Part 4

=Bogus.= In reporting a trial at law _The Boston Courier_ in 1857 gave the following authoritative origin:--“The word Bogus is a corruption of the name of one Borghese, a very corrupt individual, who twenty years ago or more did a tremendous business in the way of supplying the great west, and portions of the south-west, with counterfeit bills and bills on fictitious banks. The western people fell into the habit of shortening the name of Borghese to that of _Bogus_, and his bills, as well as all others of like character, were universally styled by them ‘bogus currency.’” So that the word is really American.

=Bohea.= Tea of the poorest quality, grown in the hilly district of Wu-i; pronounced by the Chinese _Vooy_.

=Bohemia.= From the _Bohii_, the ancient inhabitants of the country.

=Bohemian.= One who leads a hand-to-mouth existence by literary or other precarious pursuits, who shuns the ordinary conventions of society, and aspires to that only of his fellows. The term originally meant a “Gipsy,” because the earliest nomadic people who overran Western Europe did so by way of Bohemia.

=Boiled Shirt.= An Americanism, originally from the western states, for a starched white shirt.

=Bolivia.= After General Simon Bolivar, surnamed “The Liberator of Peru.”

=Bologna.= A settlement of the _Boii_, after whom the Romans called it Bononia.

=Bomba.= The sobriquet of Ferdinand, King of Naples, on account of his bombardment of Messina in 1848.

=Bonanza State.= Nevada, on account of its rich mines, styled Bonanza mines. _Bonanza_ is Spanish for “prosperity.”

=Bond Street= (Old and New). Built on the land owned by Sir Thomas Bond, Comptroller of the Household of Charles I.

=Bone of Contention.= In allusion to two dogs fighting over a bone.

=Bone-shaker.= The original type of bicycle, with wooden wheels, of which the rims consisted of small curved pieces glued together. Compared with a modern machine it was anything but easy riding.

=Boniface.= The popular name for an innkeeper--not that St Boniface was the patron saint of drawers and tapsters, but because one of the Popes of this name instituted what was called “St Boniface’s Cup,” by granting an indulgence to all who toasted his health, or that of his successors, immediately after saying grace at meals.

=Booking Office.= In the old coaching days passengers had to book their seats for a stage journey several days in advance at an office in the innyard whence the coaches set out. When railways came in the name was retained, though no “booking” was ever in evidence. Nearly all the old coaching innyards have been converted into railway goods and parcels receiving depots.

=Bookmaker.= From the way in which he adjusts his clients’ bets, so that, ordinarily, he cannot lose on the issue of a day’s racing.

=Boot-jack.= A wooden contrivance by which the wearer could help himself to take off his high-legged boots without the aid of a servant. Hence it was called a _jack_, which is the generic term for a man-servant or boy.

=Border Eagle State.= Mississippi, on account of the Border Eagle in the arms of the state.

=Bore.= This name was first applied by the “Macaronies” to any person who disapproved of foppishness or dandyism. Nowadays it implies one whose conversation is uninteresting, and whose society becomes repugnant.

=Borneo.= A European application of the Sanskrit _boorni_, land.

=Born in the Purple.= Since purple was the Imperial colour of the Cæsars and the Emperors of the East, the sons of the reigning monarch were said to be born in it. This expression had a literal truth, for the bed furniture was draped with purple.

=Born with a Silver Spoon in his Mouth.= In allusion to the silver apostle spoon formerly presented to an infant by its godfather at baptism. In the case of a child born lucky or rich such a gift of worldly goods was anticipated at the moment of entering life.

=Borough.= The _Burgh_ or town which arose on the south side of Old London Bridge, long before the City of London became closely packed with streets and houses.

=Borough English.= A Saxon custom, whereby the youngest son of a burgher inherited everything from his father, instead of the eldest, as among the Normans.

=Bosh.= See “All Bosh.”

=Bosphorus.= From the Greek _bos-porus_, cow strait, agreeably to the fable that Io, transformed into a white cow, swam across it.

=Boss.= A term derived from the Dutch settlers of New York, in whose language _baas_ (pronounced like the _a_ in _all_), expressed an overseer or master.

=Boston.= Short for St Botolph’s Town. “The stump” of the church is seen from afar across the Boston Deeps.

=Botany Bay.= So called by Captain Cook on account of the variety of, to him, new plants found on its shores. This portion of New South Wales was the first British Convict Settlement; hence Botany Bay became a term synonymous with penal servitude.

=Botolph Lane.= From the church of St Botolph, situated in it.

=Bottle of Hay.= A corruption of “bundle of hay,” from the French _botte_, a bundle, of which the word bottle expresses the diminutive.

=Bottom Dollar.= An Americanism for one’s last coin.

=Bovril.= An adaptation of _bovis_, ox, and _vril_, strength--the latter being a word coined by Lord Lytton in “The Coming Race.”

=Bow.= From the ancient stone bridge over the Lea, which was the first ever built in this country on a bow or arch.

=Bow Church.= Properly the church of St Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside, the first in this country to be built on bows or arches.

=Bowdlerise.= In the year 1818 Thomas Bowdler brought out an expurgated edition of Shakespeare’s Plays; hence a “Bowdlerised Edition” of any work is one of which the original text has been unwarrantably tampered with.

=Bowie Knife.= After Colonel Jim Bowie, a famous fighter of the western states, who first armed himself with this weapon.

=Bow Street.= From its arc shape when first laid out.

=Bow Street Runners.= Primitive detectives sent out from their headquarters in Bow Street in highwayman days.

=Bowyer Tower.= Anciently the residence of the Tower bowyer or bowmaker. Here, according to tradition, the Duke of Clarence was drowned in a butt of “Malmsey.”

=Boxing Day.= See “Christmas-box.”

=Box Office.= At one time only the private boxes at a theatre could be booked in advance; hence the term.

=Box the Compass.= To be able to repeat all the thirty-two degrees or points of the mariner’s compass; a mental exercise all round the compass-box.

=Boycott.= To ostracise a man. This word came into use in 1881, after Captain Boycott of Lough Mark Farm, co. Mayo, was cut off from all social and commercial intercourse with his neighbours for the crime of being an Irish landlord.

=Boy King.= Edward VI., who ascended the throne of England in his tenth, and died in his sixteenth, year.

=Boz.= Under this _nom de plume_ Charles Dickens published his earliest “Sketches” of London life and character in _The Morning Chronicle_. He has told us himself that this was the pet name of a younger brother, after Moses Primrose in “The Vicar of Wakefield.” The infantile members of the family pronounced the name “Bozes,” and at last shortened it into “Boz.”

=Bradford.= From the Anglo-Saxon _Bradenford_, “broad ford.”

=Braggadocio.= After _Braggadochio_, a boasting character in Spenser’s “Faery Queene.”

=Brahma Fowl.= Originally from the district of the Brahmapootra River in India. _Pootra_ is Sanskrit for Son; hence the river name means “The Son of Brahma.”

=Brandy.= From the German _Brantwein_, burnt wine. A spirituous distillation from wine.

=Brazenose College.= The brazen nose on the college gate notwithstanding, this name was derived from the fact that here stood an ancient _brasenhuis_, or “brew-house.” Oxford has always been famous for the excellent quality of its beer.

=Bravo.= In Italy one who is always boasting of his courage and prowess; generally a hired assassin.

=Brazil.= From _braza_, the name given by the Portuguese to the red dye-wood of the country.

=Bread Street.= Where the bakers had their stalls in connection with the Old Chepe, or market.

=Break Bread.= To accept hospitality. In the East bread is baked in the form of large cakes, which are broken, never cut with a knife. To break bread with a stranger ensures the latter personal protection as long as he remains under the roof of his host.

=Breakfast.= The morning meal, when the fast since the previous night’s supper is broken.

=Break the Bank.= Specifically at the gaming-tables of Monte Carlo. With extraordinary luck this may be done on occasion; but the winner’s triumph is short-lived since, the capital of the bank being unlimited, if he continues to play after fresh stores of gold have been produced, he must lose in the end.

=Brecon.= See “Brecknock.”

=Brecknock.= The capital (also called Brecon) of one of the shires of Wales, originally _Breckineauc_, after Brychan, a famous Welsh prince. Brecknock Road takes its name from Lord Camden, Earl of Brecknock, the ground landlord.

=Breeches Bible.= From the word “breeches” for “aprons” (Genesis iii. 7).

=Brentford.= The ford over the Brent.

=Breviary.= The name given to an abridgment of the daily prayers, for the use of priests, during the Seven Canonical Hours, made by Pope Gregory VII. in the eleventh century.

=Brevier.= The style of type originally employed in the composition of the Catholic “Breviary.”

=Bridegroom.= The word _groom_ comes from the Gothic and Anglo-Saxon _guma_, man, allied to the Latin _homo_, man. It still expresses a man-servant who grooms or attends to his master’s horse.

=Bride Lane.= From the church of St Bride or Bridget.

=Bride of the Sea.= Venice, in allusion to the ancient ceremony of “The Marriage of the Adriatic.”

=Bridewell.= The name anciently given to a female penitentiary, from the original establishment near the well of St Bride or Bridget in the parish of Blackfriars. The name is preserved in Bridewell Police Station.

=Brigadier.= The commanding officer of a brigade.

=Bridge.= Twenty years ago two families at Great Dalby, Leicestershire, paid each other a visit on alternate nights, for a game of what they called Russian whist. Their way lay across a broken bridge, very dangerous after nightfall. “Thank goodness, it’s your bridge to-morrow night!” they were wont to exclaim on parting. This gave the name to the game itself.

=Bridge of Sighs.= The bridge forming a covered gallery over the Canal at Venice between the State prisons on the one hand and the palace of the Doges on the other. Prisoners were led to the latter to hear the death sentence pronounced, and thence to execution. No State prisoner was ever known to recross this bridge; hence its name.

=Bridgewater Square.= From the town house of the Earls of Bridgewater.

=Brief.= A brief summary of all the facts of a client’s case prepared by a solicitor for the instruction of counsel.

=Bristol.= Called by the Anglo-Saxons “_Brightstow_,” or pleasant, stockaded place.

=Britain.= This country was known to the Phœnicians as _Barat-Anac_, “the land of time.” The Romans called it _Britannia_.

=British Columbia.= The only portion of North America which honours the memory, as a place name, of Christopher Columbus.

=Brittany.= The land anciently possessed by the kings of Britain.

=Brixton.= Anciently _Brigestan_, the bridge of stone.

=Broadside.= A large sheet printed straight across instead of in columns.

=Broker.= From the Anglo-Saxon _brucan_, through the Old English _brocour_, to use for profit.

=Brompton.= Anciently Broom Town, or place of the broom plant.

=Brook Street.= From a stream meandering through the fields from Tyburn.

=Brooke Street.= From the town house of Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke. In this street the boy poet Chatterton poisoned himself.

=Brother Jonathan.= After Jonathan Turnbull, the adviser of General Washington in all cases of military emergency. “We must ask Brother Jonathan” was the latter’s invariable reply to a suggestion made to him.

=Brougham.= First made to the order of Lord Brougham.

=Brought under the Hammer.= Put up for sale by public auction. The allusion is, of course, to the auctioneer’s hammer.

=Bruce Castle.= The residence of Robert Bruce after his defeat by John Baliol in the contest for the Scottish crown.

=Bruges.= From its many bridges.

=Brummagem.= The slang term for cheap jewellery made at Birmingham. In local parlance this city is “Brummagem,” and its inhabitants are “Brums.”

=Brunswick Square.= Laid out and built upon at the accession of the House of Brunswick.

=Bruton Street.= From the seat of the Berkeleys at Bruton, Somersetshire.

=Bryanstone Square.= From the seat, near Blandford, Dorset, of Viscount Portman, the ground landlord.

=Bucephalus.= A horse, after the famous charger of Alexander the Great.

=Buckeye State.= Ohio, from the buckeye-trees with which this state abounds. Its people are called “Buckeyes.”

=Buckingham.= The Anglo-Saxon _Boccenham_, or “beech-tree village.”

=Buckingham Palace.= After the residence, on this site, of John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham.

=Buckingham Street.= From the older mansion of John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham. The water-gate is still in evidence.

=Buckle to.= An expression descended from the days of chivalry, when a knight buckled on his armour for the tournament.

=Bucklersbury.= Anciently the _bury_ or enclosed ground of a wealthy grocer named Buckle or Bukerel.

=Budge Row.= From the vendors of “Budge” or lambskin fur who congregated here.

=Bug Bible.= From the word “bugges”--_i.e._ bogies--in place of “the terror” (Psalm xci. 5).

=Buggy.= From _bâghi_, the Hindustani for a one-horse vehicle.

=Bull.= A papal edict, so called on account of the _bulla_, or seal.

=Bull and Gate.= An inn sign, corrupted from “Boulogne Gate,” touching the siege of Boulogne and its harbour by Henry VIII. in 1544.

=Bulgaria.= A corruption of Volgaria, the country of the _Volsci_.

=Bull-dog.= A dog originally employed in the brutal sport of bull-baiting. The name is also given to one of the two attendants of the proctor at a university while going his rounds by night.

=Bullion State.= Missouri, after Thomas Hart Benton, who, when representing this state in Congress, merited the nickname of “Old Bullion,” from his spirited advocacy of a gold and silver currency instead of “Greenbacks” or paper.

=Bullyrag.= See “Ragging.”

=Bullyruffian.= A corruption of the _Bellerophon_, the vessel on which Napoleon surrendered after the battle of Waterloo.

=Bungalow.= From the Bengalese _bangla_, a wooden house of one storey surrounded by a verandah.

=Bunhill Fields.= Not from the Great Plague pit in Finsbury, but from the cart-loads of human bones shot here when the charnel-house of St Paul’s Churchyard was pulled down in 1549.

=Bunkum.= Originally a Congressman’s speech, “full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.” An oratorial flight not intended to carry a proposal, but to catch popular applause. The representative for Buncombe, in North Carolina, occupied the time of the house at Washington so long with a meaningless speech that many members left the hall. Asked his reason for such a display of empty words, he replied: “I was not speaking to the House, but to Buncombe.”

=Bureau.= French for a writing-desk, from _buro_, a drugget, with which it was invariably covered.

=Burgess Roll.= See “Roll Call.”

=Burgundy.= A wine produced in the French province of the same name.

=Burke.= To stop or gag--_e.g._ to burke a question. After an Irishman of this name, who silently and secretly took the lives of many peaceable citizens by holding a pitch plaster over their mouths, in order to sell their bodies to the doctors for dissection. He was hanged in 1849. His crimes were described as “Burking.”

=Burleigh Street.= From the residence of Lord Burleigh in Exeter Street, hard by.

=Burlington Street= (Old and New). After Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington and Cork, from whom Burlington House, refronted by him, also received its name.

=Burmah.= From the natives, who claim to be descendants of Brahma, the supreme deity of the Hindoos.

=Burton Crescent.= After the name of its builder.

=Bury St Edmunds.= A corruption of the Borough of St Edmund, where the Saxon king and martyr was crowned on Christmas Day, 856. Taken prisoner and killed by the Danes, he was laid to rest here. Over the site of his tomb Canute built a Benedictine monastery.

=Bury Street.= Properly Berry Street, after its builder.

=Bury the Hatchet.= At a deliberation of war the hatchet is always in evidence among the Indians of North America, but when the calumet, or pipe of peace, is being passed round, the symbol of warfare is carefully hidden.

=Busking.= Theatrical slang for an _al fresco_ performance to earn a few coppers. To “go busking on the sands” is the least refined aspect of a Pierrot Entertainment. See “Sock and Buskin.”

=Buy a Pig in a Poke.= A man naturally wants to see what he is bargaining for. “Poke” is an old word for a sack or large bag, of which _pocket_ expresses the diminutive.

=By Gad.= A corruption of the old oath “By God.”

=By George.= Originally this oath had reference to the patron saint of England. In more modern times it was corrupted into “By Jove,” so that it might have applied to Jupiter; then at the Hanoverian Succession the ancient form came in again.

=By Hook or by Crook.= The final word here is a corruption of Croke. More than a century ago two eminent K.C.’s named Hook and Croke were most generally retained by litigants in action at law. This gave rise to the saying: “If I can’t win my case by Hook I will by Croke.”

=By Jingo.= An exclamation traceable to the Basque mountaineers brought over to England by Edward I. to aid him in the subjection of Wales at the time when the Plantagenets held possession of the Basque provinces. “Jainko” expressed the supreme deity of these hillmen.

=By Jove.= See “By George.”

=By the Holy Rood.= The most solemn oath of the crusaders. “Rood,” from the Anglo-Saxon _rod_, was the Old English name for Cross.

=By the Mass.= A common oath in the days of our Catholic ancestors, when quarrels were generally made up by the parties attending Mass together.

=By the Peacock.= See “Peacock.”

=By the Skin of my Teeth.= An expression derived from Job xix. 20: “My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.”

=Byward Tower.= A corruption of Bearward Tower, the residence of the Tower “Bearward.” The bear-house at our national fortress in the time of James I. is mentioned in Nichol’s “Progresses and Processions.”

C

=Cab.= Short for “Cabriolet,” or little caperer, from _cabriole_, a goat’s leap. See “Capri.”

=Cabal.= A political term formed out of the initials of the intriguing ministry of 1670--thus: Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale.

=Cabinet.= The designation of Ministers of State, who first conducted their deliberations in a cabinet, from the Italian _gabinetto_, a small room. A picture or photograph of this size received its name from the apartment for which it was best suited.

=Cabin Girls.= Waitresses at the “Cabin” Restaurants Limited.

=Cablegram.= An Americanism for telegram.

=Cadiz.= Called Gades by the Romans, from the Phœnician _Gadir_, enclosed, shut in.

=Cadogan Square.= From the Earl of Cadogan, the lord of the manor of Chelsea.

=Cahoot.= An Americanism for partnership or company, derived from the French _capute_, hut, cabin. Men who share a cabin or shanty are said to be “in cahoot.”

=Caitiff.= An old term of contempt for a despicable person, derived from the Latin _captivis_, a captive, slave.

=Caius College.= The name given to Gonville College, Cambridge, after its refoundation by Dr Caius by royal charter in 1558.

=Cake Walk.= A musical walking competition round a cake, very popular among the negroes of the southern states. The couple adjudged to walk most gracefully receive the cake as a prize.

=Calcutta.= From _Kalikutta_, “the village of Kali,” the goddess of time.

=Caledonia.= The country of the Caels or Gaels; _Gadhel_ in the native tongue signified a “hidden cover.”

=Caledonian Road.= From the Royal Caledonian Asylum for Scottish orphans, now removed.

=Calico.= First brought from Calicut in the East Indies.

=California.= Called by Cortez _Caliente Fornalla_, or “hot furnace,” on account of its climate.

=Caliph.= From the Arabic _Khalifah_, a successor.

=Called over the Coals.= A corruption of “Hauled over the Coals.”

=Camberwell.= From the ancient holy well in the vicinity of the church of St Giles, the patron saint of cripples. _Cam_ is Celtic for “crooked.”

=Cambria.= The country of the _Cimbri_ or _Cymri_, who finally settled in Wales.

=Cambric.= First made at Cambray in Flanders.

=Cambridge.= From the bridge over the Cam, or “crooked” river. See “Cantab.”

=Camden Town.= After the Earl of Camden, the ground landlord.

=Camellia.= Introduced into Europe by G. J. Camelli, the German missionary botanist.

=Camera Obscura.= Literally a dark chamber.

=Cameron Highlanders.= The Scottish regiment of infantry raised by Allan Cameron in 1793.

=Camisard.= A military term for a night attack, after the Camisards, Protestant insurgents of the seventeenth century, who, wearing a _camise_, or peasant’s smock, conducted their depredations under cover of night.

=Camomile Street.= From the herbs that grew on the waste north of the city.

=Campania.= An extensive plain outside Rome, across which the “Appian Way” was constructed. The word comes from the Latin _campus_, a field.

=Campden Square.= From the residence of Sir Baptist Hicks, created Viscount Campden.

=Canada.= From the Indian _kannatha_, a village or collection of huts.

=Canary.= Wine and a species of singing bird brought from the Canary Islands, so called, agreeably to the Latin _canis_, on account of the large dogs found there.

=Candia.= Anciently Crete, called by the Arabs _Khandæ_, “island of trenches.”

=Candy.= An Americanism for sweetmeats. The Arabic _quand_, sugar, gave the French word _candi_.

=Canned Meat.= An Americanism for tinned meat.

=Cannibal.= See “Caribbean Sea.”

=Cannon Row.= The ancient residence of the Canons of St Stephen’s Chapel, Westminster Abbey.

=Cannon Street.= A corruption of Candlewick Street, where the candle-makers congregated.

=Cannucks.= See “K’nucks.”

=Canonbury.= From the manorial residence of the priors of St Bartholomew Church, Clerkenwell, of which the ancient tower remains.

=Cant.= After Alexander and Andrew Cant, a couple of bigoted Covenanters, who persecuted their religious opponents with relentless zeal, and at the same time prayed for those who suffered on account of their religious opinions.

=Cantab.= Of Cambridge University. The River Cam was anciently called the Granta; hence the Saxon name of the city _Grantabrycge_, or the bridge over the Granta, softened later into _Cantbrigge_.

=Canterbury.= The fortified place or chief town of “Kent.”