dd. Twigs essentially terete; leaves of two kinds, either

scale-like, or else awl-shaped, often both kinds on the same branch, not decurrent on the stem; fruit berry-like, bluish. JUNIPERUS, p. 33.

cc. Leaves alternate or spirally-whorled.

d. Leaves flattened, soft to the touch.

e. Leaves 1/2 - 1-1/4 inches long, sessile, aromatic; cones 2-4 inches long; bark of trunk with raised blisters containing resin. ABIES, p. 27.

ee. Leaves seldom over 1/2 inch long, short-petioled, not aromatic; cones about 3/4 inch long; bark of trunk without raised blisters. TSUGA, p. 29.

dd. Leaves 4-sided, harsh to the touch. PICEA, p. 19.

aa. Leaves not persistent and green throughout the winter, but deciduous in early autumn.

b. Twigs, branches or trunks armed with stiff, sharp prickles, spines or thorns.

c. Thorns or spines not exceeding 1/2 inch in length on the branches.