viii. But the solution of a passage apparently corrupt may well await a

better text.

[27] Cf. III. vi (904 C). Et sicut juxta ethicum: discipulus prioris est posterior dies.

[28] _Declinatio_ is the eighth item, under Priscian, in the list from Thierry’s _Heptateuchon_ cited above, page 153.

[29] For _clausula_ see the indexes to ARP and to this volume; for John’s own cadences, below, Chapter VIII.

[30] Œconomia.

[31] See below, page 170.

[32] For _inventio_ and _iudicium_ see Hugh above, page 154, and note 16. Quintilian III. iii. 5 objects to the application of this to rhetoric.

[33] See Hugh’s division above, page 155.

[34] Vocum et intellectuum.

[35] Ficta, hypothetical? Sophistica seems to be intended in the following clause.

[36] Thesis.

[37] Reading _aliarum_.

[38] This is pointed out by Colson in his edition of Quintilian’s first book, Cambridge, 1924, page 1, note 2. It is the stranger that the quotations should not have been noticed before since John himself calls attention to them: “ut verbo utamur Quintiliani,” “ab auctoritate ejusdem Quintiliani” (I. xxiv. 853 D).

[39] _Illustratio_ in I. xxiv (854 A/B) is probably a reminiscence of Quintilian VI. ii. 32, to judge not only from the word, but from the context in both passages. Cf. 844 A, 851 C, 860 C, 910 D.

[40] Alanus de Insulis (about 1128-1202), Cistercian at Citeaux, sometimes called “doctor universalis,” wrote mainly on theology. _Anticlaudianus_ was edited by Wright in the second volume of his _Anglo-Latin Satirical Poets and Epigrammatists of the Twelfth Century_, London, (Rolls Series), which contains also _De planctu naturæ_. The latter has been translated by D. M. Moffat in Yale Studies in English, New York, 1908.

The citations in this section are by column from PL 210. For the _Summa de arte predicatoria_ see below, Chapter IX. C.

[41] See above, Chapter III. B. 1.

[42] For Hugh, see above, page 153.

[43] Alain’s order is the usual (1) _grammatica_, (2) _dialectica_, (3) _rhetorica_. His _logica_ is _dialectica_, not the inclusive term of Hugh and John. Its _auctores_ (III. ii. 510 A) are Porphyry, Aristotle, Zeno, Boethius.

[44] III. ii. 512-513.

[45] About 1190-1264. The _Speculum_ was printed at Strasburg in 1473, and by the Benedictines at Douai in 1624.

[46] Book III (II in the Benedictine edition).

[47] Book IV (III in the Benedictine edition).

[48] Vincent refers in Chapter 100 to Quintilian. “Tullius in libro de oratore” (100 and 127) is probably not a reference to _De oratore_. In 101 “Tullius in rhetorica prima,” and in 127 “idem in rhetorica secunda,” are the usual references to _De inventione_ and _ad Herennium_. For the references to Quintilian see Bassi, _Giornale storico_, XXIII, 186, and Colson’s introduction to his edition of Quintilian’s first book, page lii.

[49] Farabi. For translations from Arabic see above, page 153, and Haskins, Chapter IX.

[50] Compare Alain above in the quotation on page 174.

[51] For the three school exercises that conclude this list see the indexes to ARP and to this volume; for the rest of the classification, Bede, above, Chapter V. B. 1.

[52] 1221-1274. The _Opusculum de reductione artium ad theologiam_ is number 4 (pages 317-325) in volume 5 of the Works edited by the College of St. Bonaventure, Quaracchi (Florence), 1891.

[53] (1) Lumen exterius artis mechanicæ illuminat respectu figuræ artificialis;

(2) lumen inferius cognitionis sensitivæ illuminat respectu formæ naturalis;

(3) lumen interius cognitionis philosophicæ illuminat respectu veritatis intellectualis;

(4) lumen superius gratiæ et sacræ Scripturæ illuminat respectu veritatis salutaris.

[54] For the classifications of Hugh of St. Victor and John of Salisbury see above, sections B and C.

[55]

(a) moralis regit motivam; (b) naturalis regit se ipsam; (c) sermocinalis regit interpretativam: (1) grammatica ad exprimendum respicit rationem ut apprehensivam ... congruum; (2) logica ad docendum respicit rationem ut iudicativam ... verum; (3) rhetorica ad movendum respicit rationem ut motivam ... ornatum.

[56] That he does not intend _logica_ in the larger sense of Hugh and John will be clear from comparative study of the three forms of his division, and also from _Collationes in hexaëmeron_ (in the same volume), IV. 18-25. This briefly sums up _rhetorica_ according to its ancient topics, including the three fields and the five parts. Here again _dialectica_ is not used, and _logica_ merely supersedes it.

[57] 1230-1294. The _Trésor_ is edited, with an introduction, by Chabaille in the Collection des documents inédits sur l’histoire de France, Paris, 1863. References in this section are to the pages of this edition. The Italian version, also widely current, is edited by L. Gaiter, Bologna, 1878. See also F. Maggini, _La rettorica italiana di B. L._ (Pub. del R. Istituto di studi superiori), Florence, 1913.

[58] The proem, beginning with theology as the highest lore of _theorica_, makes the usual enumeration under _mathematica_, divides _practica_, “la seconde science de philosophie,” into “éthique . économique . politique,” and so arrives at rhetoric, but with some confusion as to logic.

[59] See Chabaille, xv.

[60] Villani may be merely repeating this when he says: “Egli fu cominciatore e maestro in digrossare i Fiorentini, e farli scorti in bene parlare et in sapere guidare e reggere la nostra repubblica secondo la politica.” VIII. x.

[61] Brunetto’s main source is Cicero _De invent._

[62] La grans partisons de touz parleors ... en prose ... en rime; mais li enseignement de rectorique sont commun andui, sauf ce que la voie de prose est large et pleniere, si comme est ore la commune parleure des gens; mais li sentiers de rime est plus estroiz et plus fors. 481.

[63] His igitur ad fidem faciendam prudenter inuentis ordo rerum est sociandus, quæ pars _dispositio_ uocitatur ... duplex igitur huius partis est ratio; aut enim naturalis est ordo aut oratoris artificio comparatur: naturalis, cum post principium narratio, partitio, propositio, argumentatio, conclusio epilogusque consequitur; artificio oratoris, cum per membra orationis quæ dicenda sunt digerimus. V. 506 (Teubner, ed. Dick, 248).

[64] See below, Chapter VII. B.

[65] “Comment l’om puet acroistre son conte en viij manieres ... qui sont apelees color de rectorique.” The first of these, _aornement_, is defined so bluntly that the humorous implication may be intentional: “tout ce que l’om porroit en iij moz ou en iiij, ou a mult po de paroles dire, il les acroist par autres paroles plus longues et plus avenans qui dient ce meisme.” 486.

[66] 490.

[67] For _dictamen_, see below, Chapter VIII.

[68] Jean d’Antioche in his introduction to the translation of _De inventione_ and _Rhetorica ad Herennium_ (end of XIIIth century) has two divisions of _Philosophye_: (A) into _ethique morale_, _rationele_, and _naturele_; (B) as follows:—

Philosophye

Practique Teorique Civile Dispensative Morale Naturele Devine Matematique | | | | | | { Mecanique { Prudence | { Droit { Justize | { Sermocinale { Force | | { Temprance { Geometrie | { Arismetique { Gramaire { Muzique { Logique { Astronomie { Retorique | | | | | +-------------------Les vii ars------------------+

Delisle in _Notices et Extraits_, 36:216.

Neither _Le mariage des sept arts_ nor Henri d’Andeli’s _Bataille des sept arts_ contains any information about teaching.