Chapter 17

Agrippa (King), Philo's life covers reign of, 45; Philo in Jerusalem during reign of, 50; arrives at Alexandria, 65; advanced to Kingdom of Judea, 69; intercedes at Rome for his people, 69; death of, 70.

Alexander (the Great), a notable figure in Talmud, 13; settles Jews in Greek colonies, 14; result of his work, 23.

Alexander Lysimachus, Alabarch of Delta region, 46; guardian of Antony's daughter, 46; restored to honor after imprisonment, 70.

Alexandria, Jewish community at (_see_ Jewish), 13 ff., 41, 42 f.; Jewish population of, under Ptolemy I, 15; meeting-place of civilizations, 14, 48, 95; centre of Jewish life, 15, 129; two sections occupied by Jews, 16; prosperity of Jews in, 21, 22, 32; anti-Semitic literature and influences in, 22, 62, 67, 74; Jewish tradition at, 27; synagogues at, 37; deputation to Jerusalem from, 41; rabbis flee to, 42; Agrippa finds a refuge at, 51, 65; mystical and ascetic ideas of people at, 55, 59; philosophical schools at, 63, 90, 92, 94, 140; development of Judaism in, 77, 255; Egyptian caste-system adopted at, 16; Jews of, popularize teachings of Bible, 34; Jews of, referred to, in Talmud, 42; Philo forced into Sanhedrin of, 61, 202, 203 f.; Philo member of, 61; disintegration of community at, 71; Zealots flee to, on fall of Jerusalem, 71; replaced by Babylon as centre of Jewish intellect, 73; Samaritans in, 106; antinomian movement in, 130; prototypes of Christian belief at, 155; Pythagorean influence at, 188; national life and culture undermined at (_see_ National), 218.

Alexandrian, exegesis, characteristic of, 36; church, departs from Jewish standpoint, 72; Platonists, connection between Philo and later school of, 192; schools, relation of, to Palestinian, 199 f., 213; literature in the Dark and Middle Ages, 225 f.

_Allegories of the Laws_, an allegorical commentary, 74, 87 f.; attacks Stoic doctrines, 94; the _Epistles_, lineal descendants of, 247.

Angels, doctrine of, in Palestine, 140; Philo's treatment of, 150-1.

Antiochus Epiphanes, Palestine passes to, 17.

Anti-Semitic, party, Flaccus won over by, 65; literature and influences in Alexandria, 22, 62, 67, 74; party, punishment of, at Rome, 70.

Apion, a Stoic leader, 63; accuses Jews, 63, 67; Philo's references to, 63, 101; Josephus' reply to, 65.

Aquila, new Greek version of Old Testament made by, 224; rabbis' views of, 224.

Aristeas, spirit of, glorified in Philo, 77.

Aristobulus, first allegorist of Alexandria, 38; his spirit inherited by Philo, 77; on wisdom, 143; on the Word of God, 146; difference between Philo and, 168.

Artapanus, Jewish apologist, 77.

Assouan, Aramaic papyri at, 15.

Babylon, replaces Alexandria as centre of Jewish intellect, 73; Greek culture forgotten in, 224.

Bible, the, Philo's interpretation and views on, 49, 102, 108 ff.; Philo reveals spiritual message of, 83; authority of, challenged at Alexandria, 92; wisdom personified in, 141, 142.

Cabbalah, the, Essenes practitioners in, 233; Philo as the Hellenizer of, 235.

Caligula. _See_ Gaius.

Chaldean, thought, Philo's acquaintance with, 48.

Christian, monastic communities, 73; heresy, a severance from main community, 72; theologians, fail to realize spirit of Philo, 124; reformers, and the yoke of the law, 130; teachers preserve Philo's works, 156, 248; writers quote Philo, 223; apologists imitate allegorical method, 245.

Christianity, the movement towards, 28; rise of, 42; conflict with Judaism at Alexandria, 72; Philo's writings regarded as testimony to, 156; Philo's influence over religious philosophy of, 195.

Conversion to Judaism, in Egypt and Rome, 32.

_Courage_, tractate appended to _Life of Moses_, 75.

_Creation of the World_, description of, 83.

Croiset, criticism of Philo by, 90.

_Decalogue, The_, contents of, 83.

Derash, Philo a master of, 103.

_Dreams of the Bible_, classed with Allegories of the Laws, 74.

Dubnow, on Alexandrian Judaism, 129.

Egypt, Alexander's march to, 14; settlement of Jews in, 14; connection between Israel and, 14; visited by Plato, 15, 172; Diaspora in, after Jeremiah, 15; a favored home of the Jews, 21; conversion widespread in (_see_ Rome), 32; Flaccus, governor of, 65; Jews of, under same rule as Palestine Jews, 15.

Egyptian, populace, Philo on, 62; thought, Philo's acquaintance with, 48.

_Epistles_, the Pauline, lineal descendants of Allegories of the Laws, 247; doctrines of the Logos in, 250.

Essenes, rise of, 34, 54; account of, in Philo's works, 78; type of the philosophical life, 79; practitioners in the Cabbalah, 233.

Flaccus, won over by Anti-Semites, 65; indifference of, to attacks of Jews, 66; recall of, 66; Philo on the persecutions of, 78.

Frankel Z., writes on Alexandrian-Jewish culture, 241.

Gaius (Roman Emperor), comes to the imperial chair, 65; Jews appeal directly to, 66; receives Jewish deputation, 67; death of, 69.

Greek philosophers, Philo's relation to, 48, 52; philosophy, Philo's influence on, 49, 191 f.; colonies, Alexander settles Jews in, 14.

Greek culture, various branches of, 47; the chief schools of, 48, 54; fertilizing influence of ideas of, 58; and Jewish Scripture, 76; neglected in Babylon, 224.

Haggadah, the, in Philo's works, 202, 207 f.; antiquity of, 209 f.; allegorical speculation in, 212.

Halakah, outcome of devotion to Torah, 99; Palestinian Jews determine, 105; observance of oral law standardized in, 126; relation of Philo to, 202 f.; differences between Alexandrian Sanhedrin and Palestinian, 203 f.; codification of, 207.

Hebrew, language, evidence of Philo's knowledge of, 49; included in barbarian languages, 97; Philo's derivations from, 50, 101; race, the three founders of, 110 f.; tradition, Philo follows, 159; mind, Professor Caird on, 167.

Hellenism, of Palestine, 24, 25; of Alexandria (_see_ Greek culture), 25; influence of, in Palestine, 51; and the interpretation of the Bible, 254; New Testament, a combination of Hebraism and, 247; Christian theology a descent to a commoner, 254.

Hillel, Philo contemporary with, 45; shows expansion of Hebrew mind, 45; on chief lesson of Torah, 117, 118; spirit of, shared by Philo, 249.

_Humanity_, tractate appended to a _Life of Moses_, 75.

Incarnation, notion of, not Jewish, 166.

Indian, thought, Philo's acquaintance with, 48.

Isaac, _See Lives of Isaac and Jacob_, 83.

Israel, Philo's derivation of the name, 50, 138; God's special providence for, 77; the mission of, 206, 242.

Italy, Philo visits, 66.

Jacob, _See Lives of Isaac and Jacob_, 83.

Jeremiah, prophesies in Egypt, 14; heard by Plato, 15.

Jerusalem, Alexander's visit to, 14; Philo, on national centre at, 20, 41, 86; spiritual headship of, 41; special synagogues for Alexandrians in, 41; derivation of name of, 50; Philo's sojourn at, 50; downfall of, 71; Judaism at, 129.

Jesus, spread of his teaching, 245; his message compared with that of Philo, 245; preaching of, effect on Jewish attitude to life, 246; Paul sets up a new faith in, 251.

Jewish, community at Alexandria (_see_ Alexandria), 13 ff., 72; temple at Elephantine, 15; kingdom reaches its height, 45; mind, religous conception of, 49, 137, 166; law and ceremony, elucidation of, 49; race, symbol of the unity of, 51; aspiration toward "freedom under the law," 124; influences, dominant in Philo, 133, 189; philosophy, eclectic, 168; philosophy, new school of in Middle Ages, 225 f.

Joseph (_see Lives of Abraham and Joseph_), 83; as Egyptian statesman, 23.

Josephus, on Onias and Dositheus, 18; inconsistent accounts of Onias temple, 19; on Egyptian Jews, 20; account of Herod's temple by, 41; writes a reply to Apion, 65; description of Gaius' conduct to Jewish deputation, 68; on the spreading of Judaism, 115; indicates communication between schools of Alexandria and Palestine, 220; relation to Philo and his works, 222.

Jowett, on sermons, 90.

Judaism, genius of, 46, 196; Philo's exposition of, 52, 74, 78, 81, 84, 105; Philo protests against desecration of, 258; mysticism in, 58; philosophical, 72, 230; Alexandrian development of, 77, 92; moral teachings of, 85; religion of the law, 106, 116, 260; Josephus on the spreading of, 115; a religion of universal validity, 121, 169; at Jerusalem and Alexandria, 129; catholic conscience of, 130, 131; Darmesteter on, 132; Logos doctrine and, 165; danger of union with Gentiles to, 206; a national culture, 219; influences of Jesus and Paul on, 247; Hellenistic interpretation of the Bible and, 254.

Judas Maccabæus, struggles against Hellenizing party, 18.

Krochmal, Nachman, criticism of Philo, 240.

_Life of Moses_, contents of, 75, 79 f.; an attempt to set monotheism before the world, 80; tractates appended to, 75.

_Lives of Abraham and Joseph_, description of, 83.

_Lives of Isaac and Jacob_, contents of, 83.

Logos, 143 ff.; its relation to God's Providence, 143; meaning of, 144-164, 148; Aristobulus on, 146; regarded as the effluence of God, 149; spoken of as a person, 156; the soul, an image of, 178; development of Philo's doctrine of, 192.

Maimonides, object of his Moreh, 91; principles of, 99, 229; comparison of Philo with, 229 f.

Mark Antony, Alexander Lysimachus in the confidence of, 46.

Monastic communities, supposed record of Christian, in Philo, 73.

Moses, Philo a follower of, 60, 113 f.; Philo's ideal type, 79 f.; Philo, as interpreter of his revelation, 104, 106 f. _See Life of Moses_.

National, centre at Jerusalem, Philo on, 20, 41, 86; life undermined at Rome and Alexandria, 218.

Old Testament, Septuagint translation of, 25-30; Aquila's new Greek version of, 224.

Onias, leader of army of Egyptian monarch, 18; successor to high priesthood, 18; builds temple, 18, 19 f.; temple of, dismantled, 71; Jewish writers silent about work of, 19.

Oral law, observance of, standardized in the Halakah, 126.

Origen, distinguishes three methods of interpretation, 76; teacher of Patristic school, 195; imitates Philo, 186.

Palestine, struggle for, between Ptolemies and Seleucids, 17; Hellenism of, compared with that of Athens, 24, 25; rabbis of, 28; Philo visits, 50; effect of Hellenic influence in, 54; New Moon a solemn day in, 121; aims of Jewish thought in, 140; doctrine of angels in, 140.

Palestinian Jews, under same rule as Egyptian Jews, 15; rabbis, oral tradition, 34; development of Jewish culture, 42 f., 200; Midrash, Philo's acquaintance with, 52; schools, relation existing between Alexandrian and, 199 f., 203 f., 213.

Paul, the most commanding of the apostles, 247; influence of, compared with that of Jesus, 247; rejection of the Torah by, 248; sets up a new faith in Jesus, 251.

Pentateuch, Samaritan doctrines with reference to, 106.

Peshat, as a form of interpretation, 103.

Philo, contemporary with Herod, 45, 50; family of, 46; works of 74 ff.; philosophical training of, 49; flees from Alexandria, 60; meeting of Peter and Mark with, 73; forced into Sanhedrin of Alexandria, 61; writings of, regarded as testimony to Christianity, 73, 156; influence of, over Christian religious philosophy, 195, 242 ff.; relation of, to Greek philosophers, 48, 52; acquaintance of, with Chaldean and Indian thought, 48; his interpretation and views of the Bible, 49, 102, 108 ff.; evidence of his knowledge of Hebrew language, 49; follows Hebrew tradition, 159, 199 ff.; compared with Spinoza, 73, 134, 163; on persecutions of Sejanus and Flaccus, 62, 78; replies to attacks of stoics, 64, 95; stoics' view of God compared with that of, 185; goes to Italy, 66; refers to Apion, 63, 101; Josephus' knowledge of the works of, 222; Christian teachers preserve works of, 156, 247; relation of, to the Halakah, 202 f.; comparison of Maimonides with, 229 f.; doctrine of the Logos (_see_ Logos), 144 ff.; connection between Saadia and, 226 f.; the Hellenizer of the Cabbalah, 235; opposed to missionary attitude of Paul, 249.

Plato, hears Jeremiah, 15; Philo's style reminiscent of, 48; conception of the Law in, 131; Philo's philosophy compared with that of, 170 ff.; dominant philosophical principle of, 174; a mystic, 230; conception of God in, 254.

Ptolemies, the: Ptolemy I, increases number of Jewish inhabitants in Alexandria, 15; IV, gives Heliopolis to Onias, 16; admirers of Scriptures, 23.

_Questions and Answers to Genesis and Exodus_, now incomplete, 75, 81 f.; a preliminary study to more elaborate works, 81; Hebraic in form, 82.

_Repentance_, tractate appended to _Life of Moses_, 75.

Rome, Alexandria second to, 14; conversion widespread in (_see_ Egypt), 32; Agrippa an exile from, 51; power of Jews at, 62; Jewish struggle with, 220; Philo's apocryphal meeting with Peter at, 73; national life and culture undermined at (_see_ National), 218.

Saadia, founds new school of Jewish philosophy, 225 f.; connection between Philo and, 226 f.

Samaritan, doctrines with reference to Pentateuch, 106; Jew, story of, 98.

Sanhedrin, Hillel, president of, 45; Philo forced into Alexandrian, 61; duties of members of, 61; of Alexandrian community, 202; of Jerusalem and capital punishment, 203; differences between Palestinian Halakah and Alexandrian, 203 f.

Sejanus, Tiberius falls under influence of, 62; Antonia opponent of, 62; Philo's book on persecution of, 62, 78; disgrace and death of, 65.

Septuagint, Hellenistic development marked by, 25; Philo's version of origin of, 26; celebrations in honor of, 27; infusion of Greek philosophic ideas into, 28; Christianizing influence of, 29; value of, to the cultured Gentile, 33; replaced by new Greek version of Old Testament, 224.

Solomon, Wisdom of, written at Alexandria, 31.

_Specific Laws, The_, description of, 83; socialism of Bible emphasized in, 86.

Spinoza, his ideal of life, 53; compared with Philo's, 73, 134, 163, 239; on Jewish thought, 137; influenced by Philo, 237 ff.; approaches Bible from critical standpoint, 239.

Stoics, the chief Anti-Semites, 63; Philo replies to attacks of, 64, 95; in conflict with Jews at Alexandria, 94; beliefs of, 64, 94, 116, 176; view of God compared with that of Philo, 185.

Synagogues, at Alexandria, 16, 37.

Tiberius Alexander, nephew of Philo, 71.

Tradition, Jewish, at Alexandria, 27; Philo and Jewish, 199 ff.

Zealots, flight of, to Alexandria, 71.

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: Comp. Leviticus Rabba 13.]

[Footnote 2: Comp. Josephus, Ant. IX. 1.]

[Footnote 3: Sukkah 51^{b}.]

[Footnote 4: Quoted by Josephus, Ant. XIV. 7.]

[Footnote 5: Ant. XII. 5, 9, XX. 10.]

[Footnote 6: Josephus, _Bell. Jud._ VII. 10.]

[Footnote 7: Comp. the passages in the "Antiquities" above and the _Bell. Jud._ V. 5.]

[Footnote 8: Menahot 109, Abodah Zarah 52^{b}.]

[Footnote 9: _De Leg._ II. 578.]

[Footnote 10: Comp. _De Mon._ I. 5.]

[Footnote 11: Dr. Hirseh, in The Jews' College Jubilee Volume, p.39.]

[Footnote 12: Menahot 119.]

[Footnote 13: Comp. Ant. XIV. 14-16.]

[Footnote 14: Ant. XVI. 7.]

[Footnote 15: Philo, _In Flacc._ 6.]

[Footnote 16: _C. Apion._ II. 5.]

[Footnote 17: I have used the word anti-Semite because, though the hatred at Alexandria was not racial, but national, it has now become synonymous with Jew-hater generally.]

[Footnote 18: Quoted in _C. Apion_. I. 22.]

[Footnote 19: _De V. Mos_. II. 6, 7.]

[Footnote 20: See p. 22, above.]

[Footnote 21: Preface to Ecclesiasticus.]

[Footnote 22: Tract. Soferim I. 7.]

[Footnote 23: Tanhuma [Hebrew: ki tsha]]

[Footnote 24: See p. 23, above.]

[Footnote 25: _Orac. Sib_., ed. Alexandre, III. 8.]

[Footnote 26: _Ibid._, III. 195.]

[Footnote 27: Comp. Strabo, Frag. 6, Didot.]

[Footnote 28: _De Post.C._ 24.]

[Footnote 29: _De V. Mos_. II. 28.]

[Footnote 30: Comp. _De Decal_. 20.]

[Footnote 31: Comp. Yer. Berakot 24c.]

[Footnote 32: _Praep. Evang_. VIII. 10, XIII. 12.]

[Footnote 33: Comp. _De Abr_. 15 and 37, _De Jos_. II. 63, _De Spec. Leg._ III. 32, _De Migr_. 89.]

[Footnote 34: _Quod Deus_ 11, _De Abr._ 36.]

[Footnote 35: Comp. Acts of the Apostles VI. 9, and Tosef. Meg. III. 6.]

[Footnote 36: Yoma 83^{a}.]

[Footnote 37: _Bell. Jud._ V. 5.]

[Footnote 38: Comp. Niddah 69^{b}, Sotah 47^{a}.]

[Footnote 39: "Heroes and Hero-Worship," ch. 3.]

[Footnote 40: Ant. XIX. 5.]

[Footnote 41: Photius, _Cod._ 108.]

[Footnote 42: Comp. _De Confus._ 15.]

[Footnote 43: Comp. _De Mon._ I. 6.]

[Footnote 44: Comp. Maimonides, Moreh II, ch. 36.]

[Footnote 45: _L.A._ I. 135.]

[Footnote 46: Comp. _De Cong._ 6 ff.]

[Footnote 47: Comp. Croiset, _Histoire de la littérature grecque_, V, pp. 425 ff.]

[Footnote 48: Comp. Mills, "Zoroaster, Philo, and Israel."]

[Footnote 49: Comp. _Quis Rer. Div._ 43, _De Judice_ II, _De V. Mos._ II. 4.]

[Footnote 50: Ritter, _Philon und die Halacha_.]

[Footnote 51: Comp. _De V. Mos._ I. 1, _In Flacc._ 23 and 33, _De Mut. Nom._ 39.]

[Footnote 52: _Præp. Evang._ VIII. v.]

[Footnote 53: _De Mon._ II. 1-3.]

[Footnote 54: Comp. _Bell. Jud._ VI. 9. 3.]

[Footnote 55: Comp. _De V. Mos._ II. 4.]

[Footnote 56: _De Spec. Leg._ III. 1.]

[Footnote 57: Comp. _De Migr._ 4, _L.A._ III. 45.]

[Footnote 58: Comp. Graetz, "History of the Jews" III. 91 ff.]

[Footnote 59: Comp. _Quod Omnis Probus Liber_ 11 ff.]

[Footnote 60: The authenticity of this book is elaborately discussed by Conybeare in his edition of it.]

[Footnote 61: "Ethics of the Fathers" VI. 4.]

[Footnote 62: _De Mundi Op._ I. 42.]

[Footnote 63: Comp. _De Migr._ 6 ff.]

[Footnote 64: _L.A._ II. 21.]

[Footnote 65: _De Fuga_ 7 ff.]

[Footnote 66: Comp. _De Spec. Leg._ II. 260.]

[Footnote 67: Comp. _De Cherubim_ 9.]

[Footnote 68: _De Migr._ 7-9.]

[Footnote 69: II, ch. 36 ff.]

[Footnote 70: Comp. _De Spec. Leg._ III. 1.]

[Footnote 71: Massebieau, _Du classement des oeuvres de Philon_.]

[Footnote 72: _In Flacc._ 5.]

[Footnote 73: Comp. Th. Reinach, _Textes d'auteurs romains et grecs relatifs au Judaisme_, pp. 120 ff.]

[Footnote 74: Comp. _De Confus._, _passim_.]

[Footnote 75: Josephus, _C. Apion._, Introduction.]

[Footnote 76: _In Flacc._ 10.]

[Footnote 77: _De Leg_. 27 and 28.]

[Footnote 78: Ant. XVIII. 8. 1.]

[Footnote 79: _De Leg., ad fin_.]

[Footnote 80: Ant. XIX. 5.]

[Footnote 81: Frag, preserved by John of Damascus, p. 404.]

[Footnote 82: Comp. Ant. XX. 5.]

[Footnote 83: Comp. Massebieau, _op. cit._]

[Footnote 84: Comp. Bernays, _Ueber die unter Philos Werken stehenden Schriften [Greek: peri tês aphtharsias Kosmou]_, and Siegfried, art. "Philo" in the Jewish Encyclopedia.]

[Footnote 85: _Quod Deus_ 86.]

[Footnote 86: _Quod Omnis Probus Liber_ 12 ff.]

[Footnote 87: _De V. Mos._ I. 1.]

[Footnote 88: _De V. Mos_. II. 5.]

[Footnote 89: "On Repentance," II.]

[Footnote 90: Comp. Treitel, _Agadah bei Philo. Monatsschrift_, 1909.]

[Footnote 91: _De Abr._ 12.]

[Footnote 92: Comp. Bereshit Rabba 47.]

[Footnote 93: _De Sac. et Victimis_ 5 and 6.]

[Footnote 94: _De Mon._ II. 3 ff.]

[Footnote 95: Comp. Plato, _Rep_. V, _ad fin_.]

[Footnote 96: _De Exsecr_. II. 587.]

[Footnote 97: _De Abr._ 3.]

[Footnote 98: Comp. _L.A._ II. 4.]

[Footnote 99: _L.A._ I. 1.]

[Footnote 100: Comp. Freudenthal, _Hellenistische Studien_.]

[Footnote 101: Croiset, _op. cit._ V, p. 427.]

[Footnote 102: Comp. _De Cherubim_, _passim_.]

[Footnote 103: Comp. Zohar III.]

[Footnote 104: _De Cherubim_, 9 and 14, _De Somn._ 8.]

[Footnote 105: _De Migr._ 12.]

[Footnote 106: _De Post. C._ 22.]

[Footnote 107: Midrash Esther I.]

[Footnote 108: Comp. _De Sac._ II. 245.]

[Footnote 109: Comp. _De Migr._ 32.]

[Footnote 110: Comp. _De Post C_, 11.]

[Footnote 111: _Quaestiones in Gen._ III. 33.]

[Footnote 112: _De Cong._ 10.]

[Footnote 113: Comp. Berakot 51^{b}, _De Agric._ 12, _De Somn._ II. 25.]

[Footnote 114: _De Confus._ 38.]

[Footnote 115: _De Mut. Nom._ 8.]

[Footnote 116: Comp. Bereshit Rabba 64.]

[Footnote 117: _De Somn._ I. 16 and 17.]

[Footnote 118: Comp. "Ethics of the Fathers" V. 25.]

[Footnote 119: Comp. _De Somn._ I. 13.]

[Footnote 120: _De Mut. Nom._ 9.]

[Footnote 121: _De Somn._ I. 5.]

[Footnote 122: Berakot 10^{a}.]

[Footnote 123: _De Cong._ 12.]

[Footnote 124: _De Cong._ 14.]

[Footnote 125: "Theologico-Political Tractate" VII.]

[Footnote 126: _De Abr._ 19.]

[Footnote 127: _De Mon._ II. 6.]

[Footnote 128: Harvard Studies, "Hellenism and Hebraism."]

[Footnote 129: Comp. Schechter, "Aspects of Rabbinic Theology," p. 119.]

[Footnote 130: Comp. _De V. Mos._ II. 9 and 10, III. 1.]

[Footnote 131: _L.A._ I. 2.]

[Footnote 132: Comp. _De Mundi Op._ 2.]

[Footnote 133: Comp. p. 85, above.]

[Footnote 134: Comp. _L.A._ I, _passim_.]

[Footnote 135: _L.A._ III. 12.]

[Footnote 136: _De Post. C._ 11.]

[Footnote 137: _De Abr._ 3 ff.]

[Footnote 138: _Ibid._ 6-10.]

[Footnote 139: The LXX renders the verse Gen. iv. 26, which is translated in the Authorized Version: "Then began men to call upon the name of the Lord," [Greek: outos êlpisen epi ton tôn olôn patera] _i.e._, "He hoped in the Father of all."]

[Footnote 140: _Quod Det._ 38.]

[Footnote 141: _De Jos._ 21.]

[Footnote 142: _De Jos._ 22.]

[Footnote 143: _De Jos._ 42.]

[Footnote 144: _Hist. Ecclesiast._ II. 18, 1.]

[Footnote 145: _De V. Mos._ III. 4 ff.]

[Footnote 146: _De V. Mos._ II. 3.]

[Footnote 147: _De V. Mos._ II. 5, Josephus, _C. Apion._ II. 37.]

[Footnote 148: Comp. Horace, Satires I. 4, 138; I. 9, 60.]

[Footnote 149: Frag. preserved in Josephus, Ant. XIV. 7.]

[Footnote 150: Comp. Reinach, _op. cit._, p. 262.]

[Footnote 151: _De V. Mos._ II. 3.]

[Footnote 152: "Ethics of the Fathers" I. 17.]

[Footnote 153: _De Fuga_ 6.]

[Footnote 154: _De Decal._ 12.]

[Footnote 155: _De Decal._ 23.]

[Footnote 156: _De Septen._ 9.]

[Footnote 157: Kiddushin 20^{a}.]

[Footnote 158: _De Decal._ 20.]

[Footnote 159: _De Septen._ 7.]

[Footnote 160: _De Septen._ 6.]

[Footnote 161: Ch. 2. 31.]

[Footnote 162: Comp. _De Migr._ 23.]

[Footnote 163: _De Septen._ 1. 2.]

[Footnote 164: _De Septen._ 18 ff.]

[Footnote 165: _De Concupisc._ 1-3.]

[Footnote 166: Comp. _De Just._ II. 360.]

[Footnote 167: Ch. 16.]

[Footnote 168: I have taken this translation and that on the next page from Mr. Claude Montefiore's _Florilegium Philonis_. Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. VII.]

[Footnote 169: Comp. _De Ebr._ 40, and _De Spec. Leg._ II. 414.]

[Footnote 170: _De Leg._ II. 574.]

[Footnote 171: _Essais, Les Prophètes d'Israël_.]

[Footnote 172: Frag. cited by Porphyry, _De Abstinentia_ II. 25.]

[Footnote 173: _De Cong._ 10.]

[Footnote 174: Comp. Schechter, "Aspects of Rabbinic Theology," pp. 21 ff.]

[Footnote 175: _L.A._ I. 7.]

[Footnote 176: _L.A._ I. 14.]

[Footnote 177: _De Confus._ 2, _De Post. C._ 5.]

[Footnote 178: Comp. _De Somn._ I. 11, _De Mut. Nom._ 4.]

[Footnote 179: Caird, "Life of Spinoza" II.]

[Footnote 180: _De Mon._ I. 5.]

[Footnote 181: Comp. "The Authorised Prayer Book." p. 78.]

[Footnote 182: _Quod Deus_ 23.]

[Footnote 183: _De Mundi Op._ 5.]

[Footnote 184: _L.A._ III. 24.]

[Footnote 185: _De Somn._ II. 38.]

[Footnote 186: _L.A._ III. 24.]