Part 49

The food of the Marsh Wren principally consists of minute aquatic insects, and equally diminutive mollusca, which it procures by moving along the blades of the grasses, or the twigs of other plants, which it does with great activity. Indeed, so rapid are its movements among the weeds, that one might easily mistake it for a mouse, did he not observe its tail now and then raised over its back, so as to allow the white under-coverts of the former to become conspicuous.

Although I have shot and examined many birds of this species, I have not found any remarkable differences in the plumage of the sexes.

The young birds assume their full colouring so soon after they leave their nest, that by the time the species departs from the Middle Districts on its way southward, it is hardly possible to distinguish them from the old birds.

In the plate, the last of my first volume of the BIRDS OF AMERICA, you have, _kind_ reader (as I hope I may now with confidence call you), three figures of this little inhabitant of our marshy shores, together with the representation of its nest.

TROGLODYTES PALUSTRIS, _Ch. Bonaparte_, Synops. of Birds of the United States, p. 93.

MARSH WREN, TROGLODYTES PALUSTRIS, _Wils._ Amer. Ornith. vol. iii. p. 58. Pl. 12. fig. 4.

Adult Male. Plate C. Fig. 1.

Bill longish, slightly arched, slender, acute, subtrigonal at the base, compressed towards the tip; upper mandible with the ridge obtuse, the sides convex towards the end, concave at the base, the edges acute and overlapping; under mandible with the sides and back convex. Nostrils oblong, direct, basal, with a cartilaginous lid above, open and bare. Head ovate, eyes rather large, neck of ordinary length, body short and full. Legs of ordinary length; tarsus longer than the middle toe, compressed, covered anteriorly with six scutella, posteriorly with a long plate, forming an acute edge; toes scutellate above, the second and fourth nearly equal, the hind toe almost equal to the middle one, the third and fourth united as far as the second joint; claws rather long, slender, acute, arched, much compressed.

Plumage soft, tufty, slightly glossed. No bristly feathers about the bill. Wings short, broad, rounded: first quill half the length of the second, which is very little shorter than the third and fourth. Tail of ordinary length, much rounded, of twelve rounded feathers.

Bill dark brown above, yellow beneath. Iris hazel. Feet light brown. The general colour of the upper parts is dark brown, the sides of the head deeper, the fore part of the back brownish-black, longitudinally streaked with white, the quills externally margined with lighter brown, the tail barred with dark brown. A white line over the eye, extending down the neck; the sides of the latter mottled with light brown and grey; the under parts of a silvery greyish-white; the abdominal feathers and under tail-coverts tipped with brown.

Length 5 inches, extent of wings 6¼; bill along the ridge nearly 7/12, along the gap ¾; tarsus ⅚, middle toe nearly ¾.

Adult Female, Plate C. Fig. 2, 3.

The female differs very little in external appearance from the male. The black of the back is less deep, and the white lines are less conspicuous; the under parts, also, are of a duller white.

COLONEL BOON.

DANIEL BOON, or, as he was usually called in the Western Country, COLONEL BOON, happened to spend a night with me under the same roof, more than twenty years ago. We had returned from a shooting excursion, in the course of which his extraordinary skill in the management of the rifle had been fully displayed. On retiring to the room appropriated to that remarkable individual and myself for the night, I felt anxious to know more of his exploits and adventures than I did, and accordingly took the liberty of proposing numerous questions to him. The stature and general appearance of this wanderer of the western forests approached the gigantic. His chest was broad and prominent; his muscular powers displayed themselves in every limb; his countenance gave indication of his great courage, enterprise, and perseverance; and when he spoke, the very motion of his lips brought the impression that whatever he uttered could not be otherwise than strictly true. I undressed, whilst he merely took off his hunting shirt, and arranged a few folds of blankets on the floor, choosing rather to lie there, as he observed, than on the softest bed. When we had both disposed of ourselves, each after his own fashion, he related to me the following account of his powers of memory, which I lay before you, kind reader, in his own words, hoping that the simplicity of his style may prove interesting to you.

"I was once," said he, "on a hunting expedition on the banks of the Green River, when the lower parts of this State (Kentucky) were still in the hands of nature, and none but the sons of the soil were looked upon as its lawful proprietors. We Virginians had for some time been waging a war of intrusion upon them, and I, amongst the rest, rambled through the woods in pursuit of their race, as I now would follow the tracks of any ravenous animal. The Indians outwitted me one dark night, and I was as unexpectedly as suddenly made a prisoner by them. The trick had been managed with great skill; for no sooner had I extinguished the fire of my camp, and laid down to rest, in full security, as I thought, than I felt myself seized by an indistinguishable number of hands, and was immediately pinioned, as if about, to be led to the scaffold for execution. To have attempted to be refractory, would have proved useless and dangerous to my life; and I suffered myself to be removed from my camp to theirs, a few miles distant, without uttering even a word of complaint. You are aware, I dare say, that to act in this manner was the best policy, as you understand that by so doing, I proved to the Indians at once, that I was born and bred as fearless of death as any of themselves.

"When we reached the camp, great rejoicings were exhibited. Two squaws and a few papooses appeared particularly delighted at the sight of me, and I was assured, by very unequivocal gestures and words, that, on the morrow, the mortal enemy of the Red-skins would cease to live. I never opened my lips, but was busy contriving some scheme which might enable me to give the rascals the slip before dawn. The women immediately fell a searching about my hunting-shirt for whatever they might think valuable, and, fortunately for me, soon found my flask filled with _monongahela_ (that is, reader, strong whisky). A terrific grin was exhibited on their murderous countenances, while my heart throbbed with joy at the anticipation of their intoxication. The crew immediately began to beat their bellies and sing, as they passed the bottle from mouth to mouth. How often did I wish the flask ten times its size, and filled with aqua-fortis! I observed that the squaws drank more freely than the warriors, and again my spirits were about to be depressed, when the report of a gun was heard at a distance. The Indians all jumped on their feet. The singing and drinking were both brought to a stand, and I saw, with inexpressible joy, the men walk off to some distance and talk to the squaws. I knew that they were consulting about me, and I foresaw that in a few moments the warriors would go to discover the cause of the gun having been fired so near their camp. I expected that the squaws would be left to guard me. Well, Sir, it was just so. They returned; the men took up their guns, and walked away. The squaws sat down again, and in less than five minutes had my bottle up to their dirty mouths, gurgling down their throats the remains of the whisky.

"With what pleasure did I see them becoming more and more drunk, until the liquor took such hold of them that it was quite impossible for these women to be of any service. They tumbled down, rolled about, and began to snore: when I, having no other chance of freeing myself from the cords that fastened me, rolled over and over towards the fire, and, after a short time, burned them asunder. I rose on my feet, stretched my stiffened sinews, snatched up my rifle, and, for once in my life, spared that of Indians. I now recollect how desirous I once or twice felt to lay open the skulls of the wretches with my tomahawk; but when I again thought upon killing beings unprepared and unable to defend themselves, it looked like murder without need, and I gave up the idea.

"But, Sir, I felt determined to mark the spot, and walking to a thrifty ash sapling, I cut out of it three large chips, and ran off. I soon reached the river, soon crossed it, and threw myself deep into the cane-brakes, imitating the tracks of an Indian with my feet, so that no chance might be left for those from whom I had escaped to overtake me.

"It is now nearly twenty years since this happened, and more than five since I left the Whites' settlements, which I might probably never have visited again, had I not been called on as a witness in a law-suit that was pending in Kentucky, and which I really believe would never have been settled, had I not come forward, and established the beginning of a certain boundary line. This is the story, Sir.

"Mr —— moved from Old Virginia into Kentucky, and having a large tract granted to him in the new State, laid claim to a certain parcel of land adjoining Green River, and as chance would have it, took for one of his corners the very Ash tree on which I had made my mark, and finished his survey of some thousands of acres, beginning, as it is expressed in the deed, 'at an Ash marked by three distinct notches of the tomahawk of a white man.'

"The tree had grown much, and the bark had covered the marks; but somehow or other, Mr —— heard from some one all that I have already said to you, and thinking that I might remember the spot alluded to in the deed, but which was no longer discoverable, wrote for me to come and try at least to find the place or the tree. His letter mentioned that all my expenses should be paid, and not caring much about once more about going back to Kentucky, I started and met Mr ——. After some conversation, the affair with the Indians came to my recollection. I considered for a while, and began to think that after all I could find the very spot, as well as the tree, if it was yet standing.

"Mr —— and I mounted our horses, and off we went to the Green River Bottoms. After some difficulties, for you must be aware, Sir, that great changes have taken place in those woods, I found at last the spot where I had crossed the river, and waiting for the moon to rise, made for the course in which I thought the Ash tree grew. On approaching the place, I felt as if the Indians were there still, and as if I was still a prisoner among them. Mr —— and I camped near what I conceived the spot, and waited until the return of day.

"At the rising of the sun, I was on foot, and after a good deal of musing, thought that an Ash tree then in sight must be the very one on which I had made my mark. I felt as if there could be no doubt of it, and mentioned my thought to Mr ——. "Well, Colonel BOON," said he, "if you think so, I hope it may prove true, but we must have some witnesses; do you stay here about, and I will go and bring some of the settlers whom I know." I agreed. Mr —— trotted off, and I, to pass the time, rambled about to see if a deer was still living in the land. But ah! Sir, what a wonderful difference thirty years makes in the country! Why, at the time when I was caught by the Indians, you would not have walked out in any direction for more than a mile without shooting a buck or a bear. There were then thousands of buffaloes on the hills in Kentucky; the land looked as if it never would become poor; and to hunt in those days was a pleasure indeed. But when I was left to myself on the banks of Green River, I dare say for the last time in my life, a few _signs_ only of deer were to be seen, and, as to a deer itself, I saw none.

"Mr —— returned, accompanied by three gentlemen. They looked upon me as if I had been WASHINGTON himself, and walked to the Ash tree, which I now called my own, as if in quest of a long lost treasure. I took an axe from one of them, and cut a few chips off the bark. Still no signs were to be seen. So I cut, again until I thought it was time to be cautious, and I scraped and worked away with my butcher knife, until I _did_ come to where my tomahawk had left an impression in the wood. We now went regularly to work, and scraped at the tree with care, until three hacks as plain as any three notches ever were, could be seen. Mr —— and the other gentlemen were astonished, and, I must allow, I was as much surprised as pleased myself. I made affidavit of this remarkable occurrence in presence of these gentlemen. Mr —— gained his cause. I left Green River for ever, and came to where we now are; and, Sir, I wish you a good night."

I trust, kind reader, that when I again make my appearance with another volume of Ornithological Biography, I shall not have to search in vain for the impression which I have made, but shall have the satisfaction of finding its traces still unobliterated. I now withdraw, and, in the words of the noted wanderer of the western wilds, "WISH YOU A GOOD NIGHT."

INDEX.

Page

Acer rubrum, 287, 352

Adonis autumnalis, 48

Æsculus Pavia, 402

Alcedo Alcyon, 394

American Bear, 479

—— Cane, 149

—— Goldfinch, 172

—— Hare, 272

—— Pokeweed, 179

—— Redstart, 202

Anthus pipiens, 408

—— Spinoletta, 49

Autumnal Warbler, 447

Azure Warbler, 255

Baltimore Oriole, 66

Barred Owl, 242

Bay-breasted Warbler, 358

Bay-winged Bunting, 473

Bead-tree, 330

Bear, Black, 479

Bear-berry, 257

Belted Kingsfisher, 394

Betula papyracea, 449

Bewick's Wren, 96

Bignonia capreolata, 334

—— radicans, 254

Birch, Paper, 449

Bird of Washington, 58

Bitterwood, 123

Blackberry, 152

Black-billed Cuckoo, 170

Black-and-white Creeper, 452

—— Warbler, 290

Black Oak, 426

Black Walnut, 433

Black Warrior, 441

Blue-grey Fly-catcher, 431

Blue Tangles, 129

Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, 102

Blue-green Warbler, 258

Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, 78

Bombycilla carolinensis, 227

Bonaparte's Fly-catcher, 27

Boon, Colonel, 503

Broad-winged Hawk, 461

Brown Titlark, 49

Buck-eye, Dwarf, 402

Bull-frog, 367

Bunting, Henslow's, 360

—— Towhe, 150

Cactus opuntia, 475

Callicarpa americana, 592

Cane, American, 149, 458

Cane-brake, 458

Caprimulgus carolinensis, 273

—— vociferus, 422

Carolina Parrot, 135

Carolina Rose, 472

Carbonated Warbler, 308

Castanea pumila, 436

Cassia occidentalis, 181

Cedar Bird, 227

Cedar, Red, 230

Certhia varia, 452

Chestnut-sided Warbler, 306

Chicasaw Plum, 282

Children's Warbler, 180

Chinquapin, 436

Chuck-will's-widow, 273

Cinereous Eagle, 64

Cliff Swallow, 353

Cnicus lanceolatus, 176

Cockle-bur, 140

Coccyzus americanus, 18

—— erythrophthalmus, 170

Columba carolinensis, 91

—— migratoria, 319

Columbia Jay, 483

Common Crow Blackbird, 35

Cornus florida, 45, 376

Corvus Bullockii, 483

Corvus floridanus, 444

Cotton, Highland, 359

Cotton-wood, 407

Cotton-rose, 140

Cougar, 205

Cow-pen Bird, 492

Creeper, Black-and-White, 452

Crested Titmouse, 199

Cuckoo, Black-billed, 170

—— Yellow-billed, 18

Cuvier's Regulus, 288

Deer Hunting, 335

Diosporos virginiana, 446

Dogwood, 45, 376

Driving, 335

Earthquake, 239

Eagle, White-headed, 160

—— Washington, 58

Emberiza Henslowii, 360

—— erythrophthalma, 150

Falco Albicilla, 64

—— borealis, 265

—— columbarius, 466

—— Haliaetos, 415

—— Harlani, 441

—— hyemalis, 364

—— furcatus, 368

—— leucocephalus, 160

—— lineatus, 296

—— pennsylvanicus, 461

—— peregrinus, 85

—— Stanleii, 186

—— temerarius, 381

—— Washingtonii, 38

Falls of Niagara, 362

Finch, Painted, 279

—— Purple, 24

—— Sea-side, 470

Fire-light Hunting, 337

Fish Hawk, 415

Flood of the Ohio and Mississippi, 156

Flos Adonis, 48

Florida Jay, 444

—— Jessamine, 114

Fly-catcher, Bonaparte's, 27

—— Blue-grey, 431

—— Selby's, 46

—— Solitary, 147

—— Traill's, 236

—— Tyrant, 403

—— White-eyed, 328

Fringilla ciris, 279

—— cyanea, 377

—— erythrophthalma, 150

—— graminea, 473

—— hyemalis, 72

—— maritima, 470

—— melodia, 126

—— palustris, 331

—— pennsylvanica, 42

—— purpurea, 24

—— tristis, 172

Frolic, 55

Garter Snake, 371

Gleditschia triacanthos, 226

Goldfinch, American, 172

Golden-winged Woodpecker, 191

Gossipium herbaceum, 359

Grakle, Purple, 35

Grass Finch, 473

Great Carolina Wren, 399

—— Horned Owl, 313

—— footed Hawk, 85

—— Magnolia, 28

—— Pine Swamp, 52

Grouse, Ruffed, 211

Green Briar, 302

Halesia tetraptera, 123

Hare, American, 272

Harlequin Snake, 278

Hawk, Broad-winged, 461

—— Great-footed, 85

—— Pigeon, 466

—— Red-shouldered, 296

—— Red-tailed, 265

—— Stanley, 186

—— Swallow-tailed, 368

—— Winter, 364

Henslow's Bunting, 360

Hermit Thrush, 303

Hibiscus grandiflorus, 104

Hickory Pig-nut, 465

Hirundo bicolor, 490

—— fulva, 353

—— purpurea, 115

Honey Locust, 226

Hornbeam, Virginian, 204

Hospitality, 383

House Wren, 427

Huckleberry, 129

Humming Bird, 248

Hurricane, 262

Icterus agripennis, 233

—— Baltimore, 66

—— pecoris, 492

—— phœniceus, 348

—— spurius, 221

Ilex Dahoon, 257

—— Prinoides, 451

Indian Corn, 41

Indigo Bird, 377

Iris, Coppery, 80

Iron-wood Tree, 204

Ivory-billed Woodpecker, 341

Jay, Florida, 444

—— Columbia, 483

Jersey Pine, 489

Jessamine, Florida, 114

Juglans nigra, 433

—— porcina, 485

Juniperus virginiana, 230

Kalmia latifolia, 289

Kentucky Sports, 290

—— Warbler, 196