Part 175

Si. _being ioyned or affixed vnto the third person of any verbe, be it singular or plurall, or to any Infinitiue moode, or to any Gerond, or to any Participle, as it is most often, and that both before and after them, your Maiesty ought diligently to consider and obserue whether,_ Si, _hath reference and relation vnto persons animated, or creatures hauing life, namely men or women, or otherwise vnto creatures or things dead, and hauing no life, as also vnto actions of men or women, or as a man may say, whether in speech or writing the partie be ment and vnderstood himselfe, or whether but his action, and any dead thing else; for to some one of those two must euery verbe spoken, read or written necessarily haue relation, and of one of the two al meane and vnderstand. If_ Si. _haue relation and reference vnto persons animated and hauing or hauing had life, you shall assuredly finde the Verbe to which_ Si. _is affixed, to be of the Actiue or Transitiue signification, and_ Si. _to be a Pronoune Primitiue, or as some say, deriuatiue, both of the singular and plurall number, both of the Masculine and Feminine gender, and but of the Datiue or of the Accusatiue cases, signifying To him, to herselfe, to themselues, Him, her, themselues, as also sometimes, one another, as for example_, Lui si dà a crédere d'ẻsser sáui[o], ẻ si stíma ẻsser' huóm[o] da béne, ẻt n[o]n si rauéde dẻ suói err[ó]ri, di che si d[o]uerẻbbe verg[o]gnáre c[o]n[o]scẻnd[o]si. _That is in English, He giueth himselfe to beleeue that he is wise, and thinketh himselfe to be an honest man, and himselfe perceiueth not his owne faults, whereof he should be ashamed himself, knowing himselfe. Or thus_: L[ó]r[o] si pénsan[o] ẻsser sauij, mà si ingánnan[o], _They thinke themselues wise men, but they deceiue themselues. Or thus_: Lui si ẻ fátt[o] mále, pensánd[o]si di fársi béne, _He hath done hurt to himselfe, thinking to doe himselfe good. Or thus_: L[ó]r[o] si dánn[o] a crédere d'ẻssersi feriti, _They perswade themselues that they haue hurt themselues, or to haue hurt one another; for in the sense of One another it is often found. Here remember also (as I haue before touched) that_ Si. _being affixed vnto verbs of priuation, and speaking of persons animated, it may be of some Ablatiue case, as thus,_ Lui si ẻ cauát[o] la máschera, _He hath pulled the maske or vizard from himselfe. Or thus_: L[ó]r[o] si s[ó]n[o] leuáta la libertà, _They haue taken liberty from themselues, &c._

_Secondly, if_ Si, _be ioyned or affixed to any verbe, hauing relation to any dead or liuelesse thing, or to any action performed, be sure that it is a signe or inference of a passiue signification, which in English is expressed with these signes, It is, Men, Are, They, The world, Be it, or To be, namely with Infinitiues, as for example_, Si díce chè le cattíue cóse n[o]n si stíman[o], _It is said that euill things are not esteemed. Or thus_: M[ó]lte cóse si fánn[o], che n[o]n si c[o]nuẻng[o]n[o], _Many things are done that are not conuenient, &c. And so you may vnderstand it being ioyned vnto the third persons, eyther singular or plurall, of all the tences throughout the Verbe, as also with an Infinitiue mood, as thus_, Quést[o] dẻbbe fársi, _this thing is to be done, &c. Or with a Participle, as thus_, Fátt[o]si nótte si féce ánc[o] [o]scúr[o], _Night being made, darkenesse was also made, &c._

_Note also as a speciall thing, that if there be two or more verbes in a sentence, and that one of them be an Infinitiue, although they be farre asunder, and that_ Si. _be ioyned to any one, yet must it still gouerne the Infinitiue passiuely, as this_, Si può manifestaménte vedére, che gli huómini si póss[o]n[o] ingannáre, _It may manifestly be seene, that men may easily be deceiued, &c._

Of Ne.

_The reason why so few can directly vnderstand, or truely make vse in speaking or writing of this Particle_ Ne, _which in the Italian tongue is so often and so gracefully vsed, proceedeth of this, that as yet (as farre as I haue seene) none did euer shew directly, or rightly set down the essentiall proprietie, the certaine and distinct significations, and the vndoubted vse thereof, amusing the learner and stranger, with saying that it is but an ornament and affected grace of the tongue, and that it might well, or for the most part be spared; when if your Maiesty rightly examine the same, you shall finde it to be a most necessary, a most gracefull, and most significant part of speech: yea, and so significant, so gracefull, and so necessary, as the Italian tongue is lame, harsh, imperfect and gracelesse without it. I haue therefore as briefly as I could set downe the seuerall significations, and direct vses therof, and what it doth import, or may signifie, and without the compasse of which I would yet neuer heare, reade, or finde it. Remember therefore that_ Ne _hath onely fiue seuerall significations, and more it cannot haue._

_First_ Nè, _is sometimes an Aduerbe of distinction, or as some count it, of deniall or refusall, and is commonly accented, and without a verb, and in the beginning of a sentence, or immediately after a Comma, signifying in English, Nor, or Neither, or thus_, Nè ti s[ó]n[o] amíc[o], nè ánc[o] l[o] vógli[o] ẻssere, per chè, nè tù l[o] mẻriti, nè se ne c[o]ntẻnterẻbb[o]r[o] i miẻi amíci. _I neither am thy friend, nor will I be, because neither dost thou deserue it, nor would my friends be therewith contented. Or thus_, Nè quést[o], nè quéll[o] ti c[o]ncẻd[o], imperochè, nè mi ámi, nè mi puói vedére. _Nor this, nor that doe I graunt to thee, for thou dost neither loue me, nor canst abide to see me, &c._

_Secondly_, Ne _is somtimes an Aduerb local or of place, or as some cal it, a Preposition, importing In, In the, or Into, but then is the Article_ I. _included, and somtimes apostrophed, and somtimes not, as thus_, Spasseggiánd[o] ne' cámpi, m'imbattéi ne' miẻi nemíci, _walking in the fields, I chanced to fal into mine enemies. Or thus_, Tr[o]uánd[o]mi ne' cámpi, _finding my selfe in the fieldes. Or thus_, Leggẻnd[o] ne' libri, _reading in the bookes, Or thus_, Ne' sáuij si truóuan[o] buóni c[o]nsíglij, _in wise men are good counsels found, &c._

_Thirdly_, Ne. _being ioyned to a verbe of motion, as_ Andáre, Fuggíre, V[o]láre, Veníre, &c. _is sometimes an Aduerbe locall or of place, signifying in English Thence, Hence, or Away, as_ Lui se ne ẻ andát[o]; _He is gone away_. I[o] me ne vád[o], _I goe hence_. I[o] me ne vógli[o] fuggíre, _I will runne away or flie hence_, Lui se ne ẻ fuggit[o], _He is fled away thence or hence_. V[o]lánd[o]sene via, _Flying thence away_. Venitéuene, _Come away thence, &c._

_Fourthly_, Ne. _serueth sometimes for the Pronoune primitiue,_ N[o]i, _Vs, being euer of the Datiue or Accusatiue cases, except with verbes of priuation, with which it is of the Ablatiue. As for example_, Vedẻnd[o]ne giuocáre lui ne diẻde denári, _Seeing vs play he gaue vs money_. Inc[o]ntránd[o]ne lui ne diẻde il buón gi[ó]rn[o], _Meeting vs, he bade vs good morrow, with priuatiue verbes, let this example serue._ Lui ne hà tólt[o] il nóstr[o] ripós[o], furát[o]ne i nóstri denári, ẻd ascóst[o]ne i nóstri béni, _He hath taken from vs our rest, stolne our money from vs, and hidden our goods from vs_.

_Fifthly and lastly_, Ne. _being ioyned with a verbe doth most often and most commonly serue for an Aduerbe of quantity, or relation, signifying in English, Some, Of it, Any, Part of, There of, Of them, and sometimes, Therewith, hauing euer relation vnto the chief substantiue, mentioned, spoken of, or glanced at in the sentence, at being reciprocall vnto it, and is most elegantly and gracefully so often vsed of all the best Italians, to auoide that harshnesse or trouble of often iterating the same vpon euery occasion, and in continuance of the sense, as for example,_ Di grátia Sign[ó]r mi[o] se hauéte denári fátemene párte, Sign[ó]re I[o] n[o]n ne hò, se ne hauéssi, ve ne farẻi párte, quánd[o] ne hauerò, ne p[o]tréte dispórre, mi dispiáce n[o]n hauérne, víst[o] chè tánti ne hánn[o], chè n[o]n ne s[ó]n[o] degni, &c. _which in English is thus. Of courtesie Sir if you haue any money, lend me some. Sir I haue none, if I had any you should haue part thereof, when I shall haue some, you may dispose of it. I am sorry I haue not any, seeing so many haue some that are not worthy of it, &c. much more might be said of the vse thereof, but I thinke this sufficient. Now let vs come vnto the verbes._

Of verbes in generall.

_A Verbe is a part of speech which varieth in times; for Verbe is that which signifieth time, or sheweth variation of time, implying euer an action or working either of body or minde. Amongst all the Verbs some are vnder certaine orders, and are called Regular, some are not, and they are called Irregular. All Uerbs that maybe reduced vnder certaine orders and infallible rules, haue heretofore by the Fathers and best writers of the Italian tongue (in imitation of the Latin) beene deuided and ranged into foure squadrons by them named Coniugations._

_All those of the first Squadron or Coniugation are such as in their Infinitiue moodes end in_ Áre. _with the accent ouer the last_ A. _as_ Amáre, Balláre, Cantáre, Mangiáre, Saltáre, Tagliáre, _and infinite others._

_All those of the second Squadron or Coniugation are those that in the Infinitiue moode end in_ Ére, _with the accent ouer the last_ E. _sauing one, as_ Hauére, Godére, P[o]ssedére, Temére, Vedére, _and infinite others._

_All those of the third Squadron or Coniugation are those that in their Infinitiue moodes doe likewise end in_ Ére. _with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing two, as_ C[ó]rrere, Frémere, Lẻggere, Nuócere, Rídere, Strídere, Tẻssere, _and infinite others._

_All those of the fourth Squadron or Coniugation are those that in their Infinitiue moodes end in_ Íre. _with the accent ouer the first vowell sauing one, as_ Dormíre, M[o]ríre, Nutríre, [O]bedíre, Patíre, Sentíre, Vdíre, &c.

_All those Uerbes that may be reduced vnder certaine orders are called Regular, the number of which is infinite of euery Coniugation; where as those that more or lesse doe varie and estrange themselues from rules or order are called Irregular, whereof the number is but few, as shall appeare hereafter._

_All Verbs be either Actiue and Transitiue, or Passiue & Reciprocall, or else Personall or Impersonall, of which we will say somewhat and of their seuerall vses: and because some tences of all verbes are coniugated either with the Participle and helpe of the Auxiliar, or as I may call it Mother-verbe_, Hauére, _or else with the Participle and helpe of the other Auxiliar and helping verbe_ Éssere. _Know therefore that all Actiue or Transitiue verbs, that is to say, that passe into the subiect treated, meant, or spoken of, vse the helpe of the Auxiliar verbe_ Hauére, _as_ I[o] hò veduti ẻt lẻtti m[ó]lti libri. I[o] hó trouáti póchi amíci. I[o] me l'hauéu[o] guadagnát[o] c[o]n l'árme in mán[o], &c. _And the Passiue or Reciprocall verbs, that is to say, that returne vnto themselues with_ Mi. Ti. Si. Ci. Vi. _which answere vnto_ I[o]. Tù. Lúi. N[ó]i. L[ó]r[o]. _vse euer the helpe of the other Auxiliar verbe_ Éssere, _as for example_, I[o] mi s[ó]n[o] rallegrát[o] del tú[o] béne, ẻ tù ti sẻi dolút[o] del mí[o]. N[o]i ci siám[o] accostáti a lui, ẻ v[ó]i vi siéte verg[o]gnáti di fárl[o]. Quánd[o] l[o]r[o] si saránn[o] partíti dál mál fáre, n[o]i ci c[o]ns[o]lerém[o], &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note here that these two verbs_, Póss[o] _and_ Vógli[o], _may be vsed and ioyned with both the Auxiliar verbs_, Hauére _and_ Éssere. _The reason why I call them Auxiliar, is, because they are as helps to coniugate all other verbs both Actiue and Passiue, and I deeme them most necessary to be perfectly learned of him that is curious truly to vnderstand, rightly to speake, or exactly to write the Italian tongue, forsomuch as whosoeuer can readily coniugate_ Hauére, _may without any doubt or difficulty (knowing but the Infinitiue moode, which is as the roote and ground of all) coniugate and frame all the rest of the verbs, both regular and irregular of the Italian tongue, except three tences, and of those three tences but one person of each: that is to say, the Present tence of the Indicatiue moode; Secondly, the first distant or vndetermined Preterperfectence of the same moode; Thirdly, the Present tence of the Optatiue moode: as by coniugating of this verbe_ Hauére, _shall manifestly appeare, which I humbly entreate your Maiestie to learne carefully._

Of the verbe _Hauére_.

The Indicatiue moode or Demonstratiue manner of speech.

The Present or Deffinite tence.

_Singular Number._ _Plurall Number._

I[o] hó. I[o] hággi[o] N[o]i habbiám[o], _or_ hauém[o]. Tù hái. V[o]i hauéte. Lúi hà, _or_ Egli hà. L[ó]r[o] hánn[o], _or_ Essi hánn[o].

Of the vse, and what may be learned by this Tence.

_Note that adding any Participle vnto this tence, you frame the second Certaine, Neare, or Determined Preterperfectence of the Indicatiue moode of all Actiue or Transitiue verbes, and of all coniugations, as for example._

I[o] hò amát[o], _or_ N[ó]i hauém[o] scritt[o], _or_ Vedút[o]. Tù hai cantát[o], fátt[o]. V[ó]i hauéte vbidít[o]. _or_ d[o]rmít[o]. Lui hà L[ó]r[o] hánn[o] volút[o]. saltát[o], _or_ lẻtt[o].

. . . . . . .

The Preterimperfect, Doubtfull, Vnlimited, or Vndetermined tence.

I[o] hauéu[o]. N[ó]i haueuám[o]. Tù hauéui. V[ó]i haueuáte. Lúi hauéua. L[ó]r[o] hauéuan[o].

Of the vse, and what may be learned by this Tense.

_First note, that adding any Participle of what verbe soeuer vnto this tence, you frame the first vncertaine, vndetermined, and very distant Preterpluperfectence of the Indicatiue moode of all Actiue or Transitiue verbes, as for example._

I[o] hauéu[o] magniát[o]. N[o]i haueuám[o] scrítt[o]. Tù hauéui vedút[o]. V[o]i haueuáte dormít[o]. Lui hauéua studiát[o]. L[ó]r[o] hauéuan[o] saltát[o].

_Secondly note, that this tence of all the verbes of the second, of the third, and of the fourth coniugation, may at the pleasure of the speaker or writer lose and leaue out the last_ V. _in the third persons singular and plurall, as thus_, Lui hauéa, Lui scriuéa, Lui dormía, L[ó]r[o] hauéan[o], L[ó]r[o] scriuéan[o], L[ó]r[o] dormían[o], _as also it may lose the last vowell, or_ O. _of the said third persons plurall; for you may also say_ L[ó]r[o] hauéan', L[ó]r[o] scriuéan'. L[ó]r[o] dormían, &c.

_Thirdly note, that all third persons plurall of all Italian verbes must haue the accent placed vpon the last vowell sauing two, as_ L[ó]r[o] amáuan[o], L[ó]r[o] vedéuan[o], L[ó]r[o] scriuéuan[o], L[ó]r[o] dormíuan[o], &c. _except that of the future tence of the Indicatiue, where the accent is vpon the last vowell sauing one, by reason of the double_ Nn. _which followes the same, as_ L[ó]r[o] ameránn[o], L[ó]r[o] vederánn[o], L[ó]r[o] scriueránn[o], L[ó]r[o] m[o]riránn[o], &c.

_Fourthly note, that knowing the termination of this tence and of this verbe alone, you may therby learne how to frame the doubtfull or vnlimited Preterimperfectence of the Indicatiue moode of all the verbes of the Italian tongue, as for example of the first Coniugation by changing the_ E. _of this verbe_ Hauére, _into_ A. _as thus._

I[o] amáu[o]. I[o] saltáu[o]. N[ó]i amauám[o], _or_ Saltauám[o]. Tù amáui. Tù saltáui. V[ó]i amauáte _or_ saltauáte. Lui amáua. Lui saltáua. L[ó]r[o] amáuan[o], _or_ saltáuan[o].

_Of the second and third Coniugation by keeping the very same desinence or termination of this tence, and of this Verbe, as for example._

I[o] vedéu[o]. I[o] c[o]rréu[o]. N[ó]i vedeuám[o], _or_ C[o]rreuám[o]. Tù vedéui. Tù c[o]rréui. V[ó]i vedeuáte, _or_ C[o]rreuáte. Lui vedéua. Lui c[o]rréua. L[ó]r[o] vedéuan[o], _or_ C[o]rréuan[o].

_Of the fourth Coniugation by changing the_ E. _into_ I. _as for example._

I[o] dormíu[o]. I[o] patíu[o]. N[ó]i dormiuám[o], _or_ Patiuám[o]. Tù dormíui. Tù patíui. V[ó]i dormiuáte, _or_ Patiuáte. Lui dormíua. Lui patíua. L[ó]r[o] dormíuan[o], _or_ Patíuan[o].

. . . . . . .

The first vncertaine, vndetermined, or distant Preterperfect tence.

I[o] hẻbbi. N[ó]i hauémm[o]. Tù hauẻsti. V[ó]i hauéste. Lúi hẻbbe. L[ó]r[o] hẻbber[o], or hẻbber'

Of the vse of this tence, and what may thereby be learned.

_First note, that adding the Participle of what Verbe soeuer vnto this tence, you frame a tence, which although some Grammarians haue made no mention of, yet is so necessary, and so often vsed of good Italians, both in speaking and writing, as I am perswaded, that no man can truely speake or write without it; or that it is a second, vndoubted, most certaine and determined Preterpluperfect tence of all Actiue or Transitiue Verbes, as for example._

I[o] hẻbbi pagát[o]. N[ó]i hauémm[o] scrítto. Tù hauẻsti saltát[o]. V[ó]i hauéste lẻtto. Lúi hẻbbe g[o]dút[o]. L[ó]r[o] hẻbber[o] dormít[o].

_Secondly, you may learne by this tence to know, that whereas the first Preterperfect tences of the Indicatiue moode of most Italian Verbes, of the second and third coniugations are somewhat difficile, vncertaine, and irregular, that it is but in three persons, that is to say, in the first and third singular, and in the third plurall, yet are they not so vncertaine, but that if you finde only the first person singular, which doth euer end in_I, _as_ Hẻbbi. Sẻppi. Tácqui. Nácqui. Víddi. &c. _change that_ I. _into_ E. _and vndoubtedly you haue the third person singular, as_ Hẻbbe. Sẻppe. Tácque. Nácque. Vídde. _and to the third person singular adding_R[o], _you haue infallibly the third person plurall, as_ Hẻbber[o], Sẻpper[o], Tácquer[o], Nácquer[o], Vídder[o]. &c. _wheras the other three persons, to wit, the second singular, and the first and second plurall of this tence are euer regular, and keepe one certaine termination, and may be framed by the Infinitiue, as thus, Take_ Re, _from the Infinitiue moode, and adde_ Sti, _vnto the rest you haue the second person singular, as_ Hauésti, Sapésti, Tacésti, Nascésti, Vedésti, _and likewise take_ Re. _from the Infinitiue, and vnto it adde_ Mm[o], _you haue the first person plural, as_ Hauémm[o], Sapémm[o], Tacémm[o], Nascémm[o], Vedémm[o]. _And likewise take_ Re, _from the Infinitiue, and thereunto adde_ Ste, _as thus, change the last_ I. _of the second person singular of this tence into_ E. _you haue the second person plurall, as_ Hauéste, Sapéste, Tacéste, Nascéste, Vedéste. _Yet remember that this tence is not so strictly vncertain but that it may for a shift be made regular, as those of the first coniugation, as thus_, Hauéi, hauésti, hauétte, Hauémm[o], Hauéste, Hauétter[o], _and so_ Tacéi, Tacésti, Tacétte, Tacémm[o], Tacéste, Tacétter[o], Godéi, Godésti, Godétte, Godémm[o], Godéste, Godétter[o], &c.

_Now for your Maiesties more facility, and to know certainly what verbes of the second or third coniugation varie in this tence, I haue throughout my Dictionarie set downe next to all Infinitiues, the first person singular of this tence, as also all the participles, because they are somewhat irregular and variable, as I will shew when I come to speake of them which I haue done for the ease of such as delight in the tongue, and haue not readily Italians by to aske, or good Grammarians at hand to resolue them. As for the verbes of the first and fourth coniugations, they are almost all regular in this tence, and who knowes one, may say he knowes all, except foure of the first, and some few of the fourth; which I will note when I come to speak of irregular verbes. Of which I will say more then euer yet was said of any other._

. . . . . . .

The second, certaine, neare, or determined Preterperfect tence.

I[o] hò hauút[o]. N[ó]i habbiám[o] hauút[o]. Tù hái hauút[o]. V[ó]i hauéte hauút[o]. Lúi hà hauút[o]. L[ó]r[o] hánn[o] hauút[o].

Of the vse, and what may be learn't by this tence.

_The chiefe thing that is to be noted in this tence is this; The first, or (as I may rightly call it) distant, vncertaine, or vndertermined Preterperfect tence_, Hẻbbi, _or that of any other verbe, is most commonly vsed (or at least should be) in speaking of times or things gone or past, and that ended their time the present morning, wherein you speak of them._

_And this second, certaine, nearer, or determined Preterperfect tence is euer vsed (or should be vsed) in speaking of times or things, hauing relation vnto, or ended in the day present, and wherein you speake: and therefore doe I call it nearer and certaine. As for example, if you demaund of me_, Quánd[o] hauéte vedút[o] il tále? _When saw you such a one? If I saw him this day, I must answere_, I[o] l'hò vedút[o] hoggi. _But if I saw him at any other time before, I must say_, I[o] l[o] víddi l'áltr[o] gi[ó]rn[o], &c. _And looke what is said of this tence of_ Hauére, _the same may be said of the same tence of all other verbes, wherein English men erre so much; but indeed they may be excused, because they neuer yet saw Grammar that shewed the difference betweene them: for most make them indifferently all one._

. . . . . . .

The first, vncertaine, very distant, or vnderdetmined preterpluperfect tence.

I[o] hauéu[o] hauút[o]. N[ó]i haueuám[o] hauút[o]. Tù hauéui hauút[o]. V[ó]i haueuáte hauút[o]. Lúi hauéua hauút[o]. L[ó]r[o] hauéuan[o] hauút[o].

The second, certaine, somewhat distant, or determined Preterpluperfect tence.

I[o] hẻbbi hauút[o]. N[ó]i hauémm[o] hauút[o]. Tù hauésti hauút[o]. V[ó]i hauéste hauút[o]. Lúi hẻbbe hauút[o]. L[ó]r[o] hẻbber[o] hauút[o].

Of the vse of these two Tences, and what is to be obserued by them.

_The chiefest thing that is to be obserued in these two Tences, is, that_ I[o] hẻbbi hauút[o]. I[o] hẻbbi amát[o]. I[o] hẻbbi scrítt[o]. I[o] hẻbbi vdít[o], _haue euer refference vnto times and things further off, and so hapned that some other time, action or chance hath succeeded betweene: and_ I[o] hauéu[o] hauút[o]. I[o] hauéu[o] amát[o]. I[o] hauéu[o] scrítt[o]. I[o] hauéu[o] vdít[o], _haue euer refference vnto times, actions, or chances hapned long time since, and a great distance off; which is the reason that I haue placed them vnder titles of very distant or vndetermined, and of somewhat distant or determined, by which your Maiesty may easily distinguish them, and know their differences, as thus._ Quánd[o] i[o] hò mangiát[o], desíder[o] di bére, _whereas_ I[o] hẻbbi hauút[o] _answereth a time more certaine and deffinite, as thus._ Quánd[o] l'hẻbbi vedút[o], di súbit[o] il c[o]n[ó]bbi, _and_ I[o] hauéu[o] hauút[o], _hath relation vnto a time or distance further off, and indeffinite, as thus._ I[o] l'hauéu[o] bén vedút[o], ma n[ó]n l[o] c[o]n[o]scéu[o], &c.