, waterfall, O.N. _forsa_, to foam, spout. The word is very common in Norway, not so common in Sweden and Denmark.

FORTH, _sb._ Dunbar, 316, 63. Same as _firth_.

FRA, FRAE, _prep._ and _conj._ from, since. Aberdeen form _fae_. O.N. _frá_, from, Dan. _fra_, Norse _fra_, Sw. _frå_. Deriv. from "from," according to Wall, by analogy of _o'_, etc. I do not believe so. It is first found in Scand. settlements and is confined to them. Besides _m_ would not be likely to fall out. The case is quite different with _f_ and _n_ in "of" and "in" when before "the." Furthermore, the conjunctive use of _fra_ as in Sco. is Norse.

FRECKLIT, FRECKLED, _adj._ flecked, spotted, differing slightly from the Eng. use. Douglas, II, 216, 5; Mansie Wauch, 18, 5, "freckled corn." O.N. _freknur_. See Kluge and Lutz, and Skeat. In M.W. above: "The horn-spoons green and black freckled."

FREND, _sb._ relation, relative. Wyntoun, VII, 10, 354. O.N. _frændi_, kinsman, O. Dan. _frændi_, Norse _frænde_, Sw. _frände_, id. O.E. _frēond_, O.H.G. _friunt_, O. Fr. _friond_, _friund_, M.L.G. _vrint_, "friend." Cp. the Sco. proverb: "Friends agree best at a distance," relations agree best when there is no interference of interests, Jamieson.

FRESTIN, _vb._ to tempt, taunt, also to try. Gol. and Gaw., 902, 911; Ramsay, I, 271. O.N. _fræista_, to tempt, Norse _freista_, _frista_, to tempt, try, O. Sw. _fresta_, Dan. _friste_, Sw. dial. _freista_, to attempt, O.E. _frāsian_.

GANAND, _adj._ fitting, proper. Dunbar, 294; Douglas, II, 24, 19. Pr. p. of _gane_. Cp. Eng. fitting. See _gane_.

GANE, _vb._ to be suitable. L.L., 991; Rolland, II, 135. O.N. _gegna_, to suit, to satisfy, from _gegn_. O. Sw. _gen_, same root in Germ. _begegnen_. See further Kluge. Entirely different from _gane_, to profit.

GANE, _vb._ to profit. L.L., 131; R.R., 1873. O.N. _gagne_, to help, be of use, _gagn_, use, profit, Norse _gagna_, id., O. Sw. _gaghna_, to profit, Dan. _gavne_.

GANE, _sb._ the mouth and throat. Douglas, III, 168, 26. Cannot come from O.E. _gin_, O.N. _gin_, mouth, because of the quality of the vowel, is, however, Norse _gan_, _gane_, the throat, the mouth and throat, Sw. _gan_, gap, the inside of the mouth.

GAIT, GATE, GAT, _sb._ road, way, manner. O.N. _gata_, O. Dan. _gatæ_, M.E. _gāte_. See Wall. Cp. Northern Eng. "to gang i' that rwoad," to continue in that manner.

GARTH, GAIRTH, _sb._ the yard, the house with the enclosure, dwelling. O.N. _garðr_, a yard, the court and premises, O. Sw. _garþer_, _gardh_, the homeplace, Dan. _gaard_, M.E. _garth_, and _yeard_ from O.E. _geard_, Cu. _garth_, Shetland _gard_. Is in form more specifically Norse than Dan. Occurs in a number of place-names in South Scotland, especially Dumfries. See I, §3.

GATEFARRIN, _adj._ wayfaring, in the sense of fit to travel, in suitable apparel for travel. Johnnie Gibb, 12, 35. Wall distinguishes rightly between the O.N. and the Eng. use of the word _fare_. This Scand. use of the word is confined to Norway and Iceland, and is, at any rate in the later period, more characteristic of Icelandic than Norse. Cp. a similar use of the word _sitta_, in Norse, to look well, said of clothes that look well on a person. Not quite the same.

GAWKY, _adj._ foolish. Burns, 78, 60. From _gowk_. Cp. _gawkish_.

GEDDE, _sb._ a pike (fish). Bruce, II, 576; Sat. P. I, 53, 9. O.N. _gedda_, the pike, Dan. _gjedde_, Sw. _gädda_. Not in M.E., except in Sco. works, and does not seem to exist in Eng. diall.

GEMSAL, YEMSEILL, YHEMSALE, _sb._ concealment, secrecy. Bruce, XX, 231; Wyntoun, VIII, 19, 206; VIII, 36, 84. O.N. _göymsla_, O. Ic. _geymsla_, Norse _gøymsla_, _gøymsel_, concealment. Dano-Norse _gjemsel_. The ending _sal_ is distinctively Scand. Cp. _trængsel_, misery; _længsel_, longing; _hørsel_, hearing; _pinsel_, torture; _trudsel_, threat; _opførsel_, conduct; Sco. _tynsell, hansell_, etc.

GENȝELD, _sb._ reward, recompense. Douglas, II, 100, 12; II, 111, 17; Scott, 59, 62. O.N. _gegn-gjald_, reward, O. Dan. _gengæld_, _giengiald_ id., _giengielde_, to reward, Norse _gjengjæld_. _Gen_ is the same as the _gegn_ in _gegna_, to suit, _-ȝeld_ can be either Scand. or Eng. The palatal _g_ is also Scand. in this word. The compound _genȝeld_ is Scand. In Sco. also spelled _ganȝeld_, _gaynȝeild_.

GER, GAR, _vb._ to make, cause, force. O.N. _gera_ (Cl. and V.). O. Dan. _göræ_, Sw. _göra_, Norse _gjera_, to do, to make. O. Nh. _görva_. _Gar_ is the modern form which exhibits regular Sco. change of _er_ to _ar_. Cp. _serk_, _sark_; _werk_, _wark_.

GESTNYNG, _sb._ hospitality. Douglas, III, 315, 8. O.N. _gistning_, a passing the night as a guest at a place, _gista_, vb. to spend the night with one, _gestr_, guest. O. Dan. _gæstning_, O. Sw. _gästning_, _gistning_.

GLETE, GLEIT, _vb._ to glitter. Douglas, I, 33; II, 88, 16; Montg. C. and S., 1288; Dunbar, G.T., 66. O.N. _glita_, to glitter, Dan. _glitte_. Cp. Shetland _glid_, a glittering object. O.E. _glitnian_ > M.E. _glitenien_, as O.E. _glisnian_ > M.E. _glistnian_, N. Eng. _glisten_. The M.E. _glitenian_ (N.Eng. *_glitten_) was replaced by the Scand. _glitter_.

GLEIT, _sb._ literally "anything shining," used in Palace of Honour, II, 8, for polish of speech. See the vb.

GLEY, _sb._ a look, glance, stare. Mansie Wauch, 85, 10; 117, 37. See Wall, _gley_, to squint, B-S. _glien_. Cp. Sw. dial. _glia_.

GLEG, _adj._ sharp. See Wall, deriv. _glegly_, quickly.

GLITTERIT, _adj._ full of glitter. Dunbar, T.M.W., 30. See _glitter_ in Skeat.

GOWK, _sb._ a fool. O.N. _gaukr_, Norse _gæuk_, O. Sw. _göker_, Dan. _gjög_. In Sco. very frequently spelled _goilk_, _golk_. Cu. _April-gowk_, April fool.

GOWL, _vb._ to scream, yell. O.N. _gaula_, Norse _gæula_, to yell, to scream. Shetland _gjol_, _gol_, to howl, seems to be the same word, but the palatal before _o_ is strange. Cp. Sco. _gowle_.

GOWLYNGE, _sb._ screaming, howling. R.R. 823, pr. p. of _gowl_. Cp. O.N. _gaulan_, Norse _gæuling_, sb. screaming.

GRAIP, _sb._ a dung-fork. Burns, 38, 1, 2. Johnnie Gibb, 102, 18; 214, 21. Norse _græip_, id., Dan. _greb_, a three-pronged fork.

GRAITH, _adj._ ready, direct. Bruce, IV, 759; Wallace, V, 76. O.N. _græiðr_, ready, Norse _greid_, simple, clear, ready. Deriv. _graithly_, directly, Gol. and Gau. 54. Cp. Yorkshire _graidly_, proper.

GRAITH, _vb._ make ready, dress, furnish, equip. C.S., 39; R.R., 424; Psalms XVIII, 32. O.N. _græiða_, to disentangle, set in order, make ready. Norse _greide_, to dress (the hair). Cu. _graitht_, dressed.

GRANE, _sb._ twig, branch. Douglas, II, 10, 27; Dunbar, 76. O.N. _græin_, Norse _grein_, Dan. _gren_, O. Sw. _gren_, branch. The Dan. and Sw. forms show monophthongation. The Sco. word agrees best with the Norse.

GRANIT, _adj._ forked. Douglas, II, 133, 4. O.N. _græina_, to branch, divide into branches, separate. Norse _græina_, Sw., Dan. _grena_, id., O. Sw. _grenadh_, adj. forked, Cu. _grainet_.

GRAYTH, GRAITH, _sb._ equipment, possessions. Dunbar, 229; Lyndsay, 154, 4753; Burns, 23, 18. O.N. _græiða_, means "tools, possessions," originally "order." Cp. the vb. In Douglas, III, 3, 25, _graith_ means "preparation."

GRAITHLY, _adv._ directly, speedily. Bruce, XIX, 708; X, 205. O.N. _græiðliga_, readily, promptly.

GRITH, _sb._ peace, truce. Wallace, X, 884. O.N., O. Dan. _grið_, truce, protection, peace. O. Sw. _grið_, _gruð_. Occurs very often in the parts of the A-S. Chronicle dealing with the wars with the Danes, for the first time in 1002. "_Frið and grið_," meant "truce," or "peace and protection." See Steenstrup's discussion of these words, pp. 245-250.

GROUF, on growfe, _adj._ prone, on one's face. Douglas, IV, 20, 24; Dunbar, 136, 12. O.N. _á grúfu_, grovelling. Norse _aa gruva_, id., O. Sw. _a gruvo_. Sw. diall. _gruva, å gruv_, Dan. _paa gru_.

GRYS, GRYCE, _sb._ a pig. Douglas, II, 143, 14; Lyndsay, 218, 300; Montg., F., 88. O.N. _griss_, a young pig, swine, O. Dan. _gris_, Norse _gris_.

GUKK, _vb._ to act the fool. Dunbar, F., 497. Probably to be derived from _gowk_, sb. a fool. It cannot very well come from _geck_, to jest, the vowels do not correspond. In Poet. R., 108, 5, _gukit_ means "foolish, giddy."

GYLL, _sb._ cleft, glen, ravine. Douglas, III, 148, 2; Sat. P., 12, 71. O.N. _gil_, a narrow glen with a stream at the bottom, Norse _gil_, _gyl_, a mountain ravine. Cp. Cu. _gill_, _ghyll_.

GYLMYR, _sb._ a ewe in her second year. C.S., 66. O.N. _gymbr_, a ewe lamb a year old, also _gymbr-lamb_, Norse _gymber_, Dan. _gimber_, M.E. _gimbir_, _gimbyr_, Cu. _gimmer_. In northwestern England and Scotland assimilation of _mb_ to _mm_ took place. Our word has excrescent _l_, cp. _chalmer_, not uncommon.

GYRTH, _sb._ a sanctuary, protection. Bruce, IV, 47; II, 44; C.S., 115. O.N. _grið_, a sanctuary, a truce. O. Sw. _grið_, _gruð_, M.Norse _gred_, protection. Cu. _gurth_, cp. _grith_.

GYRTH _sb._ a hoop for a barrel, the barrel. R.R., 27, 81. O.N. _gjörð_, a girdle, a hoop, Dan. _gjord_, Norse _gjord_, _gjaar_, _gjoir_, hoop, girdle, O.E. form _gyrd_. Cp. O.N. _girða_, to gird, and _girði_, wood for making hoops.

GYRTHYN, _sb._ saddle-strap, saddle-band. Wyntoun, VIII, 36, 64. O.N. _gjörð_. See Skeat, _girth_. Our word is not nominative pl. as the editor of Wyntoun takes it, but is the singular originally pr. p. of _girth_, to gird, to strap. In Poet. R. 113, occurs the form _girthing_. Cp. Cu. _girting_, _girtings_.

HAILSE, _vb._ to greet, salute. Bruce, II, 153; C.S., 141. O.N. _helsa_, older _hæilsa_, to hailsay one, to greet, O. Sw. _helsa_, Dan. _hilse_, Norse _helsa_, id., M.E. _hailsen_. This word is entirely different from O.E. _healsian_, which is _heals_ + _ian_ and meant "beseech, implore," literally "embrace." The form of this was _halsian_ in O. Nhb., from which Sco. _hawse_, to embrace.

HAILSING, HALSING, _sb._ a salute, greeting. Douglas, II, 243, 31; Dunbar "Freires of Berwick" 57; Rosw. and Lill. 589. O.N., O. Sw., Norse _helsa_, see above; Norse _helsing_, Dan. _hilsning_, a greeting. _Hailsing_ formed direct from the vb. _hailse_.

HAINE, _vb._ to protect, save. Fergusson, 171; Psalms LXXVIII, 50; LXXX, 19; _we're hain'd_, we are saved. O.N. _hegna_, to hedge in, protect, _hegnaðr_, defence, Norse _hegna_, Dan. _hegne_, O. Sw. _häghna_, to hedge in for the sake of protecting. Cu. _hain_.

HAINED, _pp. adj._ sheltered, secluded, cp. _a hained rig_, Burns, 8, 1. In modern usage very frequently means "saved up, hoarded," so _hained gear_, hoarded money. See _haine_ above.

HAININ' TOWER, _sb._ fortress. Psalms XVIII, 2; XXXI, 2; LXII, 7. See _hain_.

HALING (hēling), _pr. p._ pouring down. Douglas, II, 47, 31. O.N. _hella_, to pour out water, _helling_, sb. pouring. See Wall under _hell_. We should expect a short vowel as generally in Eng. diall. The form _hale_, however, occurs in Yorkshire too. Both are from O.N. _hella_. There is no Scand. or L.G. word with original _a_ to explain _hale_, but cp. the two words _dwell_ and _wail_, to choose. _Dwell_ from O.N. _dvelja_, preserves both quality and quantity of the original vowel. The Sco. form is, however, _dwall_. Here the vowel has been opened according to Sco. tendency of changing _e_ to _a_ before liquids, cp. _félag_ > _falow_, also frequently before other consonants. Cp. the same tendency in certain dialects in America, so _tăll_ or even _tǣl_ for _tell, băll_ for _bell_, _wăll_ for _well_, etc. If _e_ before _l_ in _hell_, to pour, was changed to _a_, as _e_ in _dwell_, and later lengthened, we would have the form _hǣl_ out of which _hale_ would be regularly developed, and so a double development from the same word, _hell_ and _hale_. _Wail_, to choose, might be explained in the same way from O.N. vb. _velja_. _Well_ would be the regular form, but this is not found. The O.N. _val_, choice, is, however, sufficient to explain _wail_.

HAME-SUCKEN, _sb._ the crime of assaulting a person within his own house. O.N. _hæim-sókn_, O. Dan. _hem-sokn_, an attack on one's house. O. Sw. _hem-sokn_, O.E. _hamsocn_, E. _ham- socne_. See Steenstrup, pp. 348-349. The word seems to have come into Eng. during the time of the Danes in England, though both elements are Eng. as well as Scand. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 933.

HAMMALD, _adj._ domestic. Douglas, II, 26, 7. O.N. _heimoll_, _heimill_, domestic, O. Sw. _hemoll_, Norse _heimholt_. Excrescent _d_ after _l_ quite common in Scand. and appears in Sco. in a few words. See _fald_.

HANK, _sb._ thread as it comes from the measuring reel, a coil of thread. Burns, 584. See Skeat. Cu. _hankle_, to entangle, is probably the same word.

HANSEL, _sb._ gift. O.N. _handsal_. Bruce, V, 120, _hansell_ used ironically means "defeat." See Skeat.

HARN, _sb._ brain. O.N. _hjarni_, brain, O. Dan. _hiærnę_, Norse _hjarne_, Dan. _hjerne_, O. Sw. _hiärne, härne_.

HARSK, _adj._ harsh, cruel. Wyntoun, IX, 1, 27; Douglas, II, 208, 17. O.N. *_harsk_, bitter, as proved by Shetland, _ask_, _hask_, _hosk_, and Norse _hersk_. Cp. Dan. _harsk_. O. Ic. _herstr_, bitter, hard, severe, is probably the same word, _st_ to _sk_. Cp. Cu. _hask weather_, dry weather. Shetland, _hoski wadder_, dry and windy weather (Jakobson, p. 68). Dan. dial. _harsk_, bitter, dry. For dropping of _r_, as in the Shetland form, cp. _kask_, from _karsk_, in "Havelok," cited in Skeat's list.

HARSKNESS, _sb._ harshness. Dunbar, 104, 19. See _harsk_.

HARTH, _adj._ hard. Dunbar, F., 181; O.N. _harðr_, Norse _har(d)_, Dan. _haar(d)_, hard.

HAUGH, _sb._ a hill, a knoll. O.N. _haugr_, a hill, Norse _haug_, Old Gutnic _haugr_, Cu. _howe_. The O. Sw. _högher_, O. Dan. _hög_, _höw_, Dan. _höi_, Shetland _hjog_, _hög_, show later monophthongation. Cp. M.E. _houȝ_, _hogh_.

HAVER-MEAL, _sb._ oat-meal. Burns, 187, 32, 1. Cp. Norse, _havremjöl_, O.N. _hafrmjöl_, Dan. _havre meel_. The first element of the compound is used especially in Scand. settlements in England and is probably due to Scand. influence. An O.S. _hafore_ exists, but if our word is native, it ought to be distributed in South Eng. diall. as well. The second element of the compound may be Eng.

HAYND, _sb._ Douglas, III, 119, 6. See _aynd_.

HEID, _sb._ brightness. Rolland, I, 122. O.N. _hæið_, brightness of the sky, _hæið ok sólskin_, brightness and sunshine, _hæiða_, to brighten, _hæiðbjartr_, serene. Cp. _heiðs-há-rann_, the high hall of brightness, an O. poetical name for heaven. The Norse adj. _heid_, bright, like the Sco. word, shows change of _ð_ to _d_.

HENDIR, _adj._ past, bygone. Bruce, 10, 551. Dunbar's poem, _This hendir Night_. O.N. _endr_, formerly. Cp. _ender-day_ in Skeat's list.

HETHING, _sb._ scorn, mockery. Wyntoun, IX, 10, 92; Wallace, V, 739; Douglas, II, 209, 7. O.N. _hǽðing_, sb. scoffing, scorn, _hǽða_, to scoff, to mock, Norse, _hæding_, scorn, mockery, O. Sw. _hädha_, _hödha_.

HING, _vb._ to hang. Lindsay, 527, 4033; Gol. and Gaw., 438; Psalms LXIX, 6. Same as Cu. _hing_, for which see Wall.

HOOLI, HULIE, _adj._ quiet, slow, leisurely, careful. Dalr., I, 149, 27; A.P.B., 41; Fergusson, 54. O.N., _hógligr_, easy, gentle, _hógleiki_, meekness, _hóglifi_, a quiet life, _hóglyndr_, good-natured.

HUGSUM, _adj._ horrible. Wyntoun, VII, 5, 176. See _ug_, to fear.

HUSBAND, _sb._ a small farmer. Bruce, X, 387; VII, 151. O.N. _hús- bondi_, a house-master. See Skeat. For full discussion of this word as well as _bonde_, see Steenstrup, 97-100.

ILL, _adj._ evil, wicked. Bruce, III, 10. O.N. _illr_, adj. bad, Norse _ill_, _idl_, cross, angry, Dan. _ilde_, adv. badly. As an adv. common in M.E. The adj. use of it more specifically Sco. as in Norse. See Skeat.

IRKE, _vb._ to weary, to suffer. Dunbar, F., 429; R.R., 456; L.L., 2709. O.N. _yrkja_, to work, take effect, O. Sw. _yrkja_, O. Dan. _yrki_ (Schlyter), Sw. _yrke_, to urge, enforce, Norse _orka_, be able, always used in the sense of "barely being able to," or, with the negative, "not being able to." Ramsay uses the word in the sense of "being vexed."

IRKE, _adj._ weary, lazy. Dunbar, 270, 36; R.R., 3570. See _irke_, vb. _Irkit_, pp. adj. tired, Montg., M.P., 521.

IRKING, _sb._ delay. Winyet, II, 76; I. Deriv. from _irke_, vb.

ITHANDLY, YTHANDLY, YDANLIE, _adv._ busily, assiduously. Dalr., II, 36, 12; R.R., 36, 95. O.N. _iðinn_, busy. See _eident_.

KARPING, CARPING, _sb._ speech, address. Wyntoun, VIII, 18, 85; VIII, 18, 189; IX, 9, 34. See _carp_.

KEIK, KEK, _vb._ to peep, to pry. O.N. _kíkja_, to pry, Norse _kika_. Undoubtedly a Scand. loan-word, _i>ei_ as in _gleit_, _gley_.

KENDLE, KENDILL, KENNLE, _vb._ to kindle. Lyndsay, 161, 4970; Gol. and Gaw., 1221; Rolland, I, 609. O.N. _kendill, kynda_, M.E. _kindlen_. See Brate.

KILT, _vb._ to tuck up, O.N. _kelta_, _kjalta_, O. Dan. _kiltæ_, the lap, Dan., Norse _kilte_, to tuck up, O. Sw. _kilta_, sb. For discussion of this word see Skeat.

KIST, KYST, _sb._ chest, box. O.N. _kista_, Norse, Dan. _kiste_, a chest. O.E. _cest_ would have given _kest_, or _chest_. See also Curtis, §392. The tendency in Sco. is to change _i_ to _e_ before _st_, not _e_ to _i_. Cp. _restit_, _gestning_.

KITTLING, KITTLEN, _sb._ kitten. Burns, 38, 2, 3; Mansie Wauch, 23, 19; 210, 10. O.N. _ketlingr_, diminutive of _ketta_, she-cat, Norse _kjetling_. Cp. Cu. _kitlin_. The same diminutive formation appears in Dan. _kylling_, older _kykling_, Norse _kjukling_, a chicken.

KNUSE, KNOOSE, _vb._ to bruise, to press down with the knees, to beat, also to knead. Ramsay, I, 236. See Jamieson for secondary meanings. O.N. _knusa_, to bruise, to beat, Norse _knusa_, Dan. _knuse_, crush, O. Sw. _knosa_, _knusa_, crush, press tight, beat. Cp. Goth. _knusian_. O.E. _cnysian_, shows umlaut.

KOW, _sb._ a fright, terror. Winyet, I, 107, 12. O.N. _kúga_, to cow. See _cow_, vb.

LACK, _vb._ to belittle, blame, reproach, despise. Mont., M.P., 43, 17; R.R., 3242; 3517; Gau., 17, 25. O.N. _hlakka_, to look down upon, O. Dan. _lakke_, to slander, O. Sw. _belacka_, id. See _lak_, sb.

LAICHING, _sb._ sport, play. R.R., 647. From Sco. vb. _laike_, to play, O.N. _læika_. See _lak_.

LAIF, LAVE, _sb._ the rest. O.N. _læif_, a leaving, pl. _læifar_, remnants, Norse _leiv_, id., _løyva_, to leave. Cannot come from O.E. _lāf_. See §20.

LAIGH, _adj._ low. Ramsay, II, 20; Mansie Wauch, 106, 23. Same as Eng. _low_, from O.N. _lágr_, O. Sw. _lagher_, O. Dan. _lagh, lag_, low. In Eng., O.N. _ag_ > _ǫw_ > _ow_. In Scotland _ag_ > _aw_, did not become _ow_ later. So the regular Sco. form is _law_, or, with guttural, _lawch_. In _laigh_, however, _a_ has developed as _a_ would when not before _g_ or _h_. The form _logh_ also occurs. In Dunbar occur _low_, _law_, _laich_, and _loigh_.

LAIGH, _vb._ to bend down, to kneel. Psalms XCV, 6. See _laigh_, adj.

LAIKE, _sb._ the stake for which one plays. Montg., C., I, 109. O.N. _læikr_, a play, Norse _leik_, O. Dan. _legh_. Also means play in Sco., but the transferred meaning is common. It cannot come from O.E. _lāc_. The _e_-vowel in Cu., Westm., and S. Scotland proves an original _æi_-diphthong. See Part I, §16.

LAIRET, _adj._ bemired. Psalms LXIX, 2. Norse _læir_, clay. Dan. dial. _ler_, O. Sw. _leer_, _ler_, id., Eng. dial. _lair_. See Wall. Jamieson gives _lair_, vb. to stick in the mire, _lair_, sb. a bog, _lairy_, adj. boggy.

LAIRING, _sb._ gutter, deep mud. Burns, 10, 11. O.N. _læir_, clay. Same as Yorkshire _lyring_, for which see Wall. _Lyring_ seems to show original E. Scan. monophthongation of _æi_ to _e_.

LAIT, _sb._ manner, trick. R.R., 273, 25, 36. O.N., Ic. _lát_, manners, _skipta lítum ok látum_, change shape and manners. O. Sw. _lat_, manner, way of proceeding. Cp. O.N. _láta-læti_, dissimulation, _látbragð_, gestures, and Dan. _lade_, to dissimulate, pretend. Norse _lata_, id. Probably related to O.N. _lát_.

LAYKING, _sb._ jousting, a tournament. Wyntoun, VIII, 35. See _laik_.

LAK, _sb._ a plaything. Wallace, VIII, 1410. Norse _leik_, a game, _leiker_ (pl.), games, toys. Sw. dial. _leika_, a doll, a play sister. Cp. Cu. _lakin_, a child's toy.

LAK, _sb._ contempt, reproach, disgrace. Rolland, I, 455; Rosw. and Lill., 784; R.R., 3092. O.N. _lakr_, defective, O. Dan. _lak_, fault, deficiency. Sw. _lack_, fault, slander. O. Sw. _lakkare_, a slanderer. Cp. Dan. _lakkeskrift_, a satirical piece. See _lack_, vb.

LEISTER, _sb._ a three-pronged salmon spear. Burns, 16, 1. Dumfries and Ayr., any spear for striking or spearing fish with. O.N. _ljóstr_, a salmon spear. Norse _ljoster, ljøster_, Dan. _lyster_, Sw. _ljuster_, vb. _Ljostra_, vb. in Norse, to spear fish. Cu. _lister_, _leester_. See also Worsaae, p. 260. Vb. _leister_ in Sco., to strike fish with a spear or leister.

LINK, _vb._ to walk briskly, smartly. Burns, 1291, 6, 5, 2. Norse _linke_, to hurry along, cp. Sw., Dan. _linke_, to limp along. Stevenson in _Ille Terrarum_ 6, 3, uses _link_ in the sense of "walking along leisurely," which is nearer the Dan. meaning of the word.

LIRK, _vb._ to crease, to rumple, shrivel. Ramsay, I, 307. O.N. _lerka_, to lace tight, _lirk_, sb. a crease, a fold.

LIPIN, LIPPEN, _vb._ to trust. R.R., 3501; Psalms, XVIII, 30, etc. O.N. _litna_ (?), very doubtful. See B-S.

LITE, _vb._ to dye, to stain. Dalr., I, 48, 24; Douglas, IV, 190, 32. O.N. _lita_, to dye, Shetland, to _litt_. See Wall.

LITLING, _sb._ dyeing. Sat. P., 48, 1. See _lit_.

LOFT, _sb._ upper room, gallery. O.N. _lopt_, Norse _loft_, Aberdeen _laft_. See Skeat.

LOFT, _vb._ to equip with a loft. C.S., 96. See _loft_, sb.

LOKMEN, _sb. pl._ executioners. Wallace, 134. O. Dan., O. Sw. _lagman_. O.N. _lögmaðr_, literally "the law-man," was the speaker of the law. In Iceland, particularly, the _lögmaðr_ was the law-speaker. In Norway a _lögman_ seems also to have meant a country sheriff or officer, which comes closer to the use in Wallace. A little doubtful.

LOPPRIT, _pp._ clotted. Douglas, II, 157, 28; III, 306, 4. O.N. _hlaupa_ (of milk), to curdle (of blood), to coagulate. So Norse _lopen_, _løpen_ (from _læupa_, _løypa_), thick, coagulated. Dan. _at löbe sammen_, to curdle, _löbe_, make curdle, _löbe_, sb. curdled milk. O.N. _hlöypa mjolk_, id., literally "to make milk leap together." O. Sw. _löpa_. In Cu. milk is said to be _loppert_ when curdled.

LOUN, LOWN, _adj._ quiet, calm, sheltered. O.N. _logn_, O. Sw. _lughn_. See Wall under _lownd_.

LOUP, LOWP, _vb._ to leap, to jump. O.N. _hlaupa_, to leap, Norse _læupa_, run, O. Sw. _löpa_, Dan. _löbe_. Cp. Cu. _lowpy- dike_, a husband of unfaithful habits, and the secondary meanings of Norse _laupa_ given in Aasen.

LOUP, LOWP, _sb._ a jump, a spring. Bruce, VI, 638; X, 414; Sco. Pro. 3. See the verb.

LOUSE, LOWSE, _adj._ loose, free, unfettered. Wyntoun, IX, 2, 63; Douglas, I, 95, 9; I, 95, 23. O.N. _lauss_, Norse _læus_, loose. See Wall. Sco. _to be louse_, to be abroad, about. The Norse word is similarly used. Cp. Germ. _los_, and Dan. _lös_. Waddell has the word _godlowse_, godless.

LOUSE, LOWSE, _vb._ to make loose, release. C.S., 121; Lyndsay, 460, 232; K.Q., 34. O.N. _lauss_. The O.N. vb. was _løysa_. See _louse_, adj.

LOW, _vb._ to humble. R.R., 148. Same as Eng. to _lower_. So in Sco. to _hey_, to heighten.

LOW, _vb._ to flame, to flare up, kindle. Dunbar, G.T., 45; Ramsay, II, 17; Psalms, LXXVI. O.N. _lǫga_, to burn with a flame, Norse _lǫga_, _laaga_, to blaze, but cp. the Sco. sb. _lowe_.

LOWE, _sb._ flame. O.N. _lǫgi_, Norse _laage_. See Skeat.

LOWNE, _vb._ to shelter. Bruce, XV, 276; M.E. _lounen_, to shelter. See _lowne_, adj. Douglas, II, 236, 31, _lownit_, pp. serene, tranquil.

LUCK, _vb._ to succeed. Montg., C., 643. O.N. _lukka_, reflexive, to succeed (bene succedere, Haldorson), _lukka_, sb. luck. O. Sw. _lukka_, _löcka_ and _lykka_. In Scand. dial. the latter umlauted form only is found for the vb., but Norse sb. _lukka_, Dan. sb. _lykke_. Undoubtedly Norse influence in Sco.

LUCKEN, _vb._ to give luck, cause to succeed. Sco. formation from _luck_. Cp. _slok_ and _sloken_.

LUFE, LOOF, _sb._ the palm of the hand. O.N _lófi_, the hollow of the hand, the palm, Norse _love_, id., Sw. dial. _love_.

LUG, _sb._ the ear. See Skeat and Wall. Cp. Norse _lugga_, to pull, and _lug_ as a sb. originally "that which is pulled." In Cu. _lug_ means "the handle of a pail." Compare the Eng. to _lug_, to carry.

LYTHE, _vb._ to listen. Dunbar, 192, I. O.N. _hlyða_, to listen, Dan. _lytte_, O. Sw. _lyÞa_, id.

MAIK, _sb._ companion, partner, consort. Dunbar, T.M.W., 32; Philotus, 2. O.N. _maki_, partner, an equal, Norse _make_, Dan. _mage_, O. Sw. _maki_, M.E. _make_, consort, partner.

MAIKLESS, _adj._ without peer. Wyntoun, IX, Prol. 48; Montg. "The Lady Margaret Montgomery," 8. O.N. _maki_ + _laus_, Norse _makalæus_, Dan. _magelös_, extraordinary.

MAUCH, _adj._ full of maggots. Dunbar, F., 241. O.N. _maðkr_, a maggot, W.Norse, with assimilation, _makk_, E. Norse _mark_, Dan. _madik_, Sw. dial. _mark_, O. Sw. _matk_, and _madhker_. The _k_ is a diminutive ending, cp. Eng. _moth_ < O.E. _maða_. In the Sco. word _ð_ fell out and _a_ was lengthened for compensation. Cp. Cu. _mawk_, a midge, Eng. dial. _mawkish_. Skeat cites Eng. dial. form _mad_.

MELDER, _sb._ flour, meal just ground. Burns, 127, 113. O.N. _meldr_, flour, or corn in the mill, Norse _melder_, wheat about to be ground, or flour that has just been ground, _melderlas_, a load of wheat intended for the mill, _meldersekk_, a bag of flour. Cp. Cu. _melder_, the quantity of meal ground at one time.

MENSE, _vb._ to do grace to. Lyndsay, 529. See _mensk_, sb. The change of _sk_ to _s_ is characteristic of Sco. See _mensk_.

MENSEDOM, _sb._ wisdom. Psalms, CV, 22. See _mensk_.

MENSK, MENSE, _sb._ proper conduct, more generally honor. Dunbar, T.M.W., 352; Wyntoun, VIII, 42, 143; Burns, 90, 1. O.N. _mennska_. For discussion of this word see Wall. Deriv. _menskless_, _menskful_, _menskly_.

MIDDING, MYDDING, _sb._ a midden. C.S., 12; Lyndsay, 216, 269. Dan. _mödding_, older _möghdyngh_, O.N. _mykidyngja_, Sw. dial. _mödding_, Cu. _middin_.

MON, MAN, MAUN, _vb._ must, O.N. _monu_ (_munu_), will, shall, Norse _mun_, will, but used variously. Dan. _monne_, _mon_, as an auxiliary vb. used very much like _do_ in Eng. Sw. _mån_, Cu. _mun_. The form of the Sco. word is the same in all persons. So in Norse.

MYTH, _vb._ to mark, recognize. Wallace, V, 664; Douglas, I, 28, 26. O.N. _miða_, to show, to mark a place, Norse _mida_, mark a place, _mid_ sb. a mark by which to find a place. O.E. _miðan_, meant "to conceal, lie concealed," same as O.H.G. _midan_, vitare, occultare, Germ. _meiden_, _vermeiden_, avoid.

NEIRIS, _sb. pl._ the kidneys. C.S., 67. O.N. _nyra_, a kidney, Norse _nyra_, O. Dan. _nyre_, Sw. _niura_, Sw. dial. _nyra_, M.E. _nere_. Cp. Sco. _eir_, _an eir_, for _a neir_, as in Eng. _augur_, _an augur_, _a naugur_.

NEVIN, _vb._ to name. Gol. and Gaw., 506; Howlate, II, 3, 7. O.N. _nefna_, Norse _nevna_, Dan. _nævne_, to name, O.E. _namnian_.

NIEVE, NEEFE, NEVE, _sb._ the hand, the fist. O.N. _hnefi_, Norse _neve_, hand, fist, Shetland _nev_, Cu. _neif_, _neive_, _neef_. Wall considers this an unrecorded Eng. word, which is possible. Its general distribution in Scand. dial. and elsewhere in Scand. settlements, as Northern and Central England, Southern Scotland, Shetland, etc., as well as its absence in all other Gmc. languages, indicates, however, that the word is Scand. in Eng. diall.

NOUT, NOWT, _sb._ cattle. O.N. _naut_, cattle, Norse _næut_ id. Dan. _nöd_, Sw. _noet_, Shetland _nød_. In M. Sco., also written _nolt_.

NYK, NEK, _vb._ to shake the head in denial of anything, "to nyk with nay." Gol. and Gaw, 115; Philotus, 32. Norse _nikka_, to bow slightly, _nikk_, a slight bow, Sw. _neka_, to deny, say no, M.E. _nicken_.

NYTE, _vb._ to deny. Gol. and Gaw., 889; Wyntoun, VIII, 2, 16. O.N. _næita_, to deny, refuse, Norse _neitta_, _neikta_, _nekta_, id., _neiting_, a denial, _neitan_, id., Dan. _nægte_.

ONDING, _sb._ terror. Psalms, LXXXVIII, 15. See _ding_.

ONFARRAND, _adj._ ill-looking. Douglas, III, 250, 26. See _farrand_.

ON LOFT, _adv._ up. Gol. and Gaw., 485; Bruce, XIII, 652. O.N. _á loft_, up into the air. See Skeat _aloft_. Sco. Pro. 27, _upon loft_, up.

ON LOFT, _adv._ aloud. Dunbar, T.M.W., 338. See above.

OUTWALE, _sb._ the best, the choice. Lyndsay, XX, 4. Eng. _out_ + O.N. _val_; similar formation to Norse _udvalg_, _utval_.

PIRRYE, _sb._ whirlwind. Sat. P., I, 178. See _bir_.

POCKNET, _sb._ from O.N. _poki_, pouch and _net_, a net. A Dumfriesshire word. Not found in any Sco. text but given by Worsaae, p. 260, and in Jamieson, where the following description is given of pocknet fishing. This is performed by fixing stakes or stours, as they are called, in the sand either in the channel of a river, or in the sand which is dry at low water. These stours are fixed in a line across the tideway at a distance of 46 inches from each other, about three feet high above the sand, and between every two of these stours is fixed a pocknet, tied by a rope to the top of each stour." P. Dorneck, Dumr. Statist. Acc., II, 1.

QUEY, QUOY, _sb._ a young cow, a yearling. Douglas, II, 178, 19; II, 299, 8; Burns, 595. O.N. Norse _kviga_, Dan. dial. _kvie_. Cp. Shetland _hwäi_ and _kwäi_. Cu. _why_, _wheye_ (guttural _wh_).

QUHELM, WHELM, _vb._ to overturn, to turn upside down. Douglas, II, 64, 14; II, 264, 16. Burns, 66, 1, also written _quhelme_, _whamle_, _whemle_. In Cu. _whemmel_, M.E. _hwēlmen_. See Skeat under _whelm_. Cp. Norse _kvelm_ and _hvelm._ The O.N. _hvelfa_, N. Norse _kvelva_, means "to turn upside down."

QUYOK, QUYACH, diminutive of _quey_, q. v.

RA (rē), _sb._ a sail-yard. Douglas, II, 274, 16. O.N., Ic. _rá_, Dan. _raa_, Norse _raa_, Sw. _ra_, Shetland _roe_, a sail- yard.

RAD, RED, _adj._ afraid. Bruce, XII, 431; Dunbar, T. M.W., 320; Montg. C. and S., 1392. O.N. _hræddr_, timid, frightened, Norse _rædd_, Dan. _ræd_, Sw. _rädd_, id., M.E. _rad_. Cp. O.N. _hræða_, to frighten, Norse _rædda._

RADNESS, _sb._ timidity, fear. R. R., 1166; 1660. Deriv. from _rad_, q.v.

RADEUR, _sb._ fear. L.L., 1489. Sco. formation from _rad_ adj., afraid. M.E. _reddour_, _redour_ is a different word from O. Fr. _reidur_, later _roideur_, see B-S.

RAGGED, _adj._ full of _rag_, ragwort. Burns, 103, 85. See _ragweed._

RAGWEED, _sb._ an herb, ragwort. Burns, 6, 5, 9. O.N. _rögg_, M.E. _ragge_ for which see B-S. Cp. Sw. dial. _ragg_, _rogga._

RAISE, RAIZE, _vb._ to incite, stir up. Burns, 6, 5, 4; and 7, 1, 1. Used here as Sco. _bait_ would be used, otherwise generally as Eng. _raise_, from O.N. _ræisa_.

RAKE, RAIK (rēk), _vb._ to go, walk, wander, also depart. Dunbar, T. M.W., 524; Gol. and Gaw., 72; Psalms, XVIII, 10. O.N. _ræika_, to wander, Norse _ræka_, to wander about aimlessly. Cp. Cu. _rake_, a journey, "He's teann a rake ower to Kendal." See also Wall.

RAMFEEZLED, _adj._ exhausted, fatigued. Burns, 42, 1, 3. One of a number of words in Sco. formed with _ram_, cp. _ramshackle_, _ramstam_, _rammous_, etc. The second element probably the same as Eng. _fizzle_ in the expression _to fizzle out_, fail, come to nought. See _fizz_ in Skeat. See _rammys_.

RAMMEIST, _vb.pret._ ran wild, frenzied. Montg., F., 511. Cp. _rammous_ adj. Probably the same used as a vb. Cp. Norse _ramsa_, to slash together, do a thing hurriedly, also to make a noise.

RAMMYS, RAMMOUS, _adj._ excited, violent. R.R., 113. O.N. _ramr_, _rammr_, strong, vehement, Norse _ram_, powerful, risky, hazardous. Cl. and V. cites the N. Eng. form _ram_, bitter, which is the same word.

RAMSTAM, _adj._ indiscreet, with an idea of rushing into anything thoughtlessly. Burns, 32, 22. O.N. _rammr_, vehement, and _stam_, stiff, hard, unbending. Cp. Cu. _ram_, strong, and _rammish_, violent, and American slang _rambunktious_, obstreperous.

RANEGILL, _sb._ a scapegrace, a worthless fellow. Johnnie Gibb, 179, 11. Cp. Norse _rangel_, _ranglefant_, a loafer, rascal. Doubtful.

RANGALE, _sb._ rabble, mob. Wyntoun, VIII, 36, 35; Bruce, XII, 474. O.N. _hrang_, noise, tumult, especially the noise a crowd makes.

RED, _vb._ to clear away, clear up, set to rights. R.R., 1242; Isaiah, LX, 10. O.N. _hryðja_, to clear away, Norse _rydja_, _rydda_, Sw. _rödja_, Dan. _rydde_. Cp. Eng. _rid_, O. Fr. _hredda, _ O.E. _hreddan_, Norse _redda_, save, liberate. Germ. _retten_ is another word.

RED UP, _vb._ open up. Isaiah, XL, 3; LXII, 10. O.N. _hryðja upp, _ Norse _rydde op_, clear up. In Ramsay, II, 225, _red up_ pp. means dressed. See also Wall under _red_.

REDDING, _sb._ growing afraid. Lyndsay, 356, 1263. See _rad_, _red_.

REESE, _vb._ to extol. Ramsay, I, 262. Eng. _raise_. See also _raise_ above, as used in Burns.

RESTIT (very frequently reestit), _adj._ dry, withered. Burns, 6, 5. Dan. _riste_, to dry something over a _rist_, _ristet_, dried. O.N. _rist_, a gridiron. Cp. Cu. _reestit_, rancid, rusty.

RIVE, RYFE, RIF (rīv), _vb._ to tear, break open, cleave. Lyndsay, 434, 156; Wynyet, II, 6514; Psalms, XXIX, 5. O.N. _rifa_, to tear, Norse _riva_, _reiva_, Dan. _rive_, Sw. _rifwa_, M.E. _raven_ id. Cp. Dunbar, T.M.W., 350, "rif into sondir," tear to pieces, and Norse "rive sonde." Cu. _reavv_, and _ryve_.

ROCK, _sb._ a loom, spinning wheel, spinning distaff. Lyndsay, 109, 3330; Burns, 223, 112, 3; 240, 148, 1. O.N. _rokkr_, a loom, Norse _rokk_, Dan. _rok_, spinning wheel.

ROCKING, _sb._ "a chat, a friendly visit at which they would spin on the rock which the visitor carried along with her" (Wagner). Burns, 4, 28. See _rock_.

ROVE, RUFE, _sb._ rest, repose. Montg., M.P., VI, 20; Scott, 62, 19. O.N. _ró_, Norse, Dan. _ro_, quiet, rest, Orm. _ro_ (see Brate). Final epenthetic _v_ also occurs in other words in Sco. Cp. _qhwov_ for _qwho, cruive_, besides _crue_, etc.

ROWSTE, _vb._ "to cry with a rough voice." Douglas, III, 304, 11. O.N. _raust_, the voice. Dan. _röst_, Sw. _röst_, Norse _ryest_. Cp. O.N. _rausa_, to talk loud or fast. Shetland _ruz_ (Cl. and V.). The Sco. vb. seems to be formed from a sb. _rowste_, which occurs in Orm.

ROWT, ROUT, _vb._ to cry out, roar. Lyndsay, 538, 4353; Montg., F., 501; Rolland, IV, 406. O.N. _rauta_, O. Ic. _rǫuta_, to roar, to bellow, Norse _rauta_, _ræuta_, Sw. dial. _röta_, id. The Sw. word exhibits the E. Scand. monophthongation, which took place in Dan. about 900.

ROWT, _sb._ loud clamor. Poet. R., 157; Ramsay, I, 251. See vb. _rowt_.

RUCKLE, RICLE, _sb._ a little heap of anything. Lyndsay, 539, 4356; Burns, 596; M.W., 114, 3. See Wall under _rook_. _Ruckle_ is the form of the word in Edinburgh dial. May be Eng. Skeat considers Eng. _ruck_ Scand. and _rick_ Eng., but in Scotland the one may be simply a variant of the other, not necessarily a doublet. Cp. _fill_ and _full_.

RUIK, a heap. Lyndsay, 454, 2079; 494, 3075. Spelled _ruck_, meaning "a cock of hay," in Ramsay's "The Gentle Shepherd," 160. See Wall, under _rook_. Cp. Cu. _ruck_, the chief part, the majority.

ROOP AND STOOP. Ramsay, II, 527; M.W. 203, 8; 214, 5. Cp. _rubb og stubb_, every particle. Aasen defines "löst og fast, smaat og stort, selja rubb og stubb," sell everything, dispose of all one has; literally "stump and piece," "rump and stump." Used exactly the same way in Sco. Of very frequent occurrence in this sense in Norway.

RUND, ROOND, ROON, _sb._ the border of a web, the edge. Burns, 596. O.N. _rond_, rim, border, Dan. _rand_, a line, seam, the border, Norse _rand_, _rond_, a streak, seam, edge, border. Cp. Cu. _randit_, streaked, Norse _randet_, id.

RUNSIK, _vb._ to ransack. Wallace, VII, 120. O.N. _rannsaka_, to search a house, Norse _ransaka_, from _ran_, house, and _saka_, _söka_, seek. See Skeat, and Kluge and Lutz.

RUSARE, _sb_, a flatterer. R.R., 3356. See _ruse_.

RUSE, ROOSE, RUSS (rūs), _vb._ to praise, to boast, pride oneself. Douglas, II, 57, 8; Rolland, I, 389; R.R., 2823. O.N. _rósa_, older _hrósa_, to praise, Norse _rosa_, Dan. _rose_, Sw. _rosa_, M.E. (_h_)_rosen_, Lincolnshire _rose_, _reouse_, Cu. _roose_.

RUSE, _sb._ praise, a boast. Dunbar, T. M.W., 431; Sat. P., 12, 17. O.N. _hrós_, praise, Norse, Dan. _ros_.

SAIKLESS, _adj._ innocent. Lyndsay, 545, 4563. O.N. _saklauss_, O.E. _saclēas_. The O.E. word is a loan-word from O. Nh. See Steenstrup, 210-211. In modern Eng. dial. the form is generally _sackless_.

SAIKLESSNESS, _sb._ innocence, innocency. Psalms, XXVI, 6, 11; LXXIII, 13. See _saikless_.

SAIT, _sb._ session, court. Dunbar, 79, 41. O.N. _sǽti_, seat, sitting, Norse _sæte_, id. See Skeat under _seat_.

SAUCHT, _adj._ reconciled, also at ease, undisturbed, tranquil. Bruce, N, 300; Douglas, II, 91, 22. O.E. _saht_, borrowed from O.N. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 934. For discussion of O.E. _seht_ and _sehtian_ see Steenstrup, 181-182. In Howlate, III, 16, _sacht_ vb. pret., made peace.

SAY, _sb._ a milk-pail, also tub. Jamieson, Dumfries. O.N. _sár_, a large cask, Norse _saa_, a pail, a water-bucket, a wooden tub, Dan. _saa_, _vandsaa_, waterpail, Sw. _så_, id.

SCAIT, _sb._ the skate fish. Dunbar, 261, 9. O.N. _skata_, Norse _skata_, the skate, M.E. _scate_. Ir. _scat_, _sgat_, id., is a loan-word from O.N. (Cp. Craigie, p. 163). O.N. _sk_ becomes quite regularly _sg_ in Ir. and Gael. Cp. also _sgeir_ < _skar_. Cu. _skeatt_ exhibits regular i-fracture from older _a_.

SCAITH, SCATH, _vb._ to injure. Bruce, IV, 363; XII, 392; R. R., 1323. Not from O. Nhb. _sceðða_, but from O.N. _skaða_, Norse _skade_, with which the vowel corresponds.

SCAR, _sb._ a precipitous bank of earth, a bare place on the side of a steep hill, a cliff. Ramsay, II, 205; Burns, 10, 11. Also written _skard_, _scair_, _scaur_. O.N. _sker_, a skerry, an isolated rock in the sea. Norse _skjær_, a projecting cliff, a bank of rocky ground, Dan. _skjær_, _skær_, a rock in the water near the land, Sw. _skär_, M.E. _sker_, _scerre_. Cp. Cu. _skerr_, a precipice. The fundamental idea is "something cut apart, standing by itself." Root the same as in the Norse _skera_, to cut, Eng. _shear_ and _shore_, sea-_shore._ Cp. the O.E. vb. _scorian_ cited by Sweet.

SCARTH, _sb._ the cormorant. Dunbar, T.M.W., 92; F., 194; Douglas, I, 46, 15. O.N. _skarfr_, Norse _skarv_, cormorant. Shetland, _scarf_.

SCHOIR, _sb._ a threat, menace. Bruce, VI, 621; Gol. and Gaw., 103. B-S. derive from O. Sw. _skorra_, O.N. _skera_.

SCOL, _vb._ to wish one health, an expression used in drinking, just as the Norse _skaal_ is used. Montg. S., 69, 13. O.N. _skal_, Norse _skaal_, a drinking cup. Cp. Sco. _skull_, a goblet. Ir.-Gael. _scala_, _sgaile_, a beaker, is a Norse loan-word (Craigie).

SCOUG, scog, _vb._ to shelter. M.W., 20, 19; Isaiah, XVIII, 6. O.N. _skuggi_, shade, Norse _skugge_, to shade, Sw. _skugga_, sb., Dan. _skygge_, to shade. Spelled _scug_ also in Sco.

SCRATCH, _sb._ an hermaphrodite. Jamieson. O.N. _skratti_, a monster. This form exists in Yorkshire, otherwise the form in Eng. dial. is _scrat_. See Wall.

SCRIP, a coarse or obscene gesture. Wallace, VI, 143. Probably from O.N. _skripi_. Cp. _skripatal_, scurrilous language, _skripalæti_, buffoonery, scurrilous gestures. With the Sco. word cp. the Norse _skripa_, vb., _skripa_, sb. f., and Ic. _skrípr_, sb. m. See Aasen.

SCUD, _vb._ to hurry away, hasten on. Burns, 55, 1, 4. Eng. _scud_ Skeat derives from Dan. _skyde_, Sw. _skutta_. The Sw. form is nearest, the Dan. form shows umlaut. The corresponding O.E. word is _scēotan_.

SCUDLER, a male kitchen servant. Wallace, 5, 10, 27. Cp. O.N. _skutilsvæinn_, a page at a royal table. _Skutil_ is the same as O.E. _scutel_, a dish, a trencher. In O.N. it means also "a small table." The unpalatalized _sc_, as well as the usage, would indicate that the word is a loan-word.

SEIR, SER, _adj._ various, separate. Rolland, Prol., 295; R.R., 990; "Freires of Berwick," 321. O.N. _sér_, for oneself, separately. Originally the dative of the refl. pron., but used very frequently as an adverb.

SEMELEY, _adv._ proper, looking properly. Wallace, I, 191; Wyntoun, IX, 26, 53. _Seimly_, _semely-farrand_, good-looking, handsome, also means "in proper condition." Redundant, since _semely_ and _farrand_ in Sco. mean the same. O.N. _sæmiligr_. See Skeat.

SHACKLET, _adj._ crooked, distorted. Burns, 322, I, 7. O.N. _skakkr_, skew, wry, distorted, _skakki-fótr_, wry leg, Norse _skakk_, crooked, so Sw. dial. _skak_, Dan. _skak_, slanting. The palatal _sh_ is unusual, but cp. _dash_ from _daska_. Norse words generally preserve _sk_ in all positions, genuine Eng. words do not. See Part I, 12 and 13.

SHIEL, _sb._ shelter, protection. Burns, 226, 119, 3. O.N, _skjól_, shelter, cover, refuge, Norse _skjul_, _skjol_, pron. _shul_, _shol_, Dan. _skjul_, id., _skjule_, to conceal. _Shielin_, sb. shelter, may be formed from the vb.

SHORE, _vb._ to threaten. Ramsay, I, 261. Origin rather doubtful. Has been considered Scand. See _schoir_.

SIT (sīt), _vb._ to grieve. Wallace, I, 438. O.N. _sýta_, Norse _syta_, to care. See _syte_, sb.

SITEFULL, _adj._ sorrowful, distressing. Douglas, I, 40, 19. Cp. Norse _suteful_. See _syte_, sb.

SKAIL, SKALE, SCALE, _vb._ to scatter, disperse, dismiss, part, leave. A very common word. O.N. _skilja_, separate, O. Dan. _skiliæ_, Norse, _skilja_, Dan. _skille_, Sw. dial. _skila_. The long vowel is unusual. Cp. _skeely_ in N. Sco. from O.N. _skilinn_. The same change of _i_ to an e-vowel is observed in _gleit_ and _quey_.

SKAIL, _sb._ a storm, a strong wind that "skails." Isaiah, XXVIII, 2. See _skail_, vb.

SKATH, SKAITH, SCAITH, _sb._ harm, misery. O.N. _skaði_, harm, damage, Norse _skade_, id., Dan. _skade_, O.E. _sceaða_.

SKANT, _sb._ want, poverty. Burns, 290, I, 3. O.N. _skammt_. See Skeat. Cp. _skerum skamti_, in short measure.

SKANTLIN, _sb._ little. Burns, 5, 5, 7. As adv. generally _skantlins_, _scantlings_, scarcely. O.N. _skamt_.

SKANTLY, _adv._ with difficulty, hardly. C.S., 69. See _skant_.

SKAR, _sb._ a scarecrow, a fright. Lyndsay, 437, 1633. From vb. _skar_, to frighten, Eng. _scare_, M.E. _skerren_. O.N. _skirra_. See Skeat.

SKEIGH, _adj._ originally meant timid, then very frequently, dainty, nice, finally, proud. Dunbar, T.M.W., 357. Burns, 193, 46, I. Norse _sky_, Dan. _sky_, adj. and also vb. _sky_, to avoid. B-S. compares Sw. _skygg_ also, which is the same word, but the vowel is long. The Sco. word, furthermore, seems to suggest an older diphthong. It could, however, not be O.E. _sceah_, which gave M.E. _scheah_ and should have become _schee_ in N. Sco. Doubtful.

SKER, _adj._ timid, easily frightened. Dunbar, T.M.W., 357; Lyndsay, 227, 126. O.N. _skjarr_, shy, timid, Sw. dial. _skar_, M.E. _scer_, Cu. _scar_, wild.

SKEWYT, _vb. pret._ turned obliquely. Wallace, IX, 148. O.N. _skæifr_, O. Ic. _skeifr_, oblique, Norse _skæiv_, _skjaiv_, crooked, Dan. _skjæv_. The Dan word exhibits monophthongation of _æi_ to _æ_ (not to _e_, _i_, as in _sten_).

SKILL, _sb._ motive, reason. Gol. and Gaw., 147; Bruce, I, 214, 7. See Skeat, and Kluge and Lutz. In Dunbar, 307, 63, "did nane skill," did not do a wise thing.

SKOG, SCOUG, _sb._ place of retreat, shelter, protection. Dalr., I, 30, 29; Isaiah, XXXII, 2. O.N. _skuggi_, shade, Norse _skugge_, O. Sw. _skuggi_.

SKOGY, _adj._ shady. Douglas, III, 1, 21, 16. See _scoug_.

SKRECH, SKRIK, _sb._ a scream, yell. C.S., 39; Rolland, IV, 336. O.N. Norse _skrik_, a cry, a yell, _skrikja_, vb. Dan. _skrig_. Cu. _skrike_ to scream. Eng. _shriek_ < O.E. *_scrician_.

SKRYP, _sb._ bag. Dunbar, F., 509. O.N. _skreppa_, a bag, Norse _skreppa_, Dan. _skreppe_, Sw. _skräppa_, id.

SKUGG, _sb._ a shadow. Dunbar, III, 24, 12. O.N. _skuggi_. See _skog_. Cp. _skog_, vb. to hide. Isaiah, XXVIII, 15.

SKYLE, _vb._ to hide, cover. Jamieson, quotation from Henryson. O.N. _skjúla_, O. Ic. _skjóla_, to screen, shelter, Norse _skjula_, Dan. _skjul_, Sw. _skyla_, Fer. _skỹla_, Shetland _skail_, _skol_, cover, protect. Our word corresponds most closely to the Fer. word. Both are developed out of O.N. _skjúla_. Cp. O.N. _mjúkr_ > _meek_, in standard Eng. Norse _skjula_ has preserved the original unumlauted vowel. The O.N. word was pronounced _sk-iula_ or _sk-júla_. Cp. _skjenka_, which is N. Norse dial. _sheinka_. From _skj_ developed _sh_ in _shielin_.

SKYRIN, _adj._ shining, conspicuous because of brightness, showy. Burns, 210, 87, 3. O.N. _skirr_, clear, bright, _skira_, to make clear, _skýra_, to purify. (Cp. Norse _skjerr-torsdag_, O.N. _skiriþorsdagr_, Maundy Thursday.) O.E. _scir_ > N. Eng. _sheer_.

SLAIK, _vb._ to smooth, to lick. L.L., 457, 2173. O.N. _slæikja_, to lick, Norse _sleikja_, Dan. _slikke_, O. Sw. _slekia_, Sw. dial. _släkja_. The Eng. word _slick_, with a short vowel, corresponds exactly to the Dan. word, but may be native. Cp. M.L.G. _slicken_. _Slikke_ in Dan. may be a loan-word from L.G. The Sco. _slaik_ corresponds in every way to the O.N., and is certainly a loan-word proved by quality and quantity of vowel.

SLAK, _sb._ a pit, a hollow in the ground, hollow place. Bruce, XIV, 536; R.R., 769. O.N. _slakki_, a slope, Norse _slakke_, Dan. _slank_. Exhibits W. Scand. assimilation of _nk_ to _kk_. Cu. _slack_, a shallow dell (Dickinson), Kent, _slank_.

SLE, _adj._ experienced, skillful. Bruce, XVI, 355; XVII, 44. O.N. _slægr_, O. Ic. _slægr_, Eng. _sly_. See Skeat.

SLEEK, _adj._ neat, prancing, said of a horse. Burns, 7, 1, 1. O.N. _slikr_, smooth. _Sleikit_, smooth, Dunbar, 567, 38; Burns, 117, 114. See Skeat, under _sleek_, _slick_.

SLEUTH, _sb._ track. Bruce, VII, 1 and 44. O.N. _slóð_, track, trail. Cp. Norse _slod_, _slode_.

SLOKE, _vb._ to quench. Isaiah, I, 2, 3; and 49, 26. O.N. _slökva_, to quench. O. Ic. _slækva_, Norse _slökka_, id. The word does not show the Scand. umlaut _o_ > _ö_. Cu. _sleck_ has further developed the umlaut _ö_ to _e_. Cp. O. Ic. _æ_ < O. Nh. _æ_. All such words in Norse exhibit the intermediate stage _ö_ up to the present time. In Ic. the _ö_ developed to _æ_, in the first half of the 13th century. (See Noreen P.G.(2)I, 529.) In later O. Nhb. also _æ_ > _e_.

SLOKEN, SLOKYN, _vb._ to quench, to satisfy. Dunbar, T.M.W., 283; K.Q., 42; M.W., 116, 35. O.N. _slokna_, Norse _slokna_, inchoative of _slökva_. It may, however, be an infinitive in _en_ from _slökkva_, see _slock_.

SLOKNING, _sb._ the act of quenching, also the power of quenching. Douglas, II, 26, heading of Chapter XII; Montg. C. and S., 1377. Pr. p., see _sloken_. Cp. O.N. _slokning_, Dan. _slukning_.

SLONK, _sb._ a ditch, a depression in the land, also a slope on the mountain side. Winyet, II, 19, 5; Wallace, III, 4. Dan. _slank_, a depression in the land, a hollow, O.N. _slakki_, Norse _slakke_. The non-assimilation proves E. Scand. source. Cp. Sw. dial. _slakk_ adj. bending, e.g., "bakken jär no na slakk," the hill slopes a great deal, again a W. Scand. form in Sw. dial. The word is probably related to Eng. _slack_, loose, lax, Dan. _slak_, Norse _slāk_.

SLUT, _sb._ a slattern, an untidy woman. Dunbar, 119, 71. O.N., O. Ic. _slöttr_. See Skeat.

SMAIK, _sb._ a coward. Sat. P., 39, 175; Lyndsay, 425, 1320, and 434, 1562. O.N. _smöykr_, adj. timid, M.L.G. _smeker_ means "a flatterer," besides the vowel, as well as the final _r_ of the L.G. word, is against a L.G. origin of the Sco. word. The Sco. _ai_ indicates an original diphthong. Cp. Cu. _smaik_ applied to a small boy, or any small being.

SNAPE-DIKE, _sb._ an enclosure. Jamieson, Ayr. Cp. O.N. _snap_, a pasture for cattle, especially a winter pasture (Haldorson), _snapa_, vb. to nibble, M.E. _snaipen_. The vowel in the Sco. word proves an original open _a_, hence it is from the vb. _snapa_. O.N. _snap_, sb. would have given _snăp_. Our word is _snēp._

SNIB, SNEB, _vb._ to snub, check, reprove. Sat., P., 33, 18; L.L., 3387. Dan. _snibbe_, M.E. _snibben_. Eng. _snub_ and M.E. _snubben_ correspond to O.N. _snubba_ with original unumlauted vowel.

SNITE, _vb._ to blow the nose, to snuff a candle. Jamieson. O.N. _snýta_, Norse _snyta_, used exactly the same way, Dan. _snyde_. Sw. _snute_ and M.L.G. _snuten_ have unumlauted vowel which would have given _snoot_, _snowt_, or _snoit_ in Sco.

SOCK, _vb._ to examine, investigate. Fergusson, 169. Probably from O.N. _sækja_, to seek, Norse _söka_, _sökja_, Dan. _söge_ since O. Nhb. _sæca_ later became _sēca_ and developed as W.S. _sécan._

SOLANDE, _sb._ a soland goose. Dalr., I, 25, 1. O.N. _súla_ + _n_ (Skeat). The _d_ is epenthetic. The _n_ is the post-positive definite article, a peculiarly Scand. characteristic.

SOP, _sb._ a round, compact body. Bruce, III, 47. O.N. _soppr_, a ball (Skeat), Norse _sopp_, id. Cp. Cu. _sop_, "a milk- maid's cushion for the head."

SOUM, _sb._ The rope or chain a plow is drawn by. Dunbar, III, 126, 21. O.N. _saumr_, a seam, trace. In Bruce, X, 180, _hede- soyme_, sb. the trace.

SOYM, _sb._ trace of a cart. Bruce, X, 233. From O.N. _saumr_, a seam (Skeat), Norse _saum_, Dan. _söm_. For _oy_ in place of _ou_, as we should expect, cp. _gowk_ and _goilk_, _lowp_ and _loip_, etc., and the Norse _laupa_ and _loipa_.

SPAE, SPA, _vb._ to prophesy. Douglas, II, 142, 2; II, 2; Burns, 37, 2, 2. O.N. _spá_, to prophesy, Norse _spaa_, Dan. _spaa_, id. Cp. _spaamand_, _spaafolk_, and Sco. _spaeman_, _spaefolk_, _spaewife_.

SPAY, SPE, _sb._ prophecy, omen, augury. Dalr., II, 5, 8; Isaiah, XLVII, 12. O.N. _spá_, a prophecy. _Vǫluspá_, the vala's prophecy, M.E. _spa_.

SPAEQUEAN, _sb._ fortune teller, spaewife. Isaiah, XLVII. O.N. _spákona_, a woman who spaes. The compound may, however, be Sco.

SPALE, _sb._ lath, chip, splinter. R.R., 1979; Burns, 132, 114. Norse _spela_, _spila_, _speil_, a splinter, a chip, also _spol_. O.N. _spölr_, a rail, bar, lattice work, sometimes means "a short piece of anything." Cu. _speal_. The O.E. word is _speld._ Cp. Fr. _espalier_.

SPENN, _vb._ to button, to lace. Jamieson. O.N. _spenna_, to clasp. Norse _spenna_, lace, _spenne_ sb. a buckle, Dan. _spænde_, Sw. _spänne_, to lace. The O.E. word is _spannan_, without umlaut. The meaning as well as the form of the Sco. word is Scand.

SPRACK, _adj._ lively, animated. Jamieson. O.N. _sprǽkr_, quick, strong, sprightly, Norse _spræk_, spry, nimble, Dan. _spræk_, M.E. _sprac_. This is one of a few undoubted Scand. words found in South Eng. diall.

SPIL, _sb._ a stake. Douglas, III, 250, 16. O.N. *_spílr_, variant of _spölr_. Cp. Norse _spil_, in the diall. of Western Norway. See _spale_.

SPRATTLE, _vb._ to walk through mud, to scramble through wet and muddy places as the result of which one's clothes become soiled. Burns, 10, 11, 3; also 68, 1, 3. O.N. _spretta_, Norse _spretta_ to spurt, sputter, splash, Sw. _spritte_. On assimilation of _nt_, cp. _sprent_. The _l_ is frequentative. Exhibits characteristic Sco. change of _e_ to _a_ before t. Cp. _wat_ for _wet_, _swat_ for _sweat_.

SPRENT, _vb._ to start, spring. Wallace, N, 23. O. Dan. _sprenta_, spurt out, spring, start, O.N. _spretta_, Norse _spretta_, shoot forth, spurt. In Cu. a pen is said to _sprent_ when it scatters the ink over the paper. So in Norse. The Sco. word agrees more closely in meaning with the Norse than with the Dan. but exhibits E. Scand. non-assimilation of _nt_ to _tt_ which took place in Norse before 1000. Sw. diall. which otherwise have many W. Scand. characteristics have both _sprenta_ and _spritta_. The word _sprætte_ also occurs in later Dan.

SPRENT, _sb._ a spring, as the back spring of a knife. Wallace, IV, 238. See _sprent_, vb.

STAKKER, STACKER, _vb._ to stagger. Brace, II, 42; Gol. and Gaw., II, 25. O.N. _stakra_. See B-S. under M.E. _stakerin_. Cp. Norse _stakra_, to stagger, to fall.

STANG, _vb._ to sting. R.R., 771. O.N. _stanga_, to prick, goad, also to butt, Norse _stanga_, Dan. _stange_, id., M.E. _stangen_.

STAPP, _vb._ to put into, to stuff, fill. Dunbar, T.M.W., 99; Montg. C. and S., 1552; Isaiah, VI, 6; M.W. 21, 12. O.N. _stappa_, to stamp down, Norse _stappa_, to stuff, fill, same as O.E. _stempan_, Eng. _stamp_, Dan. _stampe_. The assimilated form _stampa_ occurs in Norse beside _stappa_. The usage in Sco. is distinctively Norse and the vowel is the Norse vowel. Not the same as Eng. _stop_, O.E. (_for_)_stoppian_ in Leechdoms. With the last cp. Dan. _stoppe_ used just like Eng. _stop_.

STARN, _sb._ the helm of a vessel. Dunbar, F., 450. O.N. _stjorn_, steerage, helm, Norse _stjorn_, vb. _stjorna_, to steer, cognate with Eng. _steer_, O.E. _styrian_. For a similar difference between the Eng. and the Norse word cp. Eng. _star_ and Norse _stjerne_.

STARR, _sb._ sedge, heavy coarse grass. Jamieson. See Wall under _star_.

STERN, STARN, _sb._ star. C.S., 48; Dunbar, G.T. 1; Lindsay, 239, 492. O.N. _stjarna_, Dan. _stjerne_, star, Norse _stjerna_.

STERT, _vb._ to start, rush. Poet. R., 109, 8. O.N. _sterta_. For discussion of this word see Skeat.

STOOP, _sb._ See _roop_.

STORKYN, _vb._ to become rigid, stiffen. Dunbar, 248, 48. Norse _storkna_, coagulate, become rigid. See Wall under _storken_.

STOT, _sb._ a young bull, bullock. Montg., C. and S., 1099; A.P.B. 1, 306; Burns, 231, 129, 4. Stratmann derives M.E. _stot_, "buculus," from Sw. _stut_; and _stot_, "caballus," from O.E. _stotte_. O.N. _stútr_ is rather the source of the former. Norse _stut_, Dan. _stud_.

STOUR, _sb._ a pole. Douglas, III, 248, 27. O.N. _staur_, a pole, a stake, Norse _staur_, Sw. _stör_, Dan. and Dano-Norse _stör_. See the quotation under _pocknet_.

STOWIT, _pt. p._ cutoff, cropped. Douglas, III, 42, 3. O.N. _stúfa_, a stump, _stýfa_, to cut off, Dan. _stuve_, Sw. _stuf_, a piece left after the rest has been cut away, _styva_, to crop, O. Sw., Sw. dial. _styva_, _stuva_, id. An O.E. _styfician_, to root up, occurs once (Leechdoms). See B-T.

STOWP, _sb._ a pitcher, a beaker. Dunbar, 161, 26. O.N. _staup_, a beaker, a cup, Norse _staup_, id., Dan. _stöb_, O.E. _stēap_, O.H.G. _stouf_.

STRAY, STRAE, STRA, _sb._ straw. O.N. _strá_, Dan., Norse _straa_, Sw. _strå _, Cu. _strea_.

STROUP, (strūp), _sb._ the spout of a kettle or pump. Burns, 602; Jamieson. O.N. _strjúpi_, the spurting trunk, Norse _strupe_ and _striupe_, the throat, gullet, Dan. _strube_, id., M.E. _strūpe_, the throat.

STUDIE, _sb._ anvil. Dunbar, 141, 52. The word rhymes with _smidy_. See _styddy_.

STYDDY, STUDDIE, STUTHY, _sb._ anvil. Douglas, III, 926, 9; III, 180, 26; Dunbar 141, 52. See also Burns, 502. O.N. _steði_, a stithy, an anvil. Norse _sted_. Sw. _städ_. Exhibits change of ð to _d_ which is a Sco. characteristic, but does not often take place in Norse words. See, too, Cu. _stiddy, steady_.

SUMPH, _sb._ a blunt fellow. Burns, 98, 1. Norse _sump_, a bungler, a simpleton, _sumpa_, vb. to entangle, put into disorder, _sump_, a disordered mass. Cu. _sumph_. M.L.G. _sump_, and Dan. _sump_ do not seem to be quite the same.

SWARF, _vb._ originally to turn, then to overturn, fall over, fall. Burns, 211, 87, 4. O.N. _svarfa_, to turn aside, to be turned upside down, Sw. _swarfve_, Norse _svarva_, turn, swing about, Dan. _svarve_ or _svarre_. Eng. _swerve_ does not quite correspond. O.E. _sweorfan_ meant "to file, polish," O.S. _swerban_, to wipe off, polish, O.F. _swerva_, to creep.

SWAGE, SWEY, _vb._ sway, waver, also turn, make turn. Sat. P., 5, 8; Douglas, II, 104, 12. O.N. _svæigja_, to bend, to sway, Dan. _sveie_, Sw. dial. _sväiga_, Norse _sveigja_.

SYTE, _sb._ grief, suffering. Lyndsay, 273, 333. Montg., M.P., V, 14. O.N. _sýta_, to wail, _sýting_, sb., _sút_, grief, affliction, Norse _sut_, care, _syta_, to care. Skeat cites _sut_ (in list) which would exactly correspond to the O.N. sb. Brate accepts an O.N. sb. _syt_.

TAIT, _adj._ foul. Montg., F., 755. O.N. _tað_. The change of _ð_ to _t_ is unusual. See Wall.

TANGLE, _sb._ seaweed, stalk of a seaweed. Dalr., I, 62, 1; Burns, 91, 2, 2. O.N. _þöngul_, tangle, seaweed. Cp. _þönglabakki_, Tangle-hill, name of a place in Iceland. In Norse _tangel_ same as Eng. _tangle_, _entangle_.

TANGLING, _pr. p._, _adj._ clinging, intertwining. Burns, 60, 3, tangling roots, clinging together in tangles. See _tangle_.

TARN, _sb._ a small lake. Jamieson. O.N. _tjörn_, a small lake, Norse _tjönn_, _tjörn_, Sw. _tjärn_, M.E. _terne_, a lake. Particularly Sco. and N.W. Eng. Cp. Shetland _shon_, _shoden_, a pool, a little lake. The last example exhibits W.Norse change of _rn_ to _dn_. The form _tjödn_ occurs in Sogn, Norway.

TATH, _sb._ Jamieson. O.N. _tað_. See Wall.

TEAL, TILL, _vb._ to entice. Wallace, VI, 151, and Jamieson. O.N. _tæla_, to entice, related to Norse _telja_. Sco. _tealer_, _sb._ Jamieson. The form in _i_ is strange.

TEYND, TEIND, _sb_, tithe. C.S., 123; Lyndsay, 152, 4690; Rolland, I, 546. O.N. _tíund_, the tenth, the tithe, Norse _tiende_, Dan. _tiende_, the regular ordinal of _ti_.

THA, _dem. pron._ these, those. Same form in all cases. Wallace, X, 41; Wyntoun, I, 1, 6. O.N. _þeir_.

THECK, _vb._ to thatch. Ramsay, II, 224. Has been taken as a loan- word from O.N. _þekja_, to thatch, Norse _tekka_, Sw. _täcka_. Cp. O.E. _þeccan. Theck_ probably comes from O. Nhb. _þecca._

THIR, _dem. pron._ these, those. Bruce, I, 76; Dunbar, G.T., 127; Lyndsay, 4, 20, 1175; R.R., 108. O.N. _þeir._ Cp. M.E. _þir_, _þer_, those, Cu. _thur_.

THRA, _adj._ eager. Bruce, XVIII, 71. O.N. _þrár_, obstinate, persistent, Norse _traa_, untiring, also wilful, Sw. dial. _trå_, M.E. _þra_, bold, strong, _thraly_, adv. Wyntoun, II, 8, 55; VII, 8, 186. See Wall. Skeat cites Eng. dial. _thro_.

THRA, _adv._ boldly. Dunbar, T.M.W., 195. See above, _thra_.

TRAIF, _sb._ two stooks or twenty-four sheaves of grain. Dunbar, 228. O.N. _þrefi_, a number of sheaves, Dan. _trave_, Sw. _trafwe_, twenty sheaves of grain, M.E. _þrāve_, a bundle, a number, Cu. _threve_, _threeav_.

THREAVE, _sb._ a crowd, a large number. Ramsay, II, 463. The same word as _thraif_, q.v.

THRIST, _vb._ to thrust, push, also means to clasp. Bruce, XIII, 156; R.R. 12, 9; Rolland, IV, 590. O.N. _þrýsta_, to thrust, force, Norse _trysta_, to press together, M.E. _þrīsten, þrȳstan._ Lyndsay also uses the word in the sense of "to pierce."

THWAITE, _sb._ originally a small piece of cleared land on which ahouse was built, a cottage with its paddock. O.N. _þvæit_, O. Ic. _þveit_. Northwest England _thwaite_, Norse _tveit_, _tvæit_, Dan. _tved_. Occurs in a number of place-names in S. Scotland, especially in Dumfriesshire. Its form is Norse not Dan. _Thweet_ or _thwet_ would correspond to the Dan. word, but see also Part III, 1.

TIT, TYT, adv. soon, quickly. Bruce, II, 4; IV, 289. O.N. _títt_, adv. frequently, in quick succession, "höggva hart ok títt." The Sco. word comes from this O.N. form, which is simply the neuter inflected form of _tiðr_, adj. meaning "customary, familiar." The comparative _titter_ often means "rather" in Sco., like Eng. _sooner_. Cp. Cu. "I'd as tite deat as nut," "I'd as lief do it as not."

TITHAND, TITAND, _sb._ news, tidings. Bruce, IV, 468; Lyndsay, 341, 720. O.N. _tiðindi_, news, Norse _tidende_, id., Dan. _tidende_, Orm. _tiþennde._ Of O.E. _tidung_ > _tidings_ Bosworth says: "the use of the word, even if its form be not borrowed from Scand., seems to have Scand. influence."

TITLENE, _sb._ the hedge sparrow. C.S., 38. O.N. _titlingr_, a tit, a sparrow.

TOYM, TUME, _sb._ leisure. Bruce, V, 64, 2, XVII, 735. O.N. _tóm_, leisure (Skeat).

TRAIST, _vb._ to trust. Bruce, I, 125; XVII, 273; Rolland, I, 27. _Trast_, _adj._ secure, _traist_, _sb._ confidence. Lindsay, 229, 195. _Traisting_, _sb._ confidence, reliance, L.L., 25. Cp. O.N. _tröysta_, _adj._ _traustr_, and Eng. _trust_, M.E. _trusten_. I do not at present understand the relation between the forms in _e_, and these in _u_ and _ou_.

TRIG, _adj._ trim, neat, handsome. M.W., 159, 26. O.N. _tryggr_, true, trusty, unconcerned, _trygging_, security, O. Dan. _trygd_, _trugd_, confidence (Schlyter), Norse _trygg_, secure, unconcerned, confident, _tryggja_, to consider secure, _tryggja sek_, feel secure, Dan. _tryg_, fearless, confident. Cp. Cu. _trig_, tight, well-fitted, "trig as an apple." The M.E. _trig_ means faithful, see B-S. Ramsay, II, 526, uses the adv. _trigly_ in the sense of "proudly."

TWIST, _sb._ twig, branch. Bruce, VII, 188; Montg., C. and S., Irving, 468. O.N. _kvistr_, a twig, O. Dan., _quist_, Norse, Dan. _kvist_, Sw. _quist_, id. For the change of _kv_ (_kw_) to _tw_ cp. Norse, Dan. _kviddre_, Sw. _quittra_, Du. _kwittern_ with Eng. _twitter_, and _kj_ to _tj_ in W.Norse. A regular change.

TYNE, _vb._ lose, impair, destroy. C.S., 3; Wyntoun, IX, 21, 14; R.R. 779. O.N. _týna_, to lose, destroy, Norse _tyna_, to lose, sometimes impair, Sw. dial. _tyna_, to destroy.

TYNSELL, TYNSALE, _sb._ loss. Bruce, V, 450, XIX, 449; R.R., 505. In Wyntoun, IX, 3, 25, it means "delay, loss of time," frequently means "loss of life, slaughter." M.E. _tinsel_, loss, ruin, probably a Sco. formation from _tyne_, to lose, similarly in Norse _tynsell_, loss (not frequent), from _tyna_.

TYNSALE, _vb._ to lose, suffer loss. Bruce, XIX, 693. See the sb.

TYTT, _adj._ firm, tight. Wallace, VII, 21, 2. O.N. _þittr_, tight, close, Norse, _tett_ or _titt_, Dan. _tæt_, Sw. _tät_, close together, tight, Eng. dial. _theet_. The long vowel in _theet_ is unusual.

UG, _vb._ to dislike, abhor. Winyet, II, 31, 32; Scott, 71, 119. O.N. _ugga_, abhor, Norse _ugga_, see B-S.

UGSUM, _adj._ fearful. Sat. P., 3, 135. See _ug_. _Ougsum_, Howlate, I, 8, means "ugly."

UNDERLIE, _adj._ wonderful. Gau, 29, 24. Dan. _underlig_, Norse, _underleg_, O.N. _underlegr_, wonderful, shows Scand. loss of _w_ before _u_. The O.E. word is _wundorlic_, cp. Scand. _ulf_, Eng. _wolf_. The word is Dan. in Gau.

UNFLECKIT, _adj._ unstained. Psalms, XXIV, 4. See _fleckerit_.

UNGANAND (gēn.), _adj._ unfit, unprepared. Douglas, II, 48, 16. See _ganand_.

UNRUFE, _sb._ restlessness, vexation. Gol. and Gaw., 499. See _rove_, sb. Cp. Norse _uro_, restlessness, noise, Dan. _uro_, id.

UNSAUCHT, _adj._ disturbed, troubled. Gol. and Gaw., II, 12. See _saucht_.

UPBIGARE, _sb._ a builder. Winyet, II, 3, 4. See _big_. Cp. Norse _bygga up_.

UPLOIP, _vb._ leap up. Montg., M.P., III, 33. See _loup_. On this change of _ou_ to _oi_ cp. the same word in Norse, _laupa_ and _loipa_.

VATH, WAITH, _sb._ danger. Bruce, V, 418; Wallace, IX, 1737. O.N._váði_, harm, mishap, disaster, Dan. _vaade_, danger, adversity, Sw. _våde_, an unlucky accident, M.E. _wāþe_, peril. Does not seem to exist in the modern diall.

VITTERLY, _adv._ certainly. Bruce, IV, 771; X, 350. O.N. _vitrliga_, wisely, Dan. _vitterlig_, well-known, undoubted, M.E. _witerliche_, certainly.

VYNDLAND, _pr. p._ whirling around. Bruce, XVII, 721. O.N. _vindla_, to wind up. Norse _vindel_, a curl, anything twisted or wound. Cu. _winnel_. Cp. Dan. _vindelbugt_, a spiral twist. Skeat cites provincial Eng. _windle_, a wheel for winding yarn.

WAG, _vb._ to totter, walk unsteady. Dunbar, 120, 98. Norse, _vagga_, to swing, rock, sway, O.N. _vaga_, to waddle. See further Skeat.

WAGGLE, _vb._ to wag, sway from side to side, wabble. M.W., 16, 23; 51, 5. Sw. dial. _vagla_, _vackla_, to reel, Norse _vakla_, id. May be taken as a Sco. frequentative of _wag_, q.v. Not to be derived from the L.G. word. Confined to the Scand. settlements.

WAILIE, _adj._ excellent. Burns, 179, 2, 3, and 8, 7. See _wale_, sb.

WAILIT, _adj._ choice, fashionable, excellent. Rolland, I, 64. See _wail_, vb.

WALE, _vb._ to select, choose. Douglas, III, 3, 21; Dunbar, G.T., 186. Probably from the noun _wale_, choice. The vowel does not correspond with that of the O.N. vb. _velja_, which should have become _well_. But the forms _dwall_ from O.N. _dvelja_, and _hale_, O.N. _hella_, appear in Sco. _Wale_ may be a formation analogous to _hale_.

WAITH, _sb._ the spoil of the chase or of fishing. Wallace, I, 386. O.N. _væiðr_, a catch in hunting or fishing. Norse _veidd_, the chase, _veida_, to hunt. On Sco. _faid_, a company of hunters. See I, §22.

WANDRETH, _sb._ sorrow, trouble. Douglas, I, 88, 14. O.N. _vandræði_, difficulty, trouble. Norse, _vanraad_, misery, poverty.

WANT, VANT, _vb._ lack, stand in need of, suffer. Montg., S., 48, 3; Lyndsay, 152, 40704; Bruce, V, 422; Burns, 113, 2, 3. O.N. _vanta_, to lack. Norse _vanta_, lack, never means desire. This is the regular use of the word in Sco.

WANTHREIVIN, _adj._ unthriven, miserable. Montg., F., 327. O.N. _van_ + _þrifenn_, Norse _vantreven_, O.N. vb. _þrifa_, Norse _triva_, _vantriva_ (refl.). See Skeat under Eng. _thrive_ and _thrift_.

WAP (wæ̆p), _vb._ to turn, overturn, throw, hurl. Douglas, I, 2, 20; III, 167, 28; Gol. and Gaw., 127. O.N. _vappa_, to waddle. Norse _vappa_, turn, wrap around. Sw. dial. _vappla_, wrap up. Cu. _wap_, to wrap.

WARE, _vb._ to lay out money, spend. Rolland, III, 450; Dunbar, 92, 13; R.R., 3553. O.N. _verja_, to invest money. See Wall.

WAUR, _vb._ to overcome. Burns, 7, 1, 7; Psalms, CXL, 2. See _werr_. Cp. Eng. _worst_ as a vb. and superlative of bad, worse.

WEIK, _vb._ to weaken. Scott, 68, 14. Cp. Norse _veikja_, to weaken, make weak. O.N. _væikja_, to grow weak, both from adj. _væikr_, weak, same as O.E. _wāc_. The Sco. vb. may be formed directly from the adj., in which case its origin becomes uncertain. Skeat says Eng. _weak_, M.E. _weyke_ (which replaced _wook_ < O.E. _wāc_), is from O.N. _væikr_. But the M. Sco. form of O.E. or O. Nhb. _wāc_ was _wāke_ (wēk); our word could come from this. The diphthong, however, rather indicates that it comes from the Norse vb.

WEILL-VARANDLY, _adv._ in a proper manner. R.R., 911. See _farrand_. Cp. O.N. _fara vel_, Norse _fara vel_, to go well, _velfaren_, gone well.

WELTER, _vb._ to roll, turn, overturn. Bruce, XI, 25; III, 700; Douglas, II, 125, 25; T.M.W., 439; Lyndsay, 342, 770. O.N. _valtra_, to be unsteady, not firm, easily shaken. O. Sw. _valltra_, Sw. dial. _välltra_, to roll.

WERR, WERE, WAR, VAR, WAUR, _adj._ worse. C.S., 57; Lyndsay, 428, 1392; R.R., 589, etc. O.N. _verr_, worse, Norse _verr_, _verre_, Dan. _værre_, Sw. _värr_, Cu. _waar_. This is the modern Sco. pronunciation of it. The O. Fr. _wirra_ does not correspond to the Sco. forms of the word. It is most common in Scotland and N.W. England.

WICHT, _adj._ strong, vigorous, skillful. Bruce, VII, 263; Ramsay, I 253. O.N. _vígr_, fit for battle, skilled in war, from _víg_, battle, Sw. _vig_, active, M.E. _wiht_, valiant. B-S. queries the word, but thinks it may come from M.L.G. _wicht_, heavy, thus the same word as Eng. _weight_. This meaning is, however, not satisfactory. The Sco. usage is that of the Scand. word. The _t_ is inflectional. Cp. O.N. _eiga vígt um_.

WICK, _vb._ to make to turn, to strike off on the side, strike a stone in an oblique direction, a term in curling, to hit the corner (Wagner). O.N. _víkja_, to turn, to veer, Sw. dial. _vik_, Sw. _wika_, Norse _vikja_, _vika_, to turn (causative). Dan. _vige_ not quite the same word.

WILKATT, _sb._ a wild cat, Dalr., I, 723. Ramsay II, 500. O.N. _vill_ + Eng., Norse _cat_, _kat_.

WILL, VILL, _adj. adv._ lost, bewildered, astray. Dunbar, 228, 74; Douglas, II, 24, 6, "to go will." O.N. _villr_, bewildered, _fara villt_, get lost, Norse _vill_, astray, Dan. _vild_, Sw. _vill_. Cp. Cu. _wills_, doubts, "Aaz i' wills whether to gang or nit."

WILRONE, _sb._ a wild boar. Scott, 71, 106. O.N. _vill_, wild, + _runi_, a boar, a wild boar, Norse _rone_, _raane_, Sw. dial. _råne_, Dan., with metathesis, _orne_.

WILSUM, _adj._ errant, wandering. Douglas, II, 65, 16; "a wilsome way," "Freires of Berwick," 410. See _will_, astray. _Wilsum_ more frequently means "willful," is Eng.

WISSLE, VISSIL, WYSSIL. Douglas, III, 225, 8; Bruce, XII, 580; Montg., F., 578. O.N. _vixla_, to cross, to put across, _vixlingr_, a changeling (Cl. and V.), Norse _veksla_, _vessla_, to exchange, Dan. _veksle_. Sco. and Norse both show the change of _ks_ to _ss_. The Norse form _versla_ shows later dissimilation of _ss_ to _rs_. This is W.Norse.

WITTIR, _sb._ a sign. Douglas, II, 231, 16. See _wittering_.

WITTERING, VITTERING, _sb._ information, knowledge. Bruce, IV, 562; Douglas, II, 185, 27. O.N. _vitring_, revelation, from vb. _vitra_, to reveal. Norse _vitring_, information, M.E. _witering_, id.

WELTER, _sb._ an overturning. Winyet, I, 49, 22. See the vb. _welter_.