Chapter 3

"Where our most dread, &c., lord the king, hath heretofore been, and is justly, lawfully, and notoriously knowen, named, published, and declared to be King of England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and the Church of England and also of Ireland, in earth supreme head; and hath justly and lawfully used the title and name thereof as to his Grace appertaineth. Be it enacted, &c., that all and singular his Graces' subject, &c., shall from henceforth accept and take the same his Majesty's style ... viz., in the English tongue by these words, Henry the Eighth, by the grace of God King of England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and of the Church of England, and also of Ireland, in earth the supreme head; and that the said style, &c., shall be, &c., united {482} and annexed for ever to the imperial crown of his highness's realms of England."

By the supposed authority of this statute, and notwithstanding the revocation of the title by Pope Paul III., and its omission in the Bull addressed by Pope Julius III. to Philip and Mary, that princess, before and after her marriage, used this style, and the statute having, been re-established by 1 Eliz. c. 1., the example has been followed by her royal Protestant successors, who wished thereby to declare themselves Defenders of the Anti-papal Church. The learned Bishop Gibson, in his _Codex_ (i. 33, note), treats this title as having commenced in Henry VIII. So do Blount, Cowel, and such like authorities.

WM. SIDNEY GIBSON.

Newcastle-on-Tyne, Dec. 1850.

P.S. Since writing the above, I have found (in the nineteenth volume of _Archæologia_, pp. 1-10.) an essay by Mr. Alex. Luders on this very subject, in which that able writer, who was well accustomed to examine historical records, refers to many examples in which the title "Most Christian King" was attributed to, or used by English sovereigns, as well as the kings of France; and to the fact, that this style was used by Henry VII., as appears from his contract with the Abbot of Westminster (Harl. MS. 1498.). Selden tells us that the emperors had from early times been styled "Defensores Ecclesiæ;" and from the instances cited by Mr. Luders, it appears that the title of "Most Christian" was appropriated to kings of France from a very ancient period; that Pepin received it (A.D. 755) from the Pope, and Charles the Bald (A.D. 859) from a Council: and Charles VI. refers to ancient usage for this title, and makes use of these words:

"--nostrorum progenitorum imitatione--evangelicæ veritatis--DEFENSORES--nostra regia dignitas divino Christianæ religionis titulo gloriosius insignitur--."

Mr. Luders refers to the use of the words "Nos zelo _fidei catholicæ_, cujus sumus et erimus Deo dante _Defensores_, salubriter commoti" in the charter of Richard II. to the Chancellor of Oxford, in the nineteenth year of his reign, as the earliest introduction of such phrases into acts of the kings of England that he had met with. This zeal was for the condemnation of Wycliff's _Trialogus_. In the reign of Hen. IV. the writ "De Hæretico comburendo" had the words "Zelator justitia et fidei catholicæ cultor;" and the title of "Très Chrêtien" occurs in several instruments of Hen. VI. and Edw. IV. It appears very probable that this usage was the foundation of the statement made by Chamberlayne and by Mr. Christopher Wren: but that the title of Defender of the Faith was used as part of the royal style before 1521, is, I believe, quite untrue.

W.S.G.

* * * * *

MEANING OF JEZEBEL.

(Vol. ii., p. 357.)

There appear to be two serious objections to the idea of your correspondent W.G.H. respecting the appearance of _Baal_ in this word: 1. The original orthography ([Hebrew: 'iyzebel]); whereas the name of the deity is found on all Phoenician monuments, where it enters largely into the composition of proper names, written [Hebrew: b`l]: and, 2. The fact of female names being generally on these same monuments (as tombstones and so forth) compounded of the name of a _goddess_, specially Astarth ([Hebrew: 'atiorit] or [Hebrew: `a]). I do not know that we have any example of a female name into which _Baal_ enters.

The derivation of the word appears to be that given by Gesenius (s.v.); that it is compounded of the root [Hebrew: zabal] (habitavit, cohabitavit) and the negative [Hebrew: 'eiyn], and that its meaning is the same as [Greek: alochos], casta: comp. _Agnes_. _Isabel_, in fact, would be a name nearer the original than the form in which we have it.

SC.

Carmarthen, Oct. 29. 1850.

_Jezebel._--W.G.H. has been misled by the ending _bel_. The Phoenician god _Bel_ or _Baal_ has nothing to do with this name,--the component words being _Je-zebel_, not _Jeze-bel_. Of the various explanations given, that of Gesenius (_Heb. Lex._, s. voc.) appears, as usual, the simplest and most rational. The name [Hebrew: 'iyzebel] (Jezebel) he derives from [Hebrew: 'iy] (_i_) "not" (comp. I-chabod, "In-glorious") and [Hebrew: zabal] (zábal), "to dwell, cohabit with."

The name will then mean "without cohabitation," _i.e._ [Greek: alochos] (Plat. _Theæt._) "chaste, modest." Comp. _Agnes_, _Katherine_, &c.

Less satisfactory explanations may be found in Calmet's _Dictionary_, and the _Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature_, edited by Dr. Kitlo.

R.T.H.G.

_Jezebel._--The Hebrew spelling [Hebrew: 'iyzebel] presents so much difficulty, that I fear such a derivation as W.G.H. wishes to obtain for the name is not practicable by any known etymology. Nothing that I am aware of, either in Hebrew, Syriac, or Arabic, will help us. The nearest verb that I can find is the Chaldee [Hebrew: 'aza'], signifying, "to light a fire," parts of which occur two or three times in Dan. iii.; but I fear it would be too daring a conjecture to interpret the name _quem Belus accendit_ on the strength of that verb's existence. At present I feel myself obliged to take the advice of Winer, in his _Lexicon_, "Satius est ignorantiam fateri quam argutari."

"Nominis origo (he says) non liquet. Sunt qui interpretentur _non stercus_, Coll. 2 Reg. ix. 27., ineptè. {483} Simonis in Onom. dictum putat Ino [Hebrew: n'iy zebel], _mansio habitationis_ (habitatio tectissima); Gesenius _cui nemo concubuit_, Coll. [Hebrew: zbl], Gen. xxx. 20. Sed satius," &c.

Admitting that Hasdrubal is, in fact [Hebrew: `azrw beil], _Bel (was) his helper_, we cannot possibly connect [Hebrew: 'iyzebel] with it.

[Hebrew: b].

L---- Rectory, Somerset.

_Jezebel._--Your correspondent W.G.H. believes this word to be derivable from _Baal_. That the Phoenician word [Hebrew: ba`al] (Lord) makes a component part of many Syrian names is well-known: but I do not think the contracted form [Hebrew: beil], which was used by the Babylonians, is ever found in any Syrian names. If we suppose the name [Hebrew: 'iyzebel] to be derived from [Hebrew: beil] or [Hebrew: ba`al], we must find a meaning for the previous letters. Gesenius derives the name from [Hebrew: 'y], the negative particle, [Hebrew: zbl], and gives it the sense of "innuba", _i.e._ "pure," comparing it, as a female name, with the Christian Agnes. There is but one passage, however, in Scripture which supports this secondary sense of [Hebrew: zbl] properly, "to be round," or, "to make round," and then "to dwell;" from whence [Hebrew: zbwl], "a dwelling or habitation:" also [Hebrew: zbwlwn], "dwellings," the name which Leah gives to her sixth son, because she hopes that thenceforward her husband [Hebrew: yizbleiwiy], "will dwell with me." (Gen. xxx. 20.) Gesenius considers this equivalent with "cohabit;" and from this single passage draws the sense which he assigns to [Hebrew: 'iyzebel] This seems rather far-fetched. I am, however, still inclined to give the sense of "pure, unpolluted," to [Hebrew: 'iyzebel], but on different grounds.

[Hebrew: zebel] has another sense, [Greek: kopros], particularly of camels, from the round form; and the word was common, in the later Hebrew, in that sense. Hence the evil spirit is called [Hebrew: ba`al-zbwl], a contemptuous name, instead of [Hebrew: ba`al-zbwb] = [Greek: Beelzeboul] instead of [Greek: Beelzeboub] (Matt. xii. 24.).

The negative of this word [Hebrew: 'iyzebel] might, without any great forcing of the literal sense, imply "the undefiled," [Greek: Amiautos]; and this conjecture is supported by comparing 2 Kings, ix. 37. with the same verse in the _Targum_ of Jonathan. They are as follows: (Heb.):

[Hebrew: wihayta niblat 'iyzebel krmen `al-pneiy hasreh]

In the _Targum_ thus:

[Hebrew: wtiheiy nibeiylta' r'iyzebel kzebel mbarar `al 'apeiy taqla':]

It is quite clear that the Targumists intended here a strong allusion to the _original_ meaning of Jezebel's name; viz. that she who was named "the undefiled" should become as "defilement." I am not sure whether a disquisition of this kind may be considered irrelevant to your work; but as the idea seems not an improbable one to some whose judgment I value, I venture to send it.

E.C.H.

* * * * *

SOCINIAN BOAST.

(Vol. ii., p. 375.).

One of your correspondents, referring to the lines lately quoted by Dr. Pusey--

"Tota jacet Babylon; destruxit tecta Lutherus, Calvinus muros, sed fundamenta Socinus."

inquires "by what Socinian writer" are these two hexameter verses used ?

In reply, I beg to remark that by "Socinian" is, I suppose, meant "Unitarian," for even the immediate converts of Socinus refused to be called Socinians, alleging that their belief was founded on the teaching of Jesus Christ; and modern Unitarians, disowning all human authority in religious matters, cannot take to themselves the name of Socinus.

The distich, however, appears to have been in use among the Polish Unitarians shortly after the death of Faustus Socinus, as respectfully expressive of the exact effect which they conceived that he had produced in the religious world. Mr. Wallace, in his _Antitrinitarian Biography_, vol. iii. p. 323., states that it is "the epitaph said to have been inscribed on the tomb of Faustus Socinus." Mr. Wallace's authority for this assertion I have not been able to discover. Bock (_Hist. Antitrinitariorum_, vol. iii. p. 725.), whom Mr. Wallace generally follows, observes that the adherents of Faustus Socinus were accustomed to use these lines "respecting his decease," (qui de ejus obitu canere soliti sunt). This would seem to imply that the lines were composed not long after the death of Faustus Socinus. Probably they formed originally a part of poem written as a eulogy on him by some minister of the Unitarian church. The case would not be without a parallel.

Three versions of the distich are before me; that cited by Dr. Pusey, and the two which follow:--

"Alta ruit Babylon; destruxit tecta Lutherus, Muros Calvinus, sed fundamenta Socinus." Fock, _Socinianismus_, vol. i. p. 180.

"Tota ruet Babylon; destruxit tecta Lutherus, Muros Calvinus, sed fundamenta Socinus." Bock, _ut supra_.

Which is the original? Bock's reading has the preference in my mind, because he is known to have founded his history on the results of his own personal investigations among the manuscripts as {484} well as the printed documents of the Polish Unitarian Churches. Besides, if, as there is reason to believe, the lines were composed shortly after the death of F. Socinus, _ruet_ (_will_ fall) would now correctly describe what, at so small a distance from the days of Luther and Calvin, may be supposed to have been the feeling among the Polish Unitarians; whereas Dr. Pusey's _jacet_ (lies low, in the _present_ tense) does as certainly partake somewhat of the grandiloquent. That no "boast," however, was intended, becomes probable, when we consider that the distich was designed to convey a feeling of reverence towards Socinus rather than an insult to Rome.

JOHN R. BEARD.

* * * * *

REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.

_The Königs-stuhl at Rheuze_ (Vol. ii., p. 442.).--DR. BELL, who inquires for an engraving of the old _Königs_ or _Kaisers-stuhl_, at Rheuze, is referrred to the _History of Germany, on the Plan of Mrs. Markham's Histories_, published by Murray, where, on the 188th page, he will find a very neat woodcut of this building, which we are told was destroyed in 1807, and rebuilt after the original model in 1843. It is of an octagon form, supported by pillars, with seven stone seats round the sides for the electors, and one in the centre for the emperor.

M.H.G.

[The woodcuts of this work deserve especial commendation, being accurate representations of objects of historical interest, instead of the imaginative illustrations too often introduced into works which claim to represent the truth of history. Many of the engravings, such as that of the _room in which the Council of Constance was held_, and the _Cages of the Anabaptists_ attached to the tower of _St. Lambert's Church, Munster_, are, we have understood, copied from original sketches placed at Mr. Murray's disposal for the purpose of being used in the work in question.]

_Mrs. Tempest_ (Vol. ii., p. 407.).--This lady was one of the two daughters of Henry Tempest, Esq., of Newton Grange, Yorkshire (son of Sir John Tempest of Tong Hall, who was created a baronet in 1664), by his wife Alathea, daughter of Sir Henry Thompson of Marston, co. York. She died unmarried in 1703. As the Daphne of Pope's pastoral "Winter," inscribed to her memory, she is celebrated in terms which scarcely bear out the remark of your correspondent, that the poet "has no special allusion to her."

J.T. HAMMACK.

_Calendar of Sundays in Greek and Romish Churches._--In reply to M.'s Query, I beg to inform him, that to find a calendar of _both_ the above churches, he need seek no further than the _Almanach de Gotha_ for the year 1851. He will there find what he wants, on authority no doubt sufficient.

D.C.

_The Conquest_ (Vol. ii., p. 440).--I do not agree with L. in thinking that the modern notion, that this word means "a forcible method of acquisition," is an erroneous one; but have no doubt that, whatever its original derivation may be, it was used in that sense. If William I. never pretended "to annex the idea of victory to conquisition," it is certain that his son William II. did: for we find a charter of his in the _Monasticon_ (ed. 1846), vol. vi. p. 992., confirming a grant of the church of St. Mary of Andover to the abbey of St. Florence, at Salmur, in Anjou, in which there is the following recital:

"Noscant qui sunt et qui futuri sunt, quod Willielmus rex, qui _armis Anglicam terram sibi subjugavit_, dedit." &c.

If this charter was granted by William I., under whom Dugdale has placed it in his _Chronica Series_, p. 1., _nomine Baldric_, the argument is so much the stronger; but I have endeavored to prove by internal evidence (_Judges of England_, vol. i. p. 67.) that it is a charter of William II.

EDWARD FOSS.

_Thruscross_ (Vol. ii., p. 441.).--In a sermon preached at the funeral of Lady Margaret Mainard, at Little Easton, in Essex, June 30, 1682, by Bishop Ken, he says:

"The silenced, and plundered, and persecuted clergy she thought worthy of double honour, did vow a certain sum yearly out of her income, which she laid aside, only to succour them. The congregations where she then communicated, were those of the Reverend and pious Dr. Thruscross and Dr. Mossom, both now in heaven, and that of the then Mr. Gunning, the now most worthy Bishop of Ely, for whom she ever after had a peculiar veneration."

"My last son Izaak, borne the 7th of September, 1651, at halfe an houre after two o'clock in the afternoone, being Sunday, and he was baptized that evening by Mr. Thruscross, in my house in Clerkenwell. Mr. Henry Davison and my brother Beacham were his godfathers, and Mrs. Roe his godmother."--_Izaak Walton's Entry in his Prayer Book._

Peckhard, in his _Life of Nicholas Ferrar_, p. 213., quotes Barwick's Life, Oley, Thruscross, and Thorndike.

W.P.

_Osnaburgh Bishopric_ (Vol. ii., pp. 358. 447.).--The succession to this bishopric was regulated by the Treaty of Westphalia, in 1648. By virtue of that treaty the see of Osnaburgh is alternately possessed by a Romish and a Protestant prince; and when it comes to the turn of a Protestant, it is to be given to a younger son of the house of Hanover. The _Almanach de Gotha_ will most probably supply the information who succeeded the late Duke of York. Looking at the names of the titular bishops of Osnaburgh, it may be inferred that the duties attached to the see are confined to its temporalities.

J.T. HAMMACK.

{485} _Nicholas Ferrar_ (Vol. ii., pp. 119. 407. 444.).--The libellous pamphlet, entitled _The Arminian Nunnery at Little Gidding_, is printed entire in the Appendix to Hearne's Preface to Langtoft. One of the Harmonies of the Life of Christ is in the British Museum, and another at St. John's College, Oxford (Qy.) (See the list of MSS. once at Gidding, Peckhard, p. 306.) N. Ferrar published and wrote the preface to Herbert's _Temple_, 1633,--and translated Valdesso's _Divine Considerations_, Camb. 1646.

W.P.

_Butchers' Blue Dress_ (Vol. ii., p. 266.).--A blue dress does not show stains of blood, inasmuch as blood, when dry, becomes of a blue colour. I have always understood this to be the explanation of this custom.

X.Z.

_Chaucer's Portrait by Occleve_ (Vol. ii., p. 442.).--This portrait is engraved in Strutt's _Regal and Ecclesiastical Antiquities_.

J.I.D.

[And we may add, in the edition of Tyrwhitt's _Canterbury Tales_, published by Pickering--ED.]

_Chaucer's Portrait_ (Vol. ii., p. 442.).--His portrait, from Occleve's poem, has been engraved in octavo and folio by Vertue. Another, from the Harleian MS., engraved by Worthington, is in Pickering's edition of Tyrwhitt's _Chaucer_. Occleve's poem has not been printed; but see Ritson's _Biblioth. Poetica_, and Warton's _H.E.P._ A full-length portrait of Chaucer is given in Shaw's _Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages_; another, on horseback, in Todd's _Illustrations of Gower and Chaucer_.

W.P.

_Lady Jane of Westmoreland_ (Vol. i., p. 103.).--I think your correspondent Q.D. is wrong in his supposition that the two following entries in Mr. Collier's second volume of _Extracts from the Registers of the Stationers' Company_ refer to a composition by Lady Jane of Westmoreland:--

"1585-6. Cold and uncoth blowes, of the Lady Jane of Westmorland.

1586-7. A songe of Lady Jane of Westmorland."

My idea is, that the ballad (for Mr. Collier thinks that both entries relate to one production) was merely one of those metrical ditties sung about the streets of London depicting the woes and sufferings of some unfortunate lady. The question is, who was this "unfortunate lady?" She was the wife of Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, who was attainted about the year 1570, and died in Flanders anno 1584. I learn this from a MS. of the period, now before me, entitled _Some Account of the Sufferinges of the Ladye Jane of Westmorlande, who dyed in Exile. By T.C._ Perhaps at some future time I may trouble your readers with an account of this highly interesting MS.

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

_Gray and Dodsley._--As the HERMIT OF HOLYPORT has repeated his Queries on Gray and Dodsley, I must make a second attempt to answer them with due precision, assured that no man is more disposed than himself to communicate information for the satisfaction of others.

1. _Gray_: In the first edition of the _Elegy_ the epithet in question is _droning_; and so it stands in the _Poems of Gray_, as edited by himself, in 1753, 1768, &c.

2. _Dodsley_: The first edition of the important poetical miscellany which bears his name was published in 1748, in three volumes, 12mo.

BOLTON CORNEY.

* * * * *

MISCELLANEOUS.

NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.

_The New Classical Dictionary of Biography, Mythology, and History_, may be considered as the third in that important series of Classical Dictionaries for which the world is indebted to the learning of Dr. Smith. As the present work is distinguished by the same excellencies which have won for the _Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities_, and the _Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology_, the widely-spread reputation they enjoy, we shall content ourselves with a few words explanatory of the arrangement of a work which, it requires no great gift of prophecy to foretell, must ere long push Lemprière from its stool. The present Dictionary may be divided into three portions. The Biographical, which includes all the historical names of importance which occur in the Greek and Roman writers, from the earliest times down to the extinction of the Western Empire; those of all Greek and Roman writers, whose works are either extant or known to have exercised an influence upon their respective literatures; and, lastly, those of all the more important artists of antiquity. In the Mythological division may be noticed first, the discrimination, hitherto not sufficiently attended to, between the Greek and Roman mythology, and which in this volume is shown by giving an account of the Greek divinities under their Greek names, and the Roman divinities under their Latin names; and, secondly, what is of still more consequence, the care to avoid as far as possible all indelicate allusions in the respective histories of such divinities. Lastly, in the Geographical portion of the work, and which will probably be found the most important one, very few omissions will be discovered of names occurring in the chief classical writers. This brief sketch of the contents of this _New Classical Dictionary_ will satisfy our readers that Dr. Smith has produced a volume, not only of immense value to those who are entering upon their classical studies, but one which will be found a most useful handbook to the scholar and the more advanced student.

_The Greek Church, A Sketch_, is the last of the Shilling Series in which Mr. Appleyard has described {486} the different sections of Christendom, with a view to their ultimate reunion. Like its predecessors, the volume is amiable and interesting, but being historical rather than doctrinal, is scarcely calculated to give the uninformed reader a very precise view of the creed of the Greek Church. It may serve, however, to assure us that the acrimony of religious discussion and the mutual jealousy of Church and State, which disquiets so many minds at present, was more than matched in the days of Constantine and Athanasius.

The last part of the _Transactions of the Academy of Sciences_ of Berlin contains two papers by Jacob Grimm, which will doubtless be perused with great interest in this country. The one on the ancient practice of burning the bodies of the dead (_Ueber das Verbrennen der Leichen_) will be of especial interest to English antiquaries; but the other, from its connexion with the great educational questions which now occupy so much of public attention, will probably be yet more attractive. It is entitled, _Ueber Schüle Universität Academie_. Separate copies of these Essays may be procured from Messrs. Williams and Norgate.

Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson (Wellington Street, Strand) will sell on Monday next and two following days the valuable Dramatic and Miscellaneous Library of the late John Fullarton, Esq., which contains an extensive collection of the early editions of the Old English Dramatists.

We have received the following Catalogues:--Bernard Quaritch's (16. Castle Street, Leicester Square) Catalogue No. 21. for 1850, of Antiquarian, Historical, Heraldic, Numismatic, and Topographical Books; William Heath's (29½, Lincoln Inn Fields) Catalogue No. 6. for 1850, of Valuable Second-hand Books; Cole's (15. Great Turnstile) List of very Cheap Books.