Part 16

Holland, her stand against Spain, 15; her colonial empire, 17; House of Orange in, 135; effect of regicide on, 138; alliance with, desired by Cromwell, 184

Horse (cavalry), of the Parliamentarians, 57; at Edgehill, 71; Winceby, 83; of the Parliamentarians at Marston Moor, 87, 88; manœuvres with, at Marston Moor, 89; use of, at Naseby, 96; in retreat at Preston, 127, 128; service at Dunbar, 170 _et seq._

Horse-racing, suppressed under the Protectorate, 213

Howard, English admiral, 14

Huguenots, Charles I.’s feeble move against them, 26; persecuted in France, 227

Hume, his opinion of Cromwell’s speeches, 203

Huntingdon, birthplace of Cromwell, 41, 42, 44, 45

Immigration of the English and Scotch into Ireland, 223

Inchiquin, Lord, Parliamentarian leader in Ireland, 148, 149; captures Drogheda, 150

Independent Movement, the so-called, under Elizabeth, 23

Independents, English political party, 49; Cromwell at head of, 49; bearing toward the Presbyterians, 80; real source of their power the Ironsides, 81; hated by the Presbyterians, 92; their strength in the army, 94; their spirit commended by Cromwell, 106; their proposed reconciliation with Parliamentarians, 115; Charles I.’s designs on them, 116; they take refuge in the army, 118; conquerors of the Royalists, 120; their prompt action in Second Civil War, 121; their political isolation, 133; rupture with Irish Presbyterians, 150; their strength in the Commonwealth, 164; in Parliament, 177 _et seq._; support of Cromwell in the Rump Parliament, 189; under the Protectorate, 199, 220

Indian Mutiny, compared with state of Ireland under Cromwell, 151

Infantry, Parliamentarians’, at Nottingham, 57; use of, in Cromwell’s time, 59, 60; in action at Marston Moor, 87; at Naseby, 96; its importance at Preston, 127; at Dunbar, 170; Spanish, defeated by British in the Netherlands, 229

Inquisition, the, in Spain, 14; the handmaid of tyranny, 17; religious aspects of, 48

Instrument of Government, the, 195 _et seq._; recognized by Parliament, 204

Insurgents, the Irish, 147 _et seq._

Ireland, England’s treatment of, 15, 16; priesthood loyal to its peasantry, 17; Protestantism in, 17; its prosperity under Strafford, 36; revolts against Charles I.’s government, 56; English troops in, 84; unites against the Parliament, 120; complex political conditions, 122; its loyalty, 143; invaded by Cromwell, 144 _et seq._; Cromwellian atrocities, 156; subjugation by Parliamentarians, 178; discontent under the Protectorate, 221; under Richard Cromwell’s rule, 232; its misery under English reigns, 238

Ireton, Henry, character of, 6; captain of troop in Sixty-seventh Regiment, 58; at Naseby, 96, 97; marriage with Bridget Cromwell, 105; his leadership of the army, 116; approves Cromwell’s joining the army party, 119; remonstrates against the King, 135; counsels mercy toward Charles I., 136; desecration of his remains, 233

Irish, the, Charles I.’s overtures to, 84; Puritan cruelty toward, 129; Catholics’ treaty with Charles II., 148; troops at Dundalk, 157; English treatment of, 162, 227, 238

Ironsides, the, real power of the Independents, 80; in action at Marston Moor, 87, 89; membership in Eastern Association, 93; type of, 95; their army spirit, 107; support the army party, 120; at Preston, 126; as volunteers, 144; veterans in Ireland, 152

“Irreconcilables,” 198

Issues, political, not always sharply drawn, 180

Ivan the Terrible, 210

Jackson, Andrew, his backwoodsmen, 67

Jackson, “Stonewall,” resemblance to Cromwell and Ireton, 6; his piety, 105; his strategy compared with Cromwell’s, 171

Jamaica, taken by the English, 229

James I., his ignoble peace, 21; his belief in despotism, 22; his weak policy toward Parliament, 23; absolutism in Church and State, 25; his policy in Ireland, 146

James II., compared with James I., 101, 234

Jehovah, invoked in massacres, 160

Jews, massacres of, compared with Puritans’, 160; their settlement in London, 220

Johnston, American general, development of his troops compared with Cromwell’s, 91

Jones, Colonel, Puritan leader, defeats Preston near Dublin, 149; makes terms with Irish Papal party, 150; routs Ormond at Dublin, 151

Joyce, Cornet, 117

Judges, under the Protectorate, 199

Kent, Fairfax in, 121

Kentucky, neutrality of, in American Civil War, 62

Kerne, the, in Ireland, 16; Queen Mary’s expulsion of the, 16

Kilkenny, Cromwell’s manifesto there, 162

King Jesus, cry of, 112, 143

Kings, their divine right, 21; English belief in, 100; office of, abolished by the Commonwealth, 141; arbitrary power of, 161

Kingship, offered to Cromwell, 215

Kirk party; in Scotland, 130, 131; Cromwell’s dispute with, 172,173

Kirk, the, in Scotland, 166, 167; its leaders urge Leslie on at Edinburgh, 169, 172; its forces broken, 174

Knox, John, his influence on Scotch Calvinism, 18

_Laissez-faire_ economists, 183

Lambert, Puritan general, sent to the North, 121; in action at Preston, 124–128

Lancashire, Presbyterian rising there, 121

Lancers, 60; the Scots’, at Marston Moor, 87; at Dunbar, 170

Landed proprietors, interests of, threatened under the Protectorate, 193; English, in Ireland, 223, 224

Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, Cromwell’s foe at Naseby, 121; his command at Preston, 124–126

Laud, his hostility to Protestants, 30; his ecclesiastical absolutism, 33; becomes archbishop, 34; his “thorough” policy, 35; attempts to introduce ceremonials at Edinburgh, 38; supports Charles I. against Short Parliament, 41; imprisoned by the Parliamentarians, 52; his execution, 80; his intolerance compared with Presbyterians’, 109

Laws, English, considered by Parliamentarians, 181

Lawyers, Cromwell’s dislike of, 181, 193

Lee, American Confederate general, his volunteer soldiery, 65; development of his troops, 91; his generalship compared with Cromwell’s, 95

Legislative power under the Protectorate, 197

Lenthall, Speaker of House of Commons, 180

Leslie, David, Scottish leader, his service under Gustaphus Adolphus, 167; his defence of Edinburgh, 167 _et seq._; operations at Dunbar, 169–172

Levellers, the, English Parliamentary party, distrusted by Cromwell, 112; their agitation, 119; their threatening attitude toward Cromwell, 143; against the Commonwealth, 164; suppressed under the Protectorate, 213

Leven, Earl of, Scottish leader, besieges York, 85; at Marston Moor, 86

Liberty, political and religious, under the Stuarts, 24; Cromwell’s views on, 79, 107; under the Protectorate, 197

Lieutenant-general, Cromwell’s rank of, 144

Life Guards, Charles I.’s, 64

Lincoln, American President, his candidacy in 1864, 103; his first election, 193; compared with Cromwell, 207–208

London, its sympathy with the Commons, 57; unification of the Parliamentary troops there, 64; its troops at Copredy Bridge, 91; Presbyterians of, 109; its mobs in the army party, 118; Presbyterian commotions there, 121; the army’s march into, 136; Cromwell’s return to, 163, 180; Jewish settlement in, 220

Long Parliament, spirit of the, 5; men of, 11; its grievances compared with American Continental Congress’s, 36; meets at Westminster, 41; Cromwell’s issue with army party against it, 119; the remnant of, 177; its dissolution, 187, 188, 201, 204, 206; comparison with the Protectorate, 216. _See also Parliament, Rump, etc._

Lord Protector, position of, 197; Cromwell as, 212

Lords, House of, in Charles I.’s trial for treason, 136; abolished under the Commonwealth, 141

Louis XIV., 162

Louis XV., 162

Lower classes in England, their discontent under the Tudors, 10; incapacity for political combination, 10

Lucas, Sir Charles, repulsed by Scotch at Marston Moor, 88, 89

Luther, his zeal for righteousness, 7

Lutherans, intolerant spirit of, 13

Lynch law, occasional need of, 54

Macaulay, Lord, his opinion of Cromwell, 1

McClellan, American general, compared with Essex, 92; attitude of Abolitionists toward, 103; Democratic support of, 208

Major-generals, government of, under the Protectorate, 213, 215

Manchester, Earl of, Parliamentary leader, 58; commands Eastern Association, 85; at Marston Moor, 86; denounced by Cromwell in Parliament, 93; Cromwell’s speech to, 110

Marlborough, Duke of, 145

Marriage, civil, proposed under the Protectorate, 193

Marston Moor, Battle of, 86–90, 94, 95, 96; Scotch share in, 124; David Leslie at, 167

Mary, Queen, her expulsion of the Irish kerne, 16; her treatment of Protestants, 217; Irish policy, 238

Maryland, 165

Mass, the, denied to Irish by Cromwell, 158; prohibited under the Protectorate, 198

Maurice of Orange, 14

Mazarin, French Cardinal, 17; Cromwell’s reply to, 220; co-operates with Cromwell, 228

Middle classes in England, powerful under the Tudors, 10; strength among Parliamentarians, 69

Midianitish woman, the, 160

Militarism, English avoidance of, under James I., 19

Military rule, Cromwell’s, 213

Military service, not differentiated on land and sea in seventeenth century, 184

Military type, the, in Cromwellian army, 107; influenced by religious zeal, 191

Militia, compared with regular soldiery, 66; at Copredy Bridge, 91; levy system of, 93

Mill Mount, 154

Milton, his contempt of political dreamers, 21; his Puritanism, 50; his political ideas, 111; approves Cromwell’s joining with army party, 119; his views on the regicide, 139; supports the Protectorate, 209; sonnet on the Vaudois, 227; his greatness, 232, note

Ministers, their position under the Protectorate, 200

Moderate party, the, in the Long Parliament, 55

Monarchy, Cromwell’s dread of, 195, 211

Monasteries, Cromwell’s ancestors benefited by their spoliation, 44

Monk, General George, 84; at Dundalk, 150; as naval commander, 183, 201; his rule in Scotland, 221; supports Charles II., 233

Monopolies, under Elizabeth, 10

Montrose, Earl of, not a professional soldier, 69; his victories in Scotland, 94, 95; defeated at Philiphaugh, 98; aided by Irish troops, 147; his death, 166

Moors, defeated by Blake at Tunis, 228

Morgan, American Confederate commander, his cavalry, 70

Mountain, the, see French Revolution, 120

Munro, commands Hamiltonian cavalry, 122; at Ulster, 123; moves toward Preston, 124; retreats across the border, 130; bearing toward Charles II., 148, 150

Munster, Royalist Protestants in, 149

Muscovites, 210

Musketeers, clumsiness of their weapons, 59; tactical uses of, 60; at Winwick Church, 128; their appearance in the House of Commons, 187

Nantes, Edict of, 39

Napoleon, 99; his unscrupulousness, 104, 190

Naseby, Battle of, 95; Sir Marmaduke Langdale at, 121

Navigation Acts, 182, 183

Navy, the English, its growth, 182, 184; in Dutch wars, 201. _See also Fleet_

Netherlands, the, British adventurers in, 58; oppressions there compared with the Irish, 146, 156; English and Spanish in, 229

Neutrality, in English Civil Wars, 63; in Kentucky, 62

Newburn, Battle of, 41

Newbury, Battle of, 92

Newcastle, Cromwell’s letter to the Commandant there, 174

Newcastle, Lord, besieges Gainsborough, 81, 82; his defence of York, 85; at Marston Moor, 87–89

New England, 179

New Model, the, in Cromwellian army, 63, 93, 95; strained relations with Independents, 106; attempted disbandment of, 117; results in Independents’ army, 120; its veterans in Ireland, 152

New World, the, America’s position in, 179

New York, regicide sentimentalism in, 138

North America, 193, 238

North of England, the, Royalist rising in, 121

Northampton, Essex assembles troops there, 69

Northumbrian Regiment, Newcastle’s, 89

Nottingham Castle, scene of beginning of Civil Wars, 57; Royalists there, 69; held by Cromwell, 81

Offence, the best defence of nations, 164

Old-English Catholics, in Ireland, 146

“Old Noll,” 221

Old Testament, the, Puritanism in, 160

O’Neil, Irish Catholic leader, 149, 150; joins Ormond, 151; his troops in Ireland, 159

Orange, House of, 135

Ormond, Earl of, leader of loyal Irish, 146–148; surrenders Dublin, 149; heads moderate Irish Catholics, 150; his supporters in Ireland, 151; his troops at Drogheda, 153; in Ireland, 159

“Ossawatomie Brown,” 145

Pale, the, in Ireland, 146, 147

Papacy, the, Henry VIII.’s attitude toward, 7; “papacy or prelacy,” 197

Papal nuncio, in Ireland, 148

Parliament, Pym’s view of government by, 5; growing powers under Elizabeth and James, 22; Charles I.’s third, 27; its struggles with the King, 29; Covenant taken by, 78; Cromwell’s speech against the generals as members in, 93; Cromwell’s attitude toward, 101; factions after First Civil War, 106, 108 _et seq._; army majority in, 116; negotiations with King and army, 117; Irish coalition against, 120; makes Blake admiral, 130; Cromwell’s dealings with, after Second Civil War, 131; plans of union with King against army, 134; Irish support of, 143; aided by Coote in Ireland, 150; summons Cromwell from Ireland, 162; heirship to royal powers, 178; conflict with army after Scotch wars, 178 _et seq._; law reform, 181; Dutch Wars, 181; non-reëlection bill, 185–187; its rule distasteful to Cromwell, 195; under the Protectorate, 198; representation under the Protectorate, 201 _et seq._; dissolution of the Rump, 209; Second, under the Protectorate, 215; summoned by Richard Cromwell, 232; Cromwell’s speech to Second Protectorate Parliament, 236. _See also Barebones; Commons; Rump; Long Parliament, etc._

Parliamentarians, military forces of, 57; strength of, 61; in Cornwall and Yorkshire, 63; military leaders, 68; resources, 69; weakness of their cavalry, 73; operations at Gainsborough, 81; aided by the Scotch, 84; at York, 85; at Marston Moor, 88; at Copredy Bridge, 91; leader, removed by Cromwell, 93; reorganization of army, 94; reverses after Marston Moor, 95; outnumber Royalists at Naseby, 95 _et seq._; dissensions of, after First Civil War, 99 _et seq._; opposition to Moderate Irish party, 152

Peace, slothfulness of, under James I., 21; desire for, by mercantile communities, 182

Peasantry, in England, 61

Pembroke (Ireland), capture of, by Royalists, 121

Penal laws, English enforcement of, in Ireland, 162

Penances, observed by Royalists on anniversaries of Charles I.’s death, 240

Penn, at San Domingo, 229

Peter the Great, 237

Peters, Hugh, chaplain to Cromwell, 71

Petition of Right, becomes law, 28; disregarded by the King, 32; supported by Cromwell, 45

Philadelphia, church to Royal Martyr there, 138

Philip of Spain, bigotry of, 15; merciless to persons of his own faith in other nationalities, 16, 156

Philiphaugh, Battle of, 98

Philippines, the, American volunteers in, 67

Phillips, Wendell, American Abolitionist, 103

Phineas, 160

Pikemen, their function in seventeenth-century war, 59; tactical position of, 60; at Winwick Church, 128

Pistols, use of, by seventeenth-century cavalry, 60

Plantations, English, in Ireland, 16, 146

Platform, American Republicans’ in 1860, 193

Plundering, suppressed by Cromwell, 75; punishments for, at Winchester, 98; Cromwell’s suppression of, in Scotland, 131, 153

Policy, necessity of adjusting a nation’s foreign and domestic, 20; Cromwell actuated by, 93

Politics, as influenced by religious feeling, 19

Pope, the, Cromwell’s view of, 173

Portuguese, the, 16

Prayer-Book, the, Laud’s attempted introduction of, at Edinburgh, 39; prohibited under the Protectorate, 198; denied to Episcopalians under the Commonwealth, 217

Preachers, arrest of, under the Protectorate, 199

Presbyterian Church, in Scotland, 18

Presbyterian English, natural allies of Scotch, 55

Presbyterian ministers, in Scotland, 130

Presbyterian Royalists, against the army, 120; in Parliament, 177

Presbyterianism, its growth in the Anglican Church under James I., 23; sympathy with Scottish revolt, 40; orthodoxy of, 80

Presbyterians, in Parliamentarian army, 76; in Civil Wars, 92; generals in House of Commons, 93, 94; intolerance of, 104; faith of, 106; ascendancy of, in Parliament, 108; their intolerance compared with Laud’s, 109; feared by Puritans, 111; efforts at reconciliation with Parliamentarians, 115; take issue with the King against the army, 116, 120; commotion of, in London, 121; at Ulster, 122; cruel treatment of, as Puritan prisoners, 126; in Parliament after Second Civil War, 131 _et seq._; in touch with Ulster Irish, 146; rupture with Independents, 150; stand against Cromwell, 164; position under the Protectorate, 200, 220

“Presbyter but Priest writ large,” 111

Presidency, the American, Lincoln’s candidacy for, 103

Preston, Battle of, 124 _et seq._; Second Civil War ended by, 130

Preston, Irish leader, 149

Pride, Colonel, Parliamentary leader, 76; at Preston, 126; at Winwick Church, 128; in the Commons, 136

Pride’s Purge, 136

Priests, loyalty of, to peasants in Ireland, 17; Milton’s view of, 111; slaughter of, at Drogheda, 154; persecuted in Ireland, 223

Prisoners, cruel treatment of, by Puritans, 129, 155, 174

Property, threatened under the Protectorate, 203

Protective tariffs, 183

Protector, the, office of, 197 _et seq._

Protectorate, the, 197 _et seq._; rule of, in Ireland, 221–225

Protectorate Parliament, dismissed by Cromwell, 210, 212, 213

Protestantism, height of, in England, 9; European sects, 11; modern individual results of, 12; the creed of liberty, 17

Protestants in Ireland, Parliament recognized by, 148; Royalist, in Ireland, 150, 152; war of Protestant powers, 184; position of, under Queen Mary, 217; in Ireland under the Protectorate, 224; among the Swiss, 228; influence of, in Ireland, 238, 239

Psalm-singing, by Puritans, at Winceby, 83; at Marston Moor, 87; Basing House, 98; Dunbar, 171

Public opinion, Cromwell influenced by, 211

Puritanism, Carlyle’s opinion of, 3; beginning of the modern epoch, 4; growth under James I., 23; not widespread under Charles I., 29; character of, in Scotland, 38; characteristics of, 160 _et seq._; apologists for, 218 _et seq._

Puritans, sympathy of, with Scottish revolt, 40; their suspicions of the Episcopacy, 56; psalm-singing at Winceby, 83; forces of, in army, 85; at Marston Moor, 87; phraseology of, in Cromwell’s time, 106; Presbyterians feared by, 111; hatred of Charles I., 114; desire for vengeance on the King, 121; opposed by the Irish, 122; at Winwick Church, 128; cruel treatment of prisoners, 129; justice of their punishment of the King, 139; disavow Irish alliance, 151; cruelties at Drogheda, 154 _et seq._; toleration, 165; opposed to Covenanters at Dunbar, 170; in New England, 179; passion for religious regulation, 214; lack of generosity to foes, 216; rule of, in Ireland, 224; great names among, 232; attitude toward Ireland, 238; true greatness of, 239

Pym, Carlyle’s opinion of, 3; original type of, 5; tolerance of, 5; leadership in Parliament, 30; first modern “leader,” 31; speech on imprisonment of Strafford, 51, 52; imprisonment of, 57; death, 80; his Parliament, 177

Quakers, 143

Reed, Speaker, quoted, 235

Reform, attempted by Parliament, 181; by Rump Parliament, 185; in the Assembly, 193; practicability necessary in, 194

Reformation, the, in England, 7; European results of, 8; in Scotland, 8

Reformed Church, influence of, in European politics, 7

Reformers, contradictions of, 13; fanaticism of, under the Protectorate, 199

Regicides, the, 139

Regulars (soldiery), advantages of, 65, 69; discipline of, 91; Ironsides as regulars, 145; ordinary type of, 145

Religious liberty, under the Protectorate, 197; Cromwell’s view of, 220; incompleteness of, in Ireland, 223

Republican Convention (U. S.), 1860, 193

Republicanism in Parliamentary army, 108; Cromwell’s, 131

Republicans in England, not extremists, 112; after the Revolution, 142; under the Protectorate, 202; in the Commons, 204; in Second Protectorate Parliament, 215

Republicans (U. S.), after Civil War, 103

Republics, in South America, 193

Restoration, the, 214, 232; disgraceful effects of, 233

Revolution of 1688, 6, 100; compared with Civil Wars, 234, 235

Revolution, Puritan, Cromwell’s attempt to check it, 119; Presbyterian support of, 132; Cromwell’s attitude toward it, 142, 179; impermanent effects of, 188. _See also American Revolution; French Revolution, etc._

Rhode Island, 165

Ribble, river, 125, 127

Richelieu, 17

Ritual, Cromwell’s suppression of, at Ely, 78

Rochelle, Charles I.’s expedition against, 26, 27

Roman Catholicism identified with Spain in English opinion, 14; liberality of, in France, 17; Cromwell’s intolerance of, 77; demanded for State religion by Irish, 147

Roman Catholics, intolerance of, 104; Irish revolt supported by, 147; position of, under the Protectorate, 197

Rome, 12

Root and Branch party, the, 56

Ross, capture of, by Cromwell, 158

“Roundhead,” term of reproach in Parliamentary army, 75

Roundhead army, 64; its foot, 73; at Marston Moor, 88

Royal Martyr, the, churches dedicated to, 138

Royalist Delinquents, 184

Royalist Protestants in Ireland, 149, 152

Royalists, at Nottingham, 57, 58; strength of, 61; driven out of Cornwall, 63; military leaders of, 68; natural taste for war, 69; estates fined by Cromwell, 79; at Grantham, 80; defeated by Cromwell at Nottingham and Burleigh, 81; stand at Gainsborough, 82; defeated at Winceby, 83; forces in Civil Wars unestimated, 86; at Marston Moor, 86 _et seq._; Copredy Bridge, 91; hope of, in Scotland, 94; outnumbered at Naseby, 95 _et seq._; end of, in Scotland, 98; surrender in 1646, 98; union with Catholics and Presbyterians against Parliament, 120; united in Ireland, 146; in Irish wars, 149 _et seq._; opposed to the Commonwealth, 164; dissensions in Scotland, 166; Scottish reverses, 174; their end in England, 178; position under the Protectorate, 199, 213, 216; penances done by, on anniversary of regicide, 240

Royalists in American Revolution, 217

Rump, the, 177, 181; dissolution, 185, 187

Rump Parliament, 185, 187, 188

Rupert, Prince, Royalist leader, military training, 68; at Powick, 71; his charge at Edgehill, 72; at Grantham, 80; dubs Cromwell Old Ironsides, 80; his brilliant tactics, 84; marches to relieve York, 85, 86; against Cromwell at Marston Moor, 87, 88, 91; his activity, 94, 95; at Naseby, 96, 97; in Parliament, 108; his buccaneering cruise, 130

Russia, 9; majority rule unnatural to, 25; Charles X.’s policy toward, 226; under Peter the Great, 237

Russians, the, under Ivan the Terrible, 210

Sabbath, observance of, under the Protectorate, 213

Sailors, fame of English, in seventeenth century, 14; the Dutch as, 182

St. Bartholomew, Massacre of, 39

St. Fagan’s, Welsh defeat at, 121

St. Ives, Cromwell’s farm at, 45

St. John, Oliver, Cromwell’s cousin by marriage, 45, 46.

St. Peter’s, Drogheda, 154

San Domingo, English expedition against, 229

Santa Cruz, Blake’s victory over the Spanish there, 228

Savoy, Duke of, his persecutions of the Vaudois, 227, 228