Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific Between 1896 and 1899, Volume 2 Plant-Dispersal

_On the Cause of the Buoyancy of the Stone or Putamen of the Coast Species._—This is primarily connected with the empty seed-cavities, the four-celled stone usually developing o...

THE problems concerned in the study of the floras of the Pacific islands from the standpoint of dispersal are here approached through the buoyant quality of the seed and fruit;...

or Honey-eaters, which are widely distributed in Polynesia and are known to feed on these fruits—a matter further discussed in my treatment of Ficus later on in this chapter.

_Rhizophora._—Represented by Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora mangle, and the Selala, a seedless intermediate form.—Their mode of association and characters.—The relation of the...

The littoral floras of the West Coast of South America.—The Convolvulus soldanella zone of Southern Chile.—The plantless or desert zone of Northern Chile.—The Sesuvium zone of P...

About half of the plants have fleshy or sappy fruits (drupes and berries) that would attract frugivorous birds, such as we find in Xylosma, Elæocarpus, Eugenia, Scævola, Wikstrœ...

The mountain-flora of Hawaii.—A third of it derived from high southern latitudes.—An American element.—Compared with Tahiti and Fiji.—Capacities for dispersal of the genera poss...

WE pass now from the consideration of the mountain-flora of Hawaii and its scanty representation in the Fijian and Tahitian regions to a discussion of the low-level Hawaiian flo...

The distribution of the arborescent Lobeliaceæ.—On the upper flanks of Ruwenzori.—The Lobeliaceæ of the Hawaiian Islands.—The Lobeliaceæ of the Tahitian or East Polynesian regio...

The mountain-flora of the Tahitian region, as illustrated by the non-endemic genera.—Derived chiefly from high southern latitudes.—Weinmannia, Coprosma, Vaccinium, Astelia, Cori...

The islands of the tropical Pacific as the homes of new genera and new species.—The significance of a large endemic element.—Synopsis of the eras.—The era of endemic genera.—The...

Identity of the problems presented by the indigenous plants and the peoples of the Pacific islands.—The food-plants of the Polynesians and the pre-Polynesians.—Their weeds.—The...

it be in Fiji or in Ecuador, although, of course, all will float in the sea, only one-half or two-thirds will float in the neighbouring fresh-water stream. Those that float appe...

Introductory remarks.—The tranquil working of the winds and currents contrasted with the revolutionary influence of the bird.—The Hawaiian, Fijian, and Tahitian groups.—Their su...

The working value of the currents as plant-dispersers.—The relation between the currents and the distribution of shore-plants.—The clue afforded by the American plants.—Two regi...

The Fijian difficulty.—Inland species of a genus possessing fruits not known to have any means of dispersal through agencies now at work in the Pacific.—Pandanus.—Its remarkable...

He will also find much to puzzle him in the mode of dispersal of the Hawaiian residual genera of the Convolvulaceæ (Breweria, Jacquemontia, and Cuscuta) that possess only endemi...

The classification of buoyant seeds and fruits.—The first group, where the cavity of the seed or seedvessel is incompletely filled.—The second group, where the kernel is buoyant...

The shifting of the source of the Polynesian plants from the New to the Old World.—The floral history of Polynesia stated in terms of geological time.—The suspension of the agen...

Afzelia bijuga.—The African home of the genus.—The double station of Afzelia bijuga, inland and at the coast.—The nature of the buoyancy of its seeds.—Summary relating to Afzeli...

The study of insular floras.—Their investigation in this work from the standpoint of dispersal.—The significance of plant-distribution in the Pacific.—The problems connected wit...

The initial experiment.—The proportion of littoral plants.—The two great principles of buoyancy.—The investigations of Professor Schimper.—The investigations of the author.—The...

The epochs in the plant-stocking.—The age of ferns and lycopods.—The relative proportion of vascular cryptogams in Hawaii, Fiji, and Tahiti.—The large number of peculiar species...

The general principles concerned.—The subject assumes a statistical character.—Seeds and seedvessels are as a rule either much heavier than sea-water or much lighter than fresh...

In the south of England.—On the coast of Scandinavia.—In the Mediterranean.—Southern Chile.—Very little effective dispersal by currents in temperate latitudes.—Cakile maritima.—...

COMPARED with the rich strand-flora of Fiji, that of Hawaii presents but a sorry aspect. In the number of species (30) it does not amount to half; whilst it lacks the great mang...

THE tendency of the floating seed or fruit to germinate in the estuaries of tropical rivers is especially characteristic of the plants of the mangrove-swamps and of their border...

Results of observations on the buoyancy of over 300 British plants.—The small proportion of plants with buoyant seeds or seedvessels.—Their station by the water-side.—The great...

process by which, excluding the mangroves, plants of the xerophilous habit possessing buoyant seeds and fruits have been sorted out and placed at the coast. Direct evidence does...

Inland species of a genus developed from littoral species originally brought by the currents but no longer existing in the group.—Illustrated by the Leguminous genera, Erythrina...

to connect them with the xerophilous or hygrophilous organisation of a plant, or, in other words, with any structural characters associated with particular stations; yet behind...

at a work like that of Dr. Willkomm on the vegetation of the strand and steppe-regions of the Iberian peninsula to realise how the few littoral plants familiar to the English ey...

We must therefore look to the temperate and not to the tropical zone for the home of the parent species of Sophora chrysophylla; and if it was originally derived from a shore-pl...

The large Euphorbiaceous genus Phyllanthus, spread universally over the tropics and containing some 500 known species, clearly indicates by its distribution in the Pacific islan...

HAVING learned from the British flora the real significance of the buoyant seed or fruit in a littoral flora, we will now return to the Pacific and proceed to deal with the comp...

ALTHOUGH this volume contains a great amount of original material, I am largely indebted to the labours of my predecessors for its present form; and a scheme that at first was l...

Leguminosæ predominate in tropical littoral floras.—The anomalies of their distribution in the Pacific islands.—They conform to no one rule of dispersal or of distribution.—Stra...

scale of the germinative capacities of plants, presenting a continuous series beginning with the mangroves, where germination takes place on the tree, and ending with those nume...

Nature has never concerned herself directly with providing means of dispersal.—Fleshy fruits not made to be eaten.—Nor “sticky” seeds to adhere to plumage.—Nor prickly fruits to...

HAWAII.—(1) _The Hawaiian residual genera, being those not found in either the Fijian or the Tahitian regions._ The genera especially discussed are Osmanthus, Sicyos, Jacquemont...

There are a few general considerations arising out of the foregoing observations to which reference may now be made. The study of the behaviour of the floating seed or fruit oft...

JUST as the littoral plants of Fiji may be regarded as typical of Western Polynesia, so the strand-flora of Tahiti, or, rather, of the Tahitian Islands, may be considered as rep...

The question of the operation of Natural Selection.—Are there two principles at work?—The presence of buoyant tissue in the seed-tests and fruit-coats of inland plants, both wil...

The choice of station of the water-side plant possessing buoyant seeds or seedvessels.—Determined by its fitness or unfitness for living in physiologically dry stations.—In the...

another inland species from Samoa, T. samoensis. The beach plant, T. pinnatifida, grows so typically (sometimes side by side with T. maculata) in the inland plains of Fiji that...

Page 266. The fruits of Oncocarpus vitiensis have been found in the crop of a Fijian fruit-pigeon (Carpophaga latrans). _See_ Hemsley’s _Bot. Chall. Exped._, Introd., 46, and iv...

Professor Schimper’s views.—Great antiquity of the mangrove-formation.—Problem mainly concerned with the derivation of inland from littoral plants.—Grouping of the genera posses...

The widely dispersed genera that are as a rule not entirely represented by endemic species in any archipelago.—Elæocarpus.—Dodonæa.—Metrosideros.—Alyxia.—Alphitonia.—Pisonia.—Wi...

The significance of vivipary.—The scale of germinative capacity.—A lost habit with many inland plants.—The views of Goebel.—The shrinking in the course of ages of tropical swamp...

The littoral floras of the West Coast of South America.—The Convolvulus soldanella zone of Southern Chile.—The plantless or desert zone of Northern Chile.—The Sesuvium zone of P...

The study of insular floras.—Their investigation in this work from the standpoint of dispersal.—The significance of plant-distribution in the Pacific.—The problems connected wit...

The mountain-flora of the Tahitian region, as illustrated by the non-endemic genera.—Derived chiefly from high southern latitudes.—Weinmannia, Coprosma, Vaccinium, Astelia, Cori...

Afzelia bijuga.—The African home of the genus.—The double station of Afzelia bijuga, inland and at the coast.—The nature of the buoyancy of its seeds.—Summary relating to Afzeli...

The islands of the tropical Pacific as the homes of new genera and new species.—The significance of a large endemic element.—Synopsis of the eras.—The era of endemic genera.—The...

The general principles concerned.—The subject assumes a statistical character.—Seeds and seedvessels are as a rule either much heavier than sea-water or much lighter than fresh...

_Rhizophora._—Represented by Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora mangle, and the Selala, a seedless intermediate form.—Their mode of association and characters.—The relation of the...

The choice of station of the water-side plant possessing buoyant seeds or seedvessels.—Determined by its fitness or unfitness for living in physiologically dry stations.—In the...

The shifting of the source of Polynesian plants from the New to the Old World.—The floral history of Polynesia stated in terms of geological time.—The suspension of the agencies...

The widely dispersed genera that are as a rule not entirely represented by endemic species in any archipelago.—Elæocarpus.—Dodonæa.—Metrosideros.—Alyxia.—Alphitonia.—Pisonia.—Wi...

Identity of the problems presented by the indigenous plants and the peoples of the Pacific islands.—The food-plants of the Polynesians and the pre-Polynesians.—Their weeds.—The...

The mountain-flora of Hawaii.—A third of it derived from high southern latitudes.—An American element.—Compared with Tahiti and Fiji.—Capacities for dispersal of the genera poss...

The classification of buoyant seeds and fruits.—The first group, where the cavity of the seed or seedvessel is incompletely filled.—The second group, where the kernel is buoyant...

The eras in the plant-stocking.—The age of ferns and lycopods.—The relative proportion of vascular cryptogams in Hawaii, Fiji, and Tahiti.—The large number of peculiar species i...

The Fijian difficulty.—Inland species of a genus possessing fruits not known to have any means of dispersal through agencies now at work in the Pacific.—Pandanus.—Its remarkable...

The distribution of the arborescent Lobeliaceæ.—On the upper flanks of Ruwenzori.—The Lobeliaceæ of the Hawaiian Islands.—The Lobeliaceæ of the Tahitian or East Polynesian regio...

The working value of the currents as plant-dispersers.—The relation between the currents and the distribution of shore-plants.—The clue afforded by the American plants.—Two regi...

In the south of England.—On the coast of Scandinavia.—In the Mediterranean.—Southern Chile.—Very little effective dispersal by currents in temperate latitudes.—Cakile maritima.—...

Nature has never concerned herself directly with providing means of dispersal.—Fleshy fruits not made to be eaten.—Nor “sticky” seeds to adhere to plumage.—Nor prickly fruits to...

Introductory remarks.—The tranquil working of the winds and currents contrasted with the revolutionary influence of the bird.—The Hawaiian, Fijian, and Tahitian groups.—Their su...

The initial experiment.—The proportion of littoral plants.—The two great principles of buoyancy.—The investigations of Professor Schimper.—The investigations of the author.—The...

Leguminosæ predominate in tropical littoral floras.—The anomalies of their distribution in the Pacific islands.—They conform to no one rule of dispersal or of distribution.—Stra...

The question of the operation of Natural Selection.—Are there two principles at work?—The presence of buoyant tissue in the seed-tests and fruit-coats of inland plants, both wil...

Inland species of a genus developed from littoral species originally brought by the currents but no longer existing in the group.—Illustrated by the Leguminous genera Erythrina,...

The significance of vivipary.—The scale of germinative capacity.—A lost habit with many inland plants.—The views of Goebel.–-The shrinking in the course of ages of tropical swam...

Professor Schimper’s views.—Great antiquity of the mangrove-formation.—Problem mainly concerned with the derivation of inland from littoral plants.—Grouping of the genera posses...

Results of observations on the buoyancy of over 300 British plants.—The small proportion of plants with buoyant seeds or seedvessels.—Their station by the water-side.—The great...