Part 5

=Canterbury Music Hall.= This, the first of the London music halls, opened in 1848, grew out of the old-time popular “free-and-easy,” or “sing-song,” held in an upper room of what was until then a tavern displaying the arms of the city of Canterbury, and styled the “Canterbury Arms.”

=Cantlowes Road.= See “Kentish Town.”

=Canvas Back.= A species of sea-duck, regarded as a luxury on account of the delicacy of its flesh. So called from the colour of the plumage on its back.

=Cape Finisterre.= Adapted by the French from the Latin _finis terra_, “land’s end.”

=Capel Court.= The Stock Exchange, so called from the residence of Sir William Capel, Lord Mayor in 1504.

=Cape of Good Hope.= So called by John II., King of Portugal, after Diaz had touched this point of Africa, as a favourable augury for the circumnavigation of the globe.

=Cape Horn.= Named Hoorn, after his birthplace, by Schouten, the Dutch navigator, who first rounded it.

=Capri.= From the Latin _caper_, a he-goat, expresses the island of wild goats.

=Capuchin Friars.= From the pointed cowl or _capuce_ worn by them.

=Carat Gold.= So called because gold and precious stones were formerly weighted against carat seeds or seeds of the Abyssinian coral flower.

=Carbonari.= Italian for charcoal-burners, in whose huts this secret society held its meetings.

=Carburton Street.= From the Northamptonshire village on the ducal estate of the ground landlord.

=Cardiff.= From _Caer Taff_, the fort on the Taff.

=Cardigan.= After Ceredog, a famous chieftain.

=Caribbean Sea.= From the Caribbs, which West Indian designation signifies “cruel men.” Corrupted through the Spanish _Caribal_, we have derived the word “Cannibal,” for one who eats human flesh.

=Carlton House Terrace.= From Carlton House, built by Lord Carlton, later the residence of Frederick, Prince of Wales, the father of George III.

=Carmagnole.= A wild song and dance which came into prominence during the French Revolution. It received its name from Carmagnolas, a town in Piedmont, whence the Savoyard boys carried the tune into the south of France.

=Carmarthen.= A corruption of _Caer-merlin_, or the fortress built by Merlin, in the neighbourhood of which he was born.

=Carmelites.= White Friars of the order of Mount Carmel.

=Carnarvon.= The fortress on the _Arfon_, or water.

=Carolina.= After Carollus, the Latinised name of Charles II., who granted a charter of colonisation to eight of his favourites.

=Caroline Islands.= In honour of Charles I. of Spain.

=Carpenter.= Originally one who made only the body or wooden portion of a vehicle. So called from the Latin _carpentum_, waggon. An ordinary worker in wood was, and still is in the English provinces, a joiner.

=Carpet Knight.= A civilian honoured with a knighthood by the sovereign. One who has not won his spurs on the field, like the knights of old.

=Carry Coals to Newcastle.= To do that which is altogether superfluous. It would be ridiculous to take coals to a place where they are found in abundance.

=Cartaret Street.= After John Cartaret, Earl of Granville, Secretary of State, and one of the most popular ministers of the reign of George II.

=Carte de Visite.= Photographs received this name because the Duc de Parma in 1857 had his likeness printed on the back of his large visiting-cards.

=Carthage.= From the Phœnician _Karth-hadtha_, New Town.

=Carthagena.= From _Carthago Novo_, or New Carthage.

=Carthusians.= Monks of La Chartreuse, near Grenoble. This name is also given to former scholars of the “Charter House.”

=Carthusian Street.= Although some distance to the west of it, this street leads to the “Charter House.”

=Caspian Sea.= From the _Caspii_, who peopled its shores.

=Castile.= In Spanish Castilla, from the castles or forts set up for defence against the Moors.

=Castle.= An inn sign denoting a wine-house, from the castle in the arms of Spain.

=Catacombs.= Italian _Catacomba_, from the Greek _kata_, downward, and _kumbe_, a hollow, a cavity.

=Cat and Fiddle.= A corruption of “Caton le Fidele,” the faithful Caton, Governor of Calais, whose name was honoured by many an inn sign.

=Cat and Wheel.= A corruption of the old inn sign the “Catherine Wheel,” the instrument of the martyrdom of St Catherine.

=Cat Call.= A corruption of _Cat Wail_. When a theatre or music-hall audience is dissatisfied with the performance, and impatient for it to be brought to an end, the “Gods” indulging in “Mewing” like a chorus of cats on the roof by night.

=Catch a Weasel asleep.= No one ever caught a weasel napping, for the simple reason that he hides himself in a hole away from the sight of man.

=Catchpenny.= Short for “Catnach Penny,” from the penny dying speeches and yard of songs printed by James Catnach in Seven Dials, and hawked about the streets. The “Catnach Press” was as great a power in that day as the trashy “Bits” literature is in our own.

=Cathedral.= From the Greek _kathedra_, a seat--_i.e._ the chair of a bishop. See “City.”

=Caucus.= From the Caulkers of Boston, U.S., who shortly before the Revolution came into open conflict with the British soldiery. Meetings were held in the calk houses, and a Caulkers’ Club was formed. Since that time a political meeting of American citizens has been styled a Caucus.

=Cavalier.= From the French _chevalier_, a horseman.

=Cavendish.= Tobacco pressed into plugs for chewing, from the name of the first maker.

=Cavendish Square.= After Henrietta Cavendish, second wife of Lord Harley, the ground landlord.

=Centennial State.= Colorado, admitted into the American Union one hundred years after the Declaration of Independence.

=Ceylon.= Called by the Portuguese Selen, an abbreviation of the Sanskrit _Sinhaladwipa_, “Island of Lyons.”

=Chadwell Street.= After the name of the source of the New River in Hertfordshire. The well was anciently dedicated to St Chad.

=Chaff.= A corruption of _chafe_, to make hot with anger, as heat may be produced by friction.

=Chalk Farm.= Originally “Chalcot Farm,” a noted resort for duellists of a past day.

=Chalk it up.= In allusion to the drink score chalked on a slate against a customer at a country ale-house.

=Champagne.= A light wine, from the French province of the same name, which expresses a plain, from the Latin _campus_, field.

=Champs de Mars.= Expresses the large open space or “Plain of Mars,” in Paris, set apart for military reviews.

=Chancery Lane.= A corruption of “Chancellor’s Lane,” from the town house of the Bishops of Chichester, afterwards the residence of the Lord High Chancellor of England.

=Chandos Street.= From the residence of James Bridges, Duke of Chandos.

=Chap.= Originally short for “Chapman,” one who sold his wares at a _chepe_, or market.

=Chap Book.= A small book or tract sold by chapmen. See “Chap.”

=Chapel.= A printers’ meeting held in the composing-room, so called because Caxton set up the first English press in a disused chapel of Westminster Abbey. The presiding workman is styled “The Father of the Chapel.”

=Chapel of Ease.= An auxiliary place of worship, for the convenience of those who resided at a great distance from the parish church.

=Charing Cross.= The idea that this spot received its name from the “good Queen” Eleanor, whose bier was set down here for the last time on its way to Westminster Abbey has been exploded. It was even then called the village of Charing, in honour of _La Chère Reine_, the Blessed Virgin, this being the usual halting-place between London and the venerable Abbey.

=Charlatan.= From the Italian _ciarlatano_, a quack, a babbler, a loquacious itinerant who sold medicines in a public square.

=Charles Martel.= See “Martel.”

=Charles Street.= Built upon in the reign of Charles II.

=Charlies.= The old night watchmen reorganised by Charles I. These were the only civic protectors down to the introduction of the modern police system by Sir Robert Peel.

=Charlotte Street.= After the queen of George III.

=Charter House.= A corruption of La Chartreuse, one of the English houses of the Order of monks of the place of the same name in France.

=Chartreuse.= The liqueurs prepared at the monastery of La Chartreuse, near Grenoble.

=Chauffeur.= The French term for a motor-car driver; it has no English equivalent.

=Cheap Jack.= A modern equivalent for “Chap-man.” Jack is a generic name for man-servant or an inferior person.

=Cheapside.= The High Street of the city of London, consequently abutting on the _chepe_, or market-place.

=Cheese it.= A corruption of “Choose it better,” or, in other words, “Tell me something I can believe.”

=Chef.= French for head or master. Employed alone, the word expresses a head man cook.

=Chelmsford.= The ford over the Chelmer.

=Chelsea.= Anciently “Chevelsey,” or “Shingle Island.” See “Chiswick.”

=Chequers.= An inn sign derived from the arms of the Fitzwarrens, one of whom had the granting of vintners’ licences.

=Cherry Bob.= An old summer pastime for boys. A bunch of cherries suspended from a beam or tree-branch was kept swinging to and fro, while the boys, with their hands behind them, tried to catch the fruit with their mouths.

=Cherry Gardens Pier.= A name reminiscent of a popular resort of bygone days in connection with the “Jamaica” in front of which rum, newly arrived from the West Indies, was landed.

=Cherry Pickers.= The 11th Hussars, because, when captured by the French during the Peninsular War, some men of the regiment were robbing an orchard.

=Chesapeake.= Indian for “great waters.”

=Chester.= The city built on the Roman _castra_, or camp.

=Chestnut.= Edwin Abbey, the painter of the Coronation picture, is said to have been responsible for the term “Chestnut” as applied to a stale joke. While a member of a club at Philadelphia he always told a story about a man who had a chestnut farm, but made nothing out of it because he gave his chestnuts away. Abbey invariably began this story differently, so that his follow clubmen would not recognise it, but they soon interrupted him by exclaiming “Chestnuts!”

=Chestnut Sunday.= The first Sunday in June, when the chestnut-trees in Bushey Park at Hampton Court are in bloom.

=Cheyne Walk.= After Lord Cheyne, lord of the manor of Chelsea in the seventeenth century.

=Chicago.= Indian for “wild onion.”

=Chichester.= The Roman camp town taken by Cissa, King of the South Saxons, thenceforth called _Cissanceaster_.

=Chichester Rents.= The site of the town mansion of the Bishops of Chichester.

=Chili.= Peruvian for “land of snow.”

=China.= After Tsin, the founder of a great dynasty. Earthenware of a superior quality was first made in China; hence the name.

=Chin Music.= An Americanism for derisive laughter.

=Chip off the Old Block.= A saying in allusion to the “Family Tree.”

=Chippendale.= Furniture of elegant design, named after its famous maker.

=Chiswick.= Anciently “Cheoselwick,” or village of shingles, from the Anglo-Saxon _ceosal_, sand, gravel.

=Chocolat-Menier.= The perfection of chocolate, introduced by M. Menier of Paris, who died in 1881.

=Choke Him off.= The allusion is to grip a dog by the throat in order to make him relax his hold.

=Christiania.= Rebuilt by Christian IV. of Denmark.

=Christian Scientists.= A modern offshoot of the Peculiar People, or Faith Healers, who believe that sickness and pain can be cured by faith and prayer without medicine.

=Christmas-box.= A relic of Catholic days, when a box was placed in all the churches to receive Christmas alms for the poor. These were distributed on the day following.

=Christmas Island.= Captain Cook landed here on Christmas Day, 1777.

=Christ’s College.= Founded at Cambridge by Lady Margaret, Countess of Richmond, mother of Henry VII., for a master and twelve fellows, corresponding to Christ and His apostles, to whom it was dedicated.

=Christy Minstrels.= After Charles Christy, who introduced the Negro Minstrel Entertainment to England.

=Church Ale.= Specifically the ale brewed by the church-wardens for merrymakers on the village green at Whitsuntide and other high holidays. Later the assemblage itself came to be styled a “Church Ale.”

=Chute.= The French for “a fall,” applied by the Americans to a declivity of water. The exciting diversion of boating on such a waterfall is styled “Shooting the Chutes.”

=Cicerone.= After Cicero, the prince of speakers. The comparison between the celebrated orator and the “Roman Guide” befooled by Mark Twain is rather painful.

=Cigar.= From the Spanish _Cigarro_, the original name of a particular kind of Cuban tobacco.

=Cinderella Dance.= Because it is brought to an end at twelve o’clock, in allusion to the heroine in the fairy story.

=Circumlocution Office.= A term first applied to the shuttle-cock methods in vogue at our public offices by Charles Dickens in “Little Dorrit.”

=Cistercians.= An Order of monks established at Cistercium, or Citeau, near Dijon.

=City.= The proper and historic distinction between a city and a town lies in the fact that the former is the seat of a bishop, and accordingly contains a cathedral. In modern times many burghs or towns have been advanced to the dignity of a city on account of their commercial importance. These are, however, cities only in name.

=City Fathers.= Aldermen of the city of London.

=City Golgotha.= Old Temple Bar, from the heads of rebels spiked on its top. _Golgotha_ is Hebrew for “the place of skulls.”

=Claim.= A squatter’s term for a piece of land which he has marked off and settled upon pending its legal acquisition from the Government. During the gold fever the name also came to be applied to the land parcelled out to each digger.

=Clare Market.= The site of Clare House, the residence of the Earl of Clare.

=Clarence.= A carriage named after the Duke of Clarence, afterwards William IV.

=Clarges Street.= From the mansion of Sir Walter Clarges, afterwards taken over by the Venetian ambassador.

=Clarendon.= The black type first used at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, which owed its foundation to the profits of Lord Clarendon’s “History of the Rebellion,” presented to the University.

=Claude Lorraine.= The assumed name of the celebrated landscape painter Claude Galée, who was a native of Lorraine.

=Cleaned Out.= Pockets emptied of cash. The allusion is to a saucepan or other domestic cooking utensil which is cleansed after use.

=Clerkenwell.= The holy well beside which the parish clerks performed their miracle plays on festival days.

=Clifford Street.= After Elizabeth Clifford, wife of the Earl of Burlington.

=Closure.= A modern parliamentary term signifying the right of the Speaker to order the closing of a useless debate. The Closure was first applied 24th February 1884.

=Cloth Fair.= The great annual mart for the sale of cloth brought over by Flemish merchants.

=Club.= From the German _kleben_, to adhere, cleave to, associate.

=Clyde.= The strong river, from the Gaelic _clyth_, strong.

=Coast is Clear.= Originally a smugglers’ phrase relative to coastguards.

=Coat of Arms.= During the days of chivalry, when a knight was completely encased in armour and the vizor of his helmet was drawn over his face, his sole mode of distinction was by the embroidered design of his armorial bearings on a sleeveless coat that he wore in the lists at tournaments. In warfare the coat was dispensed with, but he was known to his comrades by another device on the crest of his helmet.

=Cobbler.= An American drink of spirits, beer, sugar, and spice, said to have been first concocted by a Western shoemaker.

=Coblentz.= From the Latin name, _Confluentia_, being situated at the confluence of the Rivers Rhine and Moselle.

=Cockade.= From the party badge originally displayed on a cocked hat. See “Knocked into a Cocked Hat.”

=Cockade State.= Maryland, from the brilliant cockades worn by the brave Old Maryland Regiment during the War of Independence.

=Cockney.= From “Cockayne,” a Fools’ Paradise, where there is nothing but eating and drinking, described in a satiric poem of the thirteenth century. The word was clearly derived from _coquere_, to cook, and had reference to London, where the conduits on occasion ran with wine, and good living fell to the lot of men generally.

=Cock-penny.= A penny levied by the master on each of the boys for allowing the brutal sport of cock-throwing in school on Shrove Tuesday formerly. The master himself found the bird.

=Cocktail.= Tradition has it that one of Montezuma’s nobles sent a draught of a new beverage concocted by him from the cactus plant to the Emperor by his daughter Xochitl. The Aztec monarch smiled, tasted it, gulped it down with a relish, and, it is said, afterwards married the girl; thenceforward this drink became the native tipple, and for centuries it bore the softened name of Octel. The corruption of _Octel_ into _Cocktail_ by the soldiers of the American Army when, under General Scott, they invaded Mexico, about sixty years ago, was easy.

=Coger.= A slang term derived from the members of the celebrated Cogers’ Club in Salisbury Court, Fleet Street. They styled themselves “Cogers” from the Latin _cogito_, to think deeply.

=Cohees.= Natives of Western Pennsylvania, owing to their addiction to the phrase “Quoth he,” softened into _Quo’he_.

=Coin Money.= To make money as fast as it is turned out at the Mint. Few men are so fortunate.

=Coke Hat.= After William Coke, who popularised it. See “Billycock.”

=Coldbath Fields.= A district of Clerkenwell now long built over, but famous for a cold bath; the site is marked by the present Bath Street.

=Colchester.= The camp town on the Colne.

=Coldstream Guards.= The regiment raised by General Monk at Coldstream, Berwickshire, in 1660.

=Coleman Street.= Said to have been built upon by one Coleman; but long before his time the coalmen or charcoal merchants congregated here.

=Colleen.= Irish for girl. “Colleen Bawn” expresses a blonde girl.

=College Hill.= From a collegiate foundation of Sir Richard Whittington, thrice Lord Mayor of London.

=College Port.= Inferior port served up to the older students at college. It is said to be specially prepared for this market.

=Collop Monday.= The day preceding Shrove Tuesday, when housewives cut up all their meat into large steaks or collops for salting during Lent.

=Cologne.= The _Colonia Agrippina_ of the Romans, so called after the mother of Nero, who was born here.

=Colonel.= A Far-West title of courtesy bestowed upon anyone who owns a stud horse.

=Colorado.= The Spaniards gave this name to the state in allusion to its coloured ranges.

=Colosseum.= Greek for “great amphitheatre.”

=Combine.= An Americanism for “Combination.” Applied in a financial or commercial sense, this term is now well understood in our own country.

=Come up to the Scratch.= A prize-fighting expression. A line was scratched on the ground with a stick, and the combatants were expected to toe it with the left foot.

=Commonwealth.= In theatrical parlance, a sharing out of the proceeds of the week’s performances after all expenses have been deducted. This generally happens when the manager has decamped with the entire takings, and left his company stranded.

=Compton Street= (Old and New). Built upon by Sir Richard Compton and Bishop Compton respectively.

=Conduit Street.= From a conduit of spring water set up here before the land was built over.

=Confidence Man.= An Americanism for one who in this country is known to extract money from strangers by the “confidence trick.”

=Confounded Liar.= Literally one who is covered with confusion on being brought face to face with the truth.

=Congleton Bears.= A nickname given to the people of Congleton, Cheshire. Local tradition has it that the bear intended for baiting at the holiday sports died, and, to procure another, the authorities appropriated the money collected for a new Church Bible.

=Congregationalists.= Independent Nonconformists, who are neither Baptists nor Wesleyans, and claim the right to “call” their own ministers, each congregation managing its own affairs.

=Connecticut.= From the Indian _Quinnitukut_, “country of the long river.”

=Conscience Money.= Money sent anonymously to the Treasury in respect of Income-Tax after the thought of having defrauded the Revenue has pricked the individual conscience.

=Constance.= Founded by Constantine, the father of Constantine the Great; one of the oldest cities of Germany.

=Constantinople.= The city of Constantine.

=Constitution Hill.= Where John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham, took his daily constitutional walk while residing at Buckingham House, built by him in 1703. On the site of this mansion George IV. erected the present edifice, Buckingham Palace, in 1825.

=Cook your Goose.= An old chronicler thus explains this saying: “The Kyng of Swedland coming to a towne of his enemyes with very little company, his enemyes, to slyghte his forces, did hang out a goose for him to shoote, but perceiving before nyghte that these fewe soldiers had invaded and sette their chief houlds on fire, they demanded of him what his intent was, to whom he replied, ‘To cook your goose.’”

=Coon.= Short for racoon, an American animal much prized on account of its fur.

=Cooper.= A publican’s term for half ale and half porter. See “Entire.”

=Copenhagen Street.= From Copenhagen Fields, where stood a noted tea-house opened by a Dane.

=Copper.= A policeman, from the thieves’ slang _cop_, to take, catch.

=Copperheads.= A political faction of North America during the Civil War, regarded as secret foes, and so called after the copperhead serpent, which steals upon its enemy unawares.

=Cordeliers.= Franciscan Friars distinguished from the parent Order by the knotted waist-cord.

=Corduroy.= In French _Cord du Roy_, “King’s cord,” because ribbed or corded material was originally worn only by the Kings of France.

=Cordwainer.= The old name for a shoemaker, because the leather he worked upon was Cordwain, a corruption of Cordovan, brought from the city of Cordova.

=Cork.= From the Gaelic _corroch_, a swamp.

=Cork Street.= From the residence of Lord Cork, one of the four brothers of the Boyle family.

=Corncrackers.= The Kentuckians, from a native bird of the crane species called the Corncracker.

=Corner.= The creation of a monopoly of prices in respect of natural produce or manufactured goods. The allusion here is to speculators who agreed in a quiet corner, at or near the Exchange, to buy up the whole market.

=Cornhill.= The ancient city corn market.

=Cornwall.= Pursuant to the Saxon _Wahl_, the horn of land peopled by foreigners.

=Corpus Christi College.= At Cambridge, founded by the united guilds or fraternities of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin.

=Corsica.= A Phœnician term for “wooded isle.”

=Cossack.= The Russian form of the Tartar term _kasake_, a horseman.

=Costa Rica.= Spanish for “rich coast.”

=Costermonger.= In Shakespeare’s time a Costardmonger, or trader in a famous species of apple so called.