Part 15

Army, the English, in Civil Wars, composition of, 60; first raised by nobles, 63; reorganization of Parliamentary forces, 94; character in Charles I.’s time, 107; dissensions, 108, 111 _et seq._; its strength against the Parliament, 116; its struggles with the King and Parliament, 117 _et seq._; its spirit, 121; odds against it in Second Civil War, 124; Charles I.’s negotiations with, 134; march into London, 136; revolt suppressed by Cromwell, 144; its distinctive character, 145; its influence in Long Parliament, 177 _et seq._; offset by navy, 184; rejects Parliamentary measures, 185; supports Cromwell, 189; attitude under Protectorate, 199; protests against Cromwell’s accepting Kingship, 215; serves under Turenne, 229; revolts against Richard Cromwell, 232

Army, the Scottish, gives up Charles I., 117

Artillery, chief means of assault in Cromwell’s time, 59

Assembly, formed under Protectorate, 189, 191 _et seq._

Associations, of counties, 63; assessed for Parliamentarians, 79. _See also Eastern Association_

Astley, Sir Jacob, quoted, 99

Aston, Sir Arthur, at Drogheda, 153, 154

Atlantic Ocean, the, 179

Australasia, 238; English expansion there, 238

Australia, Cromwell’s descendants in, 239

Australians, in South Africa, 67

Balgony, Lord, at Marston Moor, 88

Baltic Sea, the, 226

Baptists, the, origin under James I., 23; tolerated by Cromwell, 78; army sentiment toward, 108; Parliamentary hatred of, 116; under the Protectorate, 200

Barbadoes, Irish sent as slaves there, 153

Barbon, “Praise-God,” 191

“Barebones” Parliament, formation of, 191, 193 _et seq._; attacks Courts of Chancery, 200, 212

Basing House, capture of, 98

Baxter, 74

Beard, Thomas, Cromwell’s tutor, 44

Bedford, Earl of, 45

Bench and bar, courage in, 181

Berwick, seized by Royalists, 121

Bishops, the, attitude of, toward Thirty Years’ War, 30; Parliamentary resolutions against, 31; army sentiment toward, 108

Bishops’ Wars, the cause of, 40; Scotch share in, 124

Blake, Admiral, in Parliament, 116; defeats Prince Rupert, 130; his great fame, 182, 183, 184; his indifference toward Cromwell, 201; his victory at Santa Cruz, 228

Boers, as soldiers, 67; belated Cromwellians, 144; compared with Covenanters, 165

Border, the, in Civil Wars, 55, 84, 130, 131, 174

Boston, U. S. A., regicide sentimentalism in, 138

Boston Harbor, tea thrown overboard in, 35

Bouchier, Elizabeth, wife of Oliver Cromwell, 43

Brandenburgers, 226

Breast-pieces, 60

Bristol, capture of, 98; Cromwell’s letter from, 105, 106

British Islands, the Commonwealth in, 177

Buchanan, President, his views on secession, 164

Buckingham, Duke of, his corrupt ministry, 26; his assassination, 28

Buff coats, uniform of Parliamentarians, 60, 64; worn by Royalists at Winchester, 83

Buisson, de, quoted, 225

Bunyan, John, 69, 232, note

Bureau of Intelligence, Chief of. _See Scout-master_

Burleigh House, taken by Parliamentarians, 81

Byzantine Emperors, 172

Cadiz, Charles I.’s expedition against, 26

Calvin, his zeal for righteousness, 7

Calvinism, in Holland, 12; its influence in England, 29; in Scotland, 165

Calvinists, their intolerance of Roman Catholics, 13

Cambridge, University of, Cromwell’s residence there, 42, 43; its plate seized by Cromwellians, 70

Canadians, in South Africa, 67

Cannon, Cromwell’s lack of, at Pembroke, 22

Captain-General, Cromwell’s office of, 163, 189

Carbines, 60; discarded by Cromwellians, 79

Carlyle, taken by Royalists, 121

Carlyle, Thomas, his opinion of Cromwell, 1, 2; of Puritanism, 2; on regicide, 140

Carnworth, Earl of, 96

Casques, 64

Catholic Church, its recognition in Ireland demanded by the Pope, 148; modern greatness of, 238

Catholics, aimed at by Third Parliament, 31; unite with Royalists and Presbyterians in Ireland, 120, 122; character of, in Ireland, 146; aid of, for Charles II., 147; dissensions in Ireland, 146–149; Cromwellian hatred of, 152, 161; persecutions of, 217, 218; Mazarin’s plea for them in England, 220; as landholders in Ireland, 223; their share in British expansion to-day, 239. _See also Roman Catholics_

Cavaliers, dress of, 64; at Grantham, 79, 80; at Marston Moor, 88; at Naseby, 96; rising against army, 120; support Charles I. in the North, 121; Cromwell’s opinion of, 123; allegiance to Charles II. in Scotland, 172; at Stirling, 174; at Worcester, 175

Cavalry, its superiority to infantry, 59, 60; among the Royalists, 70; horse the true weapon of, 79; at Gainsborough, 82; Scotch at Marston Moor, 87, 88; Naseby, 96; Ironsides spirit in, 107; Hamilton’s, 122; at Preston, 127

Cavendish, Lord, at Gainsborough, 81, 82

Celtic, 16, 224

Celts, the, 16, 146, 224

Censorship of press, established under Protectorate, 216

Charles I., his ignoble peace, 19; his private character, 25; helplessness of English arms under his rule, 26; his Third Parliament, 27; yields to Petition of Right, 28; his dissolution of his Third Parliament, 31; rejects Petition of Right, 32; embarks on Bishops’ Wars, 40; his attitude toward the Long Parliament, 51; betrays Strafford, 52; makes terms with the Scotch, 55; imprisons Puritan leaders, 57; his adherents in the Commons, 61; marches on London, 71; turn of tide in his favor, 79; makes overtures to the Irish, 84; defeats Waller at Copredy Bridge, 91; his army at Newbury, 92; at Naseby, 95–97; surrenders to Scotch army, 98; English servility toward him, 101; his treachery, 104; supported by Presbyterians, 109; “the man of blood,” 114; his non-acceptance of his defeat, 115; negotiates with the army and Parliament, 117 _et seq._; Cromwell attempts terms with him, 119; Yorkshire support for, 121; Scotch attitude toward him, 123; his tenacity, 132; negotiations with the army, 134; he rejects Fairfax’s proposals, 135; his trial for treason, 136; beheaded, 137; his character, 137–140; his policy in Ireland, 146; Catholic allegiance to him, 147; his imprisonment, 148; effect of his execution on Ireland, 150; his death due to Parliamentarians, 178; his execution, 217; anniversary of his death observed, 240

Charles II., the fleet loyal to him, 130; proclaimed King at Cork, 150; the Scotch declare for him, 162; lands in Scotland, 165 _et seq._; supported by Scotch Cavaliers, 172; crosses into England, 174; his escape from Worcester, 175; his exile, 178; influences for his restoration, 209; England in his time, 225; his re-establishment, 232; his mistresses, 240

Charles X., of Sweden, 226

Chester, seized by Royalists, 121; negotiations there, 148

Christianity, heterodoxy in Parliamentary, 108

Church and State, Puritan theories of, 114; reform in, 195

Churchmen, arbitrary power of, 161

Civil War. _See American Civil War_

Civil War, First English, the fiery ordeal of, 20; begun by Charles, 57; its chief leaders cavalrymen, 60; its blunders contrasted with American Civil War, 62; English soldiery in, 91; its slow progress, 94; type of its generals, 95; practically ends at Naseby, 97; its effects on Cromwell, 104; Irish share in, 122; exchange of prisoners, 128

Civil War, Second English, its beginning, 121; ended at Preston, 130; results, 131; Carlyle’s opinion of, 235

Clergy, 78, 92; threatened by Protectorate Assembly, 193

Clonmel, capture of, 162

Clubmen, peasant organization, 62

Cock-fighting, suppressed under Protectorate, 213

Colchester, seized by Royalists, 121; capitulation of, 130

Colonial policy, Spain’s, 224

Colonial possessions, Spanish, 227; Dutch, 17, 18, 182

Commercial policy, Cromwell’s, in war against Spain, 226

Committee of Both Kingdoms, the, 85, 92

Committee of Correspondence, in American Revolution, 114

Committee of the Eastern Association, 85

Common law, the, under the Protectorate, 200

Commons, House of, declares against tonnage and poundage, 31; triennial meetings, 54; favored by London, 57; its adherents of the King, 61; Cromwell’s share in, 93; the Independents, 116; defies the army, 118, 135; disregards Lords in the King’s trial, 136; Parliamentarian leaders, 185; Republicans, 204; agreement with Cromwell, 205. _See also Parliament; Long Parliament, etc._

Commonwealth, established, 6; reorganizes its forces, 93; its supremacy, 139; its character, 141; European attitude against it, 143; Cromwell its main support, 163; authority, 177; its religionist enemies, 198; civil rights under it, 217

_Commonwealth Mercury, The_, 232, note

Compromise, Parliamentary incapacity for, 101; after American Civil War, 102

Confederacy, the, of American Southern States, 72, 92

Confederates in Ireland, 150

Congregationalists, origin under Elizabeth, 23; identified with Independent party, 49; tolerated by Cromwell, 78; in Parliament, 108; Parliamentarian hatred of, 116; under the Protectorate, 200

Congress, the American Continental, compared with Cromwellian Parliaments, 102, 103, 114, 177

Connaught, 223

Conquest, the [Norman], 232

Constitution, the American, 189, 193, 196, 198

Constitution, English, 135; under the Assembly, 195, 198; under the Protectorate, 205

“Constitution-mongers,” Carlyle’s sneer at, 5

Continent, the, character of its armies, 60; Cromwell’s interest in its politics, 225; the power of France on, 229

Continental Army, the American, 102

Convention, Constitutional, in U. S., 189; in English Assembly, 192–195

Coote, holds Derry for Parliamentarians, 150

Copredy Bridge, Battle of, 91

Cork, Charles II. proclaimed King there, 150; Cromwell’s letter from there, 160

Cornwall, neutrality of, 63

Cotton, John, Cromwell’s letter to, 179

Council of Officers, in English Assembly, 195, 197 _et seq._

Council, the, in Parliamentary army, 114

Council of State, the, 189, 195

Court, purity of Cromwellian, 229; disgracefulness under Restoration, 230

Courts of Chancery, English, 181, 192, 200

Covenant, National, of Scotland, the, 39; taken by Parliamentarians, 78; by English troopers, 84; Hamiltonian devotion to, 123; taken by Ulster Scotch, 148; Fairfax declines campaign against, 163; oath taken by Charles II., 165; Cromwell’s exposition of, 172 _et seq._

Covenanters, the Scotch, defeated by Cromwell, 75; intolerance of sectaries, 116; treatment of Charles II., 165; oppose Puritans at Dunbar, 170; persecuted by Episcopalians, 217

Creed, in United States, 2, 9; in Ireland, 224, 239

Cromwell, Bridget, daughter of Oliver, married to Ireton, 105

Cromwell, Elizabeth Steward, mother of Oliver, 42, 233

Cromwell, Henry, son of Oliver, 232

Cromwell, Oliver, his fame, 1; forces which produced him, 7; youth and early manhood, 14; seat in Long Parliament, 41; parentage and birth, 42; his marriage, 43; his Puritanism, 43; hatred of Church of Rome, 44, 56; removes to Ely, 45; supports Petition of Rights, 45; his indifference to political theory, 46; his piety, 47; his religion, 48; personality, 50; impatience of system, 53; his suspicion of the Episcopacy, 56; captain in 67th Regiment, 58; his kinsmen at the battle of Nottingham, 58; his troops, 65; his military genius, 68; his troop of horse, 70, 72, 73–75; promoted to a colonelcy, 74; his letters, 76; his tolerant spirit, 77; bearing toward Episcopalians, 78; as cavalry commander, 79; dubbed Ironsides by Rupert, 81; his relief of Gainsborough, 82; at Winceby, 83; his generalship, 84; member of Committee of Both Kingdoms, 85; at Marston Moor, 87–90; his training of troops, 91; distrusted by Presbyterians, 92; the real head of the army, 94; Montrose not comparable with him, 95; at Naseby, 96 _et seq._; takes Winchester, 98; his rule after First Civil War, 99; compared with William III., 101 _et seq._; his uncompromising spirit, 102; his children’s marriages, 104; his religious spirit, 105; his letters and speeches, 105, 106; on reconstruction, 109 _et seq._; not extreme against Charles, 114; efforts toward agreement with King and Parliament, 118; favors army against Parliamentarians, 119; at Pembroke, 121; his view of the Scotch, 123; his reception at Edinburgh, 131; his position at close of Civil Wars, 132; motives for joining Independents, 133–135; favors the regicide, 137, 139–140; his ambition, 142; his army, 145; his Irish campaign, 151 _et seq._; his cruelty at Drogheda, 155; Wexford, 158; contradictions of his character, 159 _et seq._; letter to John Cotton, 160; excellent conduct of Irish campaign, 162; summoned from Ireland by Parliament, 163; advances on and retreats from Edinburgh, 167 _et seq._; at Dunbar, 170–172; his dispute with the Kirk party, 172 _et seq._; his clemency, 174; attacks Charles II. at Worcester, 175; champions Independents, 179; policy toward Parliamentarians, 180 _et seq._; his views on Dutch War, 184; defeats non-reëlection bill, 186; his statesmanship, 188 _et seq._; his sermon to the Assembly, 191 _et seq._; despotism, 195; first Protector, 197, 199; his peace with the Dutch, 201; his conflict with Parliament, 202 _et seq._; his government a tyranny, 210 _et seq._; suppresses the ale-houses, 213, 214; declines the Kingship, 215; his views on liberty, 219; interferes in Continental affairs, 225 _et seq._; revenges Vaudois massacres, 227, 228; contests Spain on the sea, 228; his court, 229; last illness, 230, 231; death, 232; desecration of his remains by Restorationists, 233; compared with William III., 235; political ideals, 236 _et seq._; cruelty of his Irish policy, 237; posthumous reputation, 239

Cromwell, Richard, son of Oliver, as Protector, 232

Cromwell, Robert, father of Oliver, 42; his death, 43

“Crummle, the curse o’,” 225. _See Cromwell, Oliver, and Ireland_

Cuirassiers, use in Parliamentary army, 60; at Winceby, 83; the Scotch at Marston Moor, 88

Czars, the, 9

Danes, the, Charles X.’s war against, 226

Dean, Colonel, at Preston, 126; in Dutch War, 183; his rule in Scotland, 221

Death penalty, a cause of sentimentalism, 137, 138; its justice on tyrants, 234, 235

Declaration, Cromwell’s, in Ireland, 159, 161

Democracy, Cromwell’s bearing toward, 211

Derry, siege of, 150; supports Parliamentarians, 152

De Ruyter, 182

Despotism, under republics, 22; under the Stuarts, 28; under Cromwell, 213; a subject of doctrinaire notions, 236

Discipline, a military necessity, 91; a source of soldiers’ ties, 107; rigidly enforced by Cromwell, 152

Dissenters, persecuted under Elizabeth, 23; aimed at by Third Parliament, 31; position under the Protectorate, 200

Dragoons, 60, 79; Royalists at Winceby, 83

Drake, 14, 18

Dreyfus case, the, 22

Drilling, excellence of Cromwell’s troops at Winceby, 83

Drogheda, siege of, 41, 48, 150; Parliamentarian atrocities there, 153 _et seq._, 160

Dublin, Puritan rule there, 146, 147; surrendered to Parliamentarians, 149; Supreme Council of, 150; siege of, 151; Cromwell’s troops there, 152

Duke, Basil, 70

Dunbar, Leslie engages the English there, 169 _et seq._, 172, 173; fate of Scotch prisoners captured there, 174; anniversary of, 198, 231

Dundalk, surrender of, 150; garrisoned by Cromwell, 157

Dunkirk, ceded to English, 229, 230

Dutch, the, their sailors in wars with Spain, 14; oppressions under Spain, 36; Parliamentarian war with, 181 _et seq._; commercial supremacy, 184; religious toleration, 200; peace with England, 201; war with Charles X., 226

Eastern Association, the, 63; the Ironsides in, 81; committee of, 85; its infantry at Marston Moor, 86–89; its training, 91; the pattern for the New Model, 93. _See also Associations_

Edgehill, battle of, 71–73; Charles I.’s standard-bearer there, 154

Edinburgh, Laud’s attempt to introduce the Prayer-Book there, 39; Cromwell’s reception there, 131; besieged by Cromwell, 167; surrendered to Cromwell, 174

Edinburgh, Governor of, 172

Eglinton, Earl of, at Marston Moor, 88

Eliot, Sir John, character of, 27; his leadership in Parliament, 30, 31; his imprisonment, 32; death, 33; Charles I.’s vengeance on, 137

Elizabeth, Queen, her absolutism, 8; her bearing toward Anglican Church, 9; yields to the monopolies, 10; her veiled despotism, 22; persecutes Dissenters, 23; her war with Spain on the sea, 58; compared with Cromwell, 212; Puritan persecutions in her reign, 217

Ely, home of Cromwell’s mother, 42, 45

Ely Cathedral, Cromwell’s interference there, 78

England, champion of religious liberty, 15, 21; overlordship in Ireland, 15, 16; peace under James I., 19; rural and agricultural population, 58; military experience, 59; political incapacity in Cromwell’s time, 111; relation with Scotland in Second Civil War, 123; pitted against Scotland under the Commonwealth, 164; law of, 181; her carrying trade in Dutch War, 183; her commercial greed, 184; self-government, 192; political freedom, 197; Parliamentarian supremacy in, 198; representative government, 206; condition under the Protectorate, 211 _et seq._, 216, 221 _et seq._, 225; her Irish policy, 227; foreign fame, 230; condition after Cromwell, 231 _et seq._; Cromwell’s descendants in, 239

England’s Freedom and Soldiers’ Rights, cry of, 119

English, the, as sailors in the Spanish wars, 14; their excellence as military material, 58; love of sports, 59; serve as troops in Ireland, 84; at Marston Moor, 86; character of, in seventeenth century, 100 _et seq._; in India, 151; their treatment of the Irish, 162; capacity for self-government, 190, 220; immigrants into Ireland, 223; in West Indies, 229; expansion of, 238

English Presbyterians, for the King against the army, 120

Episcopacy rejected by the Scotch, 38–40; abolition of, demanded by Long Parliament, 56; under Cromwell’s government, 218

Episcopalian Royalists, 177

Episcopalians, 78; clergy hated by Presbyterians, 92; their intolerance, 104; Parliament deserted by them, 108; with the Royalists in Ireland, 122, 132, 146; under the Protectorate, 197; the Prayer-Book denied them by the Commonwealth, 217

Erse, 224

Essex, Earl of, leader of Parliamentary forces, 57; his Guards, 63, 64; at Northampton, 69; his blunders, 91; compared with McClellan, 92

Essex, Fairfax in, 121

Europe, armed against French Revolutionists, 120; effect of regicide on, 138; Dutch position in, 182, 184; religious tolerance, 200; liberty, 219; struggles of Spain and France, 226, 227; Turks in, 228; profligacy in seventeenth century, 230

Evolution, of English political freedom, 197

Executive, English and American, compared, 198

Expansion, English, 237–239

Extremists, in English Parliament, 113, 206

Fairfax, Sir Thomas, his friendship with Cromwell, 79; at Winceby, 83; at York, 85; Marston Moor, 86, 87; in command of Parliamentarians, 93; at Naseby, 96, 97; captures Bristol, 98; returned to Parliament, 116; approves Cromwell’s joining army party, 119; his march into Kent, 121; takes Colchester, 130; Cromwell’s letter to, 131; counsels moderation toward the King, 135; declines campaign against Covenanters, 163; his indecision, 164 _et seq._

Falkland, Lord, 57

Fanaticism, consequent on English Revolution, 143

Fifth Monarchy, 103; principles of, 112, 113

Flag, English, Dutch salute insisted on, 183

Flanders, English victories in, 230

Fleet, English, supports Parliamentarians, 122; deserts to Royalists, 130; its share in Dutch wars, 183; supports Cromwell, 189; under the Protectorate, 199

Foot, in seventeenth-century warfare, 59; Parliamentarians’, at Gainsborough, 82; Scots’, at Marston Moor, 88. _See also Infantry_

Forrest, General, his inferiority to Grant, 68; compared with Montrose, 94

Fortescue, Sir Faithful, deserts Parliamentarians at Edgehill, 71

Four Fundamentals, the, 205

France, serfs of, 59; Prince Rupert in, 130; Royalist refugees in, 149; Protestants, 162; in wars with Spain, 226, 227; convention with England, 229

Franchise, the, redistribution of, under the Protectorate, 197

Frederick the Great, 145

Free State, the, 141. _See also Commonwealth_

French, character of the, in eighteenth century, 100, 190

French Revolution, the, 120

Frobisher, 14

Gainsborough, siege of, 81

Galley slaves, English prisoners as, 129

Garrison, American Abolitionist, 103

Geddes, Jenny, at Edinburgh, 39

Geneva, 12

Gentiles, 220

Gentlemen, Cromwell’s opinion of, 76

Gentry, English, 59; against Charles I., 61; support of the King in Wales, 121

George III., his Government rejected by American Continental Congress, 36

George IV., 238

Germany, English adventurers in, 58; serfs of, 59

Germans, the, Charles X.’s aggressions against, 226

Gladstone, early writings of, 49

Golden Rule, the, 47

Good government, Cromwell’s notion of, 204

Gordon, piety of, compared with Cromwell’s, 105

Goring, General, at Marston Moor, 87, 88, 89; defeated by Fairfax, 98

Government, its development in Great Britain, 198; Cromwell’s practice of, 211

Grand Remonstrance, the, against Charles I., 56, 57

Grant, General, his volunteer soldiery, 65; his development of troops, 91; his superiority to Forrest, 95; his political supporters, 103; his soldiers, 145; his generosity, 216

Grantham, Cromwell at, 79

Great Britain, Charles II. declared King of, by the Scotch, 143; government of, 198; expansion of, 238

Greeks, the, under Agathokles, 210

Greene, General, 91

Guards, of Lord Essex, buff coats adopted by them as uniform, 64; of Charles I., 64

Gunpowder, its use in Cromwellian times, 59

Gunpowder Plot, the, 44

Gustaphus Adolphus, his campaign against Spain, 14; his career, 39, 167

Hamilton, Duke of, 120; his campaigns in Second Civil War, 122–124; at Preston, 127; beheading of, 128; Kirk attitude toward him, 166

Hampden, John, Carlyle’s opinion of, 3; originality of type of, 5; his tolerance, 5; refuses to pay Ship Money, 35, 45; his relations with Cromwell, 46; his Puritanism defined, 50; compared with Cromwell, 53; his imprisonment, 57; a cousin of Cromwell, 58; uniform of his regiment, 64; at Edgehill, 72; Cromwell’s opinion of his troops, 73; his death, 80; in Parliament, 177

Hapsburg, House of, in Spain and Austria, 17

Harrison, English Republican general, 136; his devotion to Cromwell, 186; calls musketeers into Parliament, 187; his fanaticism, 199

Hawkins, Admiral, in Spanish wars, 14, 18

Hein, Piet, Dutch admiral in Spanish wars, 210

Helmets, carried by Cromwellian cavalry, 60

Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., 25

Henry, Patrick, compared with Pym, 36

Henry VIII., King of England, his bearing toward the Reformation, 7; his dealings with lower classes, 8; with the Anglican Church, 9; his career impossible under a Long Parliament, 11; his oppressions, 22

High Court of Justice, Charles I. tried by, 136

Highlanders, the Scotch, in the Civil Wars, 95; their chiefs at Stirling, 174; at Worcester, 175

Highlands, the, General Monk in, 201

Hofer’s Tyrolese, 67