Part 2

HEAD.—Skull moderately domed. Ears set on low, long and fine in leather, rather broad and rounded at tips, absence of all erectile power. Eyes full, prominent, rather wide apart, soft and lustrous. Muzzle medium length, squarely cut; stop well defined; jaws level; lips either free from or with moderate flews; nostrils large.

NECK AND THROAT.—Neck free in action, strong, yet not loaded; throat clean, free from folds of skin.

SHOULDERS AND CHEST.—Shoulders somewhat sloping, muscular, but not loaded; chest moderately broad and full.

BACK, LOINS, AND RIBS.—Back short and strong; loins broad and slightly arched; ribs well sprung.

FORE LEGS AND FEET.—Fore legs straight, plenty of bone; feet close, firm, either round or hare-like.

HIPS, THIGHS, AND HIND LEGS.—Hips muscular; stifles strong and well let down; hocks firm.

TAIL.—Carried gaily, well up, medium curve, and clothed with a decided brush.

HEIGHT.—Fifteen inches.

COLOR.—All hound colors admissible. (See Foxhound.)

DEFECTS.—Flat skull; short ears, set on too high, pointed at tips; eyes yellow or light color; muzzle snipy; thick, short neck; elbows out; knees knuckled over; long tail with “tea-pot” curve.

DISQUALIFICATIONS.—Eyes close together and terrier-like; thin rat-tail, with absence of brush; short, nappy coat.

THE HOUND (BLOODHOUND).

ORIGIN.—In Barbour’s “Bruce” (1489) we find the earliest mention of the bloodhound, where it is called the “sleuthhund.” However, little can be learned definitely of its origin.

USES.—Having scenting powers to a marvelous degree, it is used in trailing wounded deer, slaves, sheep-stealers, escaped convicts, etc.

DISPOSITION.—Contrary to general impressions, the modern bloodhound is of a most equable disposition, kind and gentle, and quite apt to be timid, excepting when on the trail; then it is extremely dangerous.

SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value. Head 15 Ears and eyes 10 Flews 5 Neck 5 Shoulders and chest 10 Back and ribs 10 Legs and feet 20 Color and coat 10 Stern 5 Symmetry 10 --- Total 100

HEAD.—This is the most distinguishable feature of the dog; it is domed, blunt at occiput; jaws very long and wide at nostrils, hollow and very lean at cheek; brows very prominent, and the general expression is grand and majestic; skin covering cheeks and forehead wrinkled to a wonderful degree.

EYES AND EARS.—Eyes hazel, rather small, deeply sunk, showing haw, which is deep red. This redness, some claim, is indicative of cross with mastiff, Gordon setter, or St. Bernard. Ears long, and will overlap when drawn over front of nose, hang close to cheek, _never_ inclined to be pricked; leather thin, covered with soft hair.

FLEWS.—Very long and pendent, falling below mouth.

NECK.—Long, so as to enable the dog to easily drop his nose to the ground; considerable dewlap.

CHEST AND SHOULDERS.—Chest wider than deep; shoulders sloping and muscular.

BACK AND BACK RIBS.—Wide and deep, the hips being wide or almost ragged.

LEGS AND FEET.—Legs _must_ be straight and muscular; feet as cat-like as possible.

COAT.—Short and hard on body, silky on ears and top of head.

COLOR.—Black and tan or tan only; the black extends to the back, sides, top of neck, and top of head; the tan should be of deep, rich red; there should be little or no white.

STERN.—Carried gaily in gentle curve, but not raised above back; lower side is fringed with hair.

DEFECT.—Absence of black.

THE HOUND (DACHSHUND).

ORIGIN.—The origin of this dog is lost in antiquity. A dog resembling it very closely is to be found on the monument of Thothmes III., 2000 B.C. The modern dog is essentially German.

USES.—Hunting rabbits and hares, tracking wounded animals and badgers.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value. Head and skull 12 Jaw 5 Legs and feet 20 Loins 8 Body 8½ Symmetry and quality 11 Ears 6½ Chest 7 Skin and coat 13 Stern 5 Color 4 --- Total 100

HEAD AND SKULL.—Long, level, narrow; peak well developed; no stop. Eyes intelligent and rather small; follow body in color. Ears long, broad, soft, set on low and well back, carried close to head. Jaws strong, level, square to the muzzle; canines recurvant.

CHEST.—Deep, narrow; breast-bone prominent.

LEGS AND FEET.—Fore legs very short, strong in bone, well crooked, not standing over; elbows well muscled, neither in nor out; feet large, round, strong, with thick pads and strong nails. Hind legs smaller in bone and higher; feet smaller. The dog must stand equally on all parts of the foot.

SKIN AND COAT.—Skin thick, loose, supple, and in great quantity; coat dense, short, and strong.

LOINS.—Well arched, long, and muscular.

STERN.—Long and strong, flat at root, tapering to tip; hair on under side coarse; carried low except when excited.

BODY.—Length from back of head to root of tail two and a half times height at shoulder; fore ribs well sprung; back ribs very short.

COLOR.—Any color; nose to follow body color; _much_ white objectionable.

SYMMETRY AND QUALITY.—The dachshund should be long, low, and graceful, not cloddy.

WEIGHT.—Dogs, 21 pounds; bitches, 18 pounds.

THE HOUND (DEERHOUND).

ORIGIN.—Undoubtedly descended from the Irish wolfhound, though some claim it to be either a cross of foxhound and greyhound, or greyhound and bloodhound. It is first mentioned in 1528 as a distinct breed.

USES.—Hunting deer.

SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value. Head and skull 15 Eyes and ears 10 Neck and chest 10 Body 10 Thighs and hocks 12 Legs and feet 10 Coat 8 Stern 5 Color 5 Symmetry 15 --- Total 100

HEAD.—Skull resembles that of a coarse, large greyhound, long and wide between ears; stop very slight. Jaws long; teeth level and strong; nostrils open, but not very wide; cheeks muscular; bone under eye neither prominent nor hollow. Ears small, thin, carried a trifle higher than those of the greyhound, but should turn over at tips; pricked ears very objectionable; they should be thinly fringed with hair at edges only. Eyes full, and dark hazel, sometimes blue.

NECK.—Long enough to allow the dog to stoop to the scent at a fast pace.

CHEST AND SHOULDERS.—Chest deep rather than wide, resembling that of greyhound; girth of a full-size dog deerhound should be at least 2 inches greater than its height; shoulders long, oblique, and muscular.

BACK AND BACK RIBS.—Back should be powerful; a good loin should measure 25 or 26 inches; back ribs are often rather shallow, but they should be well sprung; loins arched, drooping to root of tail.

ELBOWS AND STIFLES.—Elbows well let down to give length to true arm, and quite straight; stifles wide apart, well bent.

SYMMETRY is essential to its position as a companionable dog.

QUALITY is also to be regarded as of great importance.

LEGS AND QUARTERS.—Great bone and muscle are essential; the bones must be well put together at knees and hocks, which should be long and well developed; quarters deep, but seldom wide, with considerable slope to tail.

FEET.—Well arched and cat-like.

COLOR AND COAT.—The colors are dark blue, fawn, grizzle, and brindle, the latter with more or less tint of blue; the fawn should have tips of ears dark; the grizzle generally has a decided tint of blue; white on breast or toes should not disqualify a dog. Coat is coarser on back than elsewhere, and many claim it should be intermediate between silk and wool, and not the coarse hair often met with. The whole body is clothed with a rough coat, sometimes amounting to shagginess; that of muzzle is longer in proportion than elsewhere, but the mustache should not be wiry, and should stand out in irregular tufts; there should be no approach to feather on legs, but their inside should be hairy.

TAIL.—Long and gently curved, without any twist, thinly clothed with hair only.

THE HOUND (AMERICAN FOXHOUND).

ORIGIN.—A breed of dogs descended from the English species, but bred on lighter and finer lines. For uses and scale of points, see English Foxhound.

THE HOUND (ENGLISH FOXHOUND).

ORIGIN.—A breed probably indigenous to Great Britain, and quite ancient too. Its absolute origin is unknown.

USES.—Hunting foxes and deer (giving tongue when in full chase); also in America for hounding deer, moose, and other large game.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value. Head 15 Neck 5 Shoulders 10 Chest and back ribs 10 Back and loins 10 Hind quarters 10 Elbows 5 Legs and feet 20 Color and coat 5 Stern 5 Symmetry 5 --- Total 100

HEAD.—Full size, but not heavy; brow pronounced, but not high; of good length, so girth will be 16 inches. Nose long and wide. Ears low set on and lying close to cheeks.

NECK.—Long and clean, without throatiness.

SHOULDERS.—Long, well muscled, sloping, and the true arm long and muscular.

CHEST AND BACK RIBS.—Girth of chest over 30 inches in 24-inch-tall hound; back ribs very deep.

BACK AND LOINS.—Very muscular; couplings wide even to raggedness, with slight arch of loins.

HIND QUARTERS.—Very strong, as great endurance is required; elbows set straight, neither in nor out.

LEGS AND FEET.—Legs as straight as gun-barrels and as strong; large size of bone at ankle all-important; feet round, cat-like, and strong.

COLOR AND COAT.—Color black tan and white, black and white, and various pies of white and the color of the hare and badger; coat dense, short, hard, and glossy.

STERN.—Generally arched, carried gaily over back, fringed with hair, and tapering to a point.

SYMMETRY considerable, and quality should be evident.

THE HOUND (ENGLISH GREYHOUND).

ORIGIN.—Beyond question the oldest breed of dogs known, as on the pyramids of Egypt, obelisks, and ancient carved columns it is found in bold relief, with the same outlines as shown in the above illustration. In its native state it is quite devoid of courage, so the bitches are bred to bulldogs, and that product, showing most greyhound form and bulldog character, is then bred to a greyhound dog, continuing this same last breeding until in the fifth generation we produce the dog of the present day, which has indomitable courage, wonderful speed and endurance, and is possessed of a desire to kill. The name “greyhound” is a corruption of “gazehound,” signifying that the dog hunts its quarry by sight and not by scent. In England and Italy none but the nobility were formerly allowed to own a greyhound, and the killing of one was then considered a felony.

USES.—Coursing hares and rabbits, and in addition, in our Western States, for killing foxes, coyotes, and wolves, though it is rarely able single-handed to kill the latter, on account of their size and ferocity.

SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value. Head and eyes 10 Neck 10 Chest and fore quarters 20 Loins and back ribs 15 Hind quarters 20 Feet 15 Coat 5 Tail 5 --- Total 100

HEAD.—Long and narrow, fairly large between the ears, well filled out before the eyes, little or no stop, jaws lean, and eyes bright and tolerably full. Ears small and folding down when at rest, but raised when animated. Teeth _must_ be strong, and mouth _level_.

NECK.—A trifle arched, and sufficiently long to enable the dog to easily pick up a hare when in full stride.

SHOULDERS.—Placed as obliquely as possible.

CHEST.—Fairly deep, and sufficiently wide to give free action to the heart and lungs.

FORE LEGS.—_Straight_, of good bone, and length from elbow to knee twice that from knee to ground.

FEET.—The cat-foot is considered best.

LOINS.—Strong, but not too broad; back powerful and somewhat arched.

HIND QUARTERS.—Very muscular; stifles strong and well bent; hocks well let down.

TAIL.—Rat-like, fine, long, and somewhat curved, and with little hair on it.

COLOR.—Greyhounds are of any color, parti or solid.

DISPOSITION.—Kind and amiable, rarely otherwise.

WEIGHT.—Dogs, 60 pounds; bitches, 50 pounds.

OBJECTIONABLE FEATURES.—Yellow or white eyes; prick-ears; dish-face; long, separated toes; lightness of bone; weak back; straight stifles; undershot or overshot.

THE HOUND (HARRIER).

ORIGIN.—Is little else than a small-sized English foxhound. By some considered to be cross of “Southern hound” and beagle.

USES.—Hunting the hare, sometimes foxes and deer.

SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value. Head 10 Neck 5 Shoulders 10 Chest and back ribs 10 Back and loins 10 Hind quarters 15 Elbows 5 Legs and feet 20 Color and coat 5 Stern 5 Symmetry 5 --- Total 100

The points are same as those of the English foxhound, except that the head is wider and heavier, nose longer and broader, ears set farther backward, not rounded.

HEIGHT.—Sixteen to twenty inches.

THE HOUND (ITALIAN GREYHOUND).

ORIGIN.—Little is known of the origin of this breed beyond the fact that Italy and the south of France are supposed to be where it originated.

USES.—A purely pet dog, exceedingly delicate and fragile.

SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value. Head 15 Neck, ears, and eyes 15 Legs, feet, and fore quarters 10 Hind quarters 10 Tail and coat 10 Color 10 Symmetry 20 Size 10 --- Total 100

HEAD.—If possible should be like the English greyhound’s, but such formation is now rarely met with. In all recent exhibits the skull is more or less round, and face, though still pointed, is too short, with tendency to turn up.

NECK.—Long and elegant, resembling closely its larger congener.

EARS AND EYES.—Ears an exact counterpart of the English greyhound’s, though always somewhat enlarged in comparison with body. Eyes much larger proportionately, soft and languishing, but should never weep; color of iris is usually a dark brown.

LEGS, FEET, AND FORE QUARTERS.—Same as the greyhound’s.

HIND QUARTERS.—As with the last two paragraphs, the only difference lies in comparative value, the English dog’s points being estimated from the workmanlike view, while the Italian is regarded from an artistic standpoint.

TAIL.—Somewhat shorter than the English dog’s, but it _must_ be gently curved in same tobacco-pipe way, fine in bone, except at root, as well as free from hair.

COAT.—Short, soft, and silky.

COLOR.—Largely to be taken into consideration, and is consequently estimated at a high figure. Fawns are now far in the ascendant, and to no other color should the _full_ value be accorded. A small star on breast or white toe takes off a point or two, according to extent of white, but in _all_ cases toe-nails should be dark.

SYMMETRY.—Must be carefully estimated, as a want of elegance in detail or of combination in due proportion alike lowers the value of these points separately to a very low ebb. It is a high-stepping little aristocrat.

SIZE.—Bitch for modern successful exhibition should be little over 5 pounds, _nor should the dog exceed 7 or 7½ pounds_.

THE HOUND (OTTERHOUND).

ORIGIN.—Nothing positive is known about it, but probably a cross of Welsh harrier, “Southern hound,” and a terrier, though some say it is of bloodhound extraction. The breed is very old.

USES.—For hunting the otter and other water-animals.

SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value. Skull 10 Jaws 10 Eyes 5 Ears 10 Chest and shoulders 15 Body and loins 15 Legs and feet 10 Coat 10 Stern 5 Symmetry and strength 10 --- Total 100

GENERAL APPEARANCE.—Always excepting coat, it much resembles the bloodhound; it should be perfect in symmetry, strongly built, hard and enduring, with unfailing powers of scent and a natural antipathy to the game it is bred to pursue.

HEAD.—Large, broader in proportion than the bloodhound’s; forehead high; muzzle a fair length, and nostrils wide. Ears long, thin, and pendulous, fringed with hair.

NECK.—Not naturally long, and looks shorter than it really is from the abundance of hair on it.

SHOULDERS.—Slope well.

LEGS AND FEET.—Legs straight, and feet a good size; compact.

BACK.—Strong and wide; ribs, and particularly the back ribs, well let down.

THIGHS.—Big and firm, and hocks well let down.

STERN.—Well and thickly covered with hair, and carried well up, but not curled.

COLORS are generally grizzle or sandy, with black and tan more or less clearly defined.

THE HOUND (IRISH WOLFHOUND).

ORIGIN.—Lost in antiquity; considered by some to be the parent of the deerhound. Good specimens are rarely to be met with these days.

USES.—Hunting wolves, and frequently deer.

Description from Mr. Rawdon B. Lee’s “Modern Dogs” (Sporting).

GENERAL APPEARANCE.—Not so heavy or massive as the Great Dane, but more so than the deerhound, which in general type it should otherwise resemble. Of great size and commanding appearance; very muscular; strongly, though gracefully, built; movements easy and active; head and neck carried high; tail carried with upward sweep, with a slight curve toward the extremity.

HEAD.—Long; frontal bones of forehead very slightly raised, and very little indentation between eyes; skull not too broad; muzzle long and moderately pointed. Ears small and greyhound-like in carriage.

NECK.—Rather long, very strong and muscular, well arched, without dewlap or loose skin about throat.

CHEST.—Very deep; breast wide.

BACK.—Rather long than short; loins arched.

TAIL.—Long, slightly curved, moderate thickness, well covered with hair.

BELLY.—Well drawn up.

FORE QUARTERS.—Shoulders muscular, giving breadth of chest, set sloping; elbows well under, neither turned inward nor outward; forearm muscular; the whole leg strong and quite straight.

HIND QUARTERS.—Muscular thighs, and second thigh long and strong, as in greyhound; hocks well let down, turned neither in nor out.

FEET.—Moderately large and round, neither turned inward nor outward; toes well arched and closed; nails very strong, and curved.

HAIR.—Rough and hard on body, legs, and head; especially wiry and long over eyes and under jaw.

COLOR AND MARKINGS.—The colors are gray, brindle, red, black, pure white, fawn, or any color that appears in the deerhound.

HEIGHT AND WEIGHT.—Minimum height and weight of dogs is 31 inches and 120 pounds; of bitches, 28 inches and 90 pounds. Anything below this should be debarred from competition. Great size is the desideratum to be aimed at.

DEFECTS.—Too light or heavy a head; too highly arched frontal bone; large ears, and hanging flat to face; short neck; full dewlap; too narrow or too broad a chest; sunken, or hollow, or quite straight back; bent fore legs, overbent fetlocks, twisted feet, spreading toes; too curly a tail; weak hind quarters and a general want of muscle; too short in body.

THE HOUND (RUSSIAN WOLFHOUND).

ORIGIN.—The Russians do not seem to have an exact or even a clear idea as to the origin of this breed. It in all probability came from Persia, as it is more like the dog of that nation than it is like the deerhound. It is of the greyhound family, however.

USES.—Attacking wolves and foxes, though it can rarely single-handed kill the former.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.

Value. Head and muzzle 15 Eyes and ears 10 Neck and chest 10 Back and loins 15 Ribs 5 Thighs and hocks 10 Legs and feet 10 Stern 5 Coat 5 General symmetry 15 --- Total 100

HEAD.—Generally very long, and lean throughout; flat, narrow skull; stop hardly perceptible; long snout. Nose black, and frequently Roman. Eyes dark, expressive, oblong. Ears small; thin leather; set on high; tips almost touching when thrown back.

NECK.—Not too short, nor rising straight.

SHOULDERS.—Clean and sloping.

CHEST.—Somewhat narrow, but not hollow.

BACK.—Rather bony, and free from any hollow; well arched in male, but level and broad in female; loins broad and drooping; ribs deep, not so well sprung as in the greyhound, reaching to elbow.

FORE LEGS.—Lean and straight.

HIND LEGS.—Somewhat under body when standing still; not straight; stifles only slightly bent; legs not too far apart; pasterns short.

FEET.—Long toes, closely joined; nails short and strong; feet covered with fur like a hare.

COAT.—Long, soft, silky.

TAIL.—Long and sickle-shaped.

COLOR.—Any color.

HEIGHT AND WEIGHT.—Height for a dog, from 28 to 31 inches at shoulder; bitch, about 2 inches less. The male should be shorter in body than the female. Weight: dog, 75 to 100 pounds; bitch, 60 to 75 pounds.

THE MASTIFF.

ORIGIN.—Its origin is purely conjectural. It certainly is a dog of the British Isles, as at the time of Cæsar it was in existence there.

USES.—A grand, awe-inspiring dog; an excellent guardian, courageous and most companionable.

* SCALE OF POINTS, ETC.