Part 6

(1) Di°-kuh °z iau° °kyung kuh, °tshing noong° ’veh iau° maung-kyi°. (2) Di°-kuh °siau-noen van° chuh ’veh lauh, °khoong-pho° °yeu mau-bing°. (3) Kyung-tsau le-’veh-ji°, ming-tsau °lau tsoo°. (4) °Liang kuh nyung ih tsak iui°-°ts laung° °zoo-’veh-lauh. (5) ‘Auh-sang-°ts mung° sien-sang °‘a-°li-deu dok °chi °lau °‘a-°li-deu ding. (6) Tshau zing°-°hau-°ts meh, faung° la° tsheu-thi °li. (7) Tsoong°-dien-nyung °i-kyung °ma-°ts san tsak san-yang, i-kuh bang-°yeu ling°-nga° wan iau° °ma s° tsak. (8) Noong° iung-ke °de loong-tsoong nyung °hau, ‘oo-°hwaung °de z°-ka nyung °hau nyi. (9) Bung-°ts °lau °wen iau° kung°-ka koen-zing°. (10) Noong° iung-ke °tsau-zung-deu °doong-sung, °‘au-pen°-nyih °doong-sung le-’veh-ji° tau° kuh. (11) Noong° °kyi-z wan peh la° °ngoo? Ok-tse kyung-tsau °‘au-pen°-nyih, ok-tse ming-tsau °tsau-zung-deu. (12) °Ngoo-kuh bang-°yeu sang-bing° °soo-°i iau° °tshing i-sung khoen° khoen°. (13) Ya°-°li la° thien laung° °khau-°i khoen° too-°hau sing °lau nyoeh-liang°, nyih-°li pih-koo° khoen°-kyien° nyih-deu. (14) Di°-kuh °siau-noen nyih-°li ’veh khok, dan°-°z ya°-deu doo° khok. (15) °Ngoo tsia°-peh yi san-seh kwhe° yang-dien, ’veh hyau° tuh yi °kyi-z wan. (16) Kyau° jau°-foo man°-man°-°ts °tseu iung-we° °di-diau ka ‘ah °lau. (17) Iung-we° loo° ’veh nyung tuh °soo-°i °ngoo °tshing bih nyung °ling loo°. (18) °Ngoo la° bang-°yeu han-deu tsia°-°ts nyan° kwhe° yang-dien iung-we° iau° °ma ih tsak kha-mien°-de °lau s° tsak ngeh-°ts. (19) Kha °hau-ts mien°, mien°-bung iau° faung° °hau. (20) °Ngoo °tseu tau° mung-°kheu-deu nyung-tsih khak-nyung. (21) °Ngoo mung° i-sung °di-kuh mau-bing° i-tuh-°hau va°, yi wo° man°-man° nung we° °hau kuh. (22) °Ts-deu, muh, pih, nyien°-de, tsoong-kok nyung soen° dok-su-nyung kuh s° yang °pau-pe°.

(一) 第個是要緊個請儂勿要忘記. (二) 第個小囝飯吃勿落恐怕有毛病. (三) 今朝來勿及明朝佬做. (四) 兩個人一隻椅子上坐勿落. (五) 學生子問先生那裏頭讀起佬那裏頭停. (六) 抄淨好之末放拉抽屜裏. (七) 種田人已經買之三隻山羊伊個朋友另外還要買四隻. (八) 儂應該待攏總人好何况待自家人好呢. (九) 盆子佬碗要更加乾淨. (十) 儂應該早晨頭動身下半日動身來勿及到個. (十一) 儂幾時還撥拉我? 或者今朝下半日或者明朝早晨頭. (十二) 我個朋友生病所以要請醫生看看. (十三) 夜裏拉天上可以看多化星佬月亮日裏必過看見日頭. (十四) 第個小囝日裏勿哭但是夜頭大哭. (十五) 我借撥伊三十塊洋錢勿曉得伊幾時還. (十六) 叫轎夫慢慢之走因爲第條街狹佬. (十七) 因爲路勿認得所以我請別人領路. (十八) 我拉朋友壗頭借之廿塊洋錢因爲要買一隻揩面檯佬四隻杌子. (十九) 揩好之面面盆要放好. (廿) 我走到門口頭迎接客人. (廿一) 我問醫生第個毛病醫得好否, 伊話慢慢能會好個. (廿二) 紙頭, 墨, 筆, 硯台, 中國人算讀書人個四樣寶貝.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) Which is easier, to learn to read Chinese or to learn to write Chinese? (2) I told you there was not time to do it; why do you still want to do it? (3) Why do you cry? Because I have heard that my friend is dead. (4) We will go early to-morrow morning to meet our friends, who have come from abroad. (5) Goats like to stand on the tops of the grave mounds. (6) You say that this temple is so fine to see, that I want to go more than ever to see it. (7) Please, teacher, do not speak so fast. If you will speak more slowly, I can understand. (8) If you do not return it immediately, no matter, I can wait two or three days. (9) Why did not the pupil come to school? Because he was sick. (10) I told the servant to put my clothes in the drawer. (11) The Chinese when they eat, use bowls; the foreigners use plates. (12) This fan belongs either to the teacher or to the pupil. (13) If you want to learn to write you must buy a pen, a piece of ink, and an ink tablet. (14) If you borrow money from another person, and do not return it, he will be unhappy. (15) I told the driver to stop the carriage at my friend’s house.

(一) 那裏一樣容易點學讀中國書呢還是學寫中國字. (二) 我對儂話來勿及做儂爲啥佬仍舊要做? (三) 儂爲啥佬哭? 因爲我聽得我個朋友已經過世哉. (四) 明朝早晨頭我伲要去迎接外國來個朋友. (五) 山羊歡喜立拉坟山上. (六) 儂話第座廟是實蓋好看所以我更加要去看. (七) 請先生勿要話來實蓋快, 若然先生話來慢點, 我可以聽得出. (八) 若然儂勿是就還勿礙啥, 我可以等兩三日. (九) 學生子爲啥佬勿到學堂裏來? 因爲伊生病佬. (十) 我叫用人放我個衣裳拉抽屜裏. (十一) 中國人吃飯個辰光用碗外國人用盆子. (十二) 第把扇子或者是先生個或者是學生子個. (十三) 若然儂要學寫字儂總要買一管筆一塊墨佬一個硯台. (十四) 若然儂拉別人壗頭借銅錢佬勿還個伊要勿快活. (十五) 我叫馬夫停馬車拉我個朋友屋裏.

Notes.

(1) The word for “to borrow” and “to lend” is exactly the same in Chinese. The only way you can distinguish between them is by auxiliary words used in connection with them. Thus {Tsia° peh} (借撥) means “to lend.” {Tsia° le} (借來) means “to borrow.” Again {Tsia° chi°} (借去) means “to lend.” But we have such constructions as {°Ngoo tsia° la° yi} (我借拉伊), meaning “I lend to him,” and {°Ngoo la° yi han-deu tsia° kuh} (我拉伊壗頭借個), meaning “I borrowed it from him.” (2) In the fifth sentence of the First Exercise {Dok° °chi} means “read begin,” and {ding} means “stop.” This is an ordinary form for asking where to begin the lesson and where to end it. (3) In the fourteenth sentence of the First Exercise notice how {doo°} qualifies the verb {khok}. (4) The twenty-second sentence of the First Exercise is a paraphrase of a Chinese proverb.

LESSON XVII

More Verbal Idioms

In asking questions \{°yeu tuh?}/ (有得) sometimes precedes a verb with the sense, “is there to be had?” Thus \{°Yeu-tuh °ma va°?}/ (有得買否) means, “Is there to be bought?” \{°Yeu-tuh chuh va°?}/ (有得吃否) means, “Is there anything to eat?” The answers to these questions would be \{°yeu-tuh °ma kuh}/ (有得買個), \{°yeu tuh chuh kuh}/ (有得吃個), “It can be bought.” “There is something to eat.”

\{’Veh pih}/ (勿必) means “It is not necessary.” Thus \{’Veh pih khok}/ (勿必哭), “It is not necessary to cry.” \{’Veh pih chi°}/ (勿必去), “It is not necessary to go.”

\{Ih ngan ’veh}/ (一顏勿) before the verbs means, “Not at all.” Thus \{°Ngoo ih ngan ’veh °hyau-tuh}/ (我一顏勿曉得) means, “I do not know at all.” \{Ih ngan ’veh zung khoen°-kyien° hyih}/ (一顏勿曾看見歇) means, “I have not seen it at all.” \{Ih ngan ’veh iau° khoen°}/ (一顏勿要看) means, “I do not want to see it at all.”

VOCABULARY

To visit, to pay respects to, \maung°/ 望, or \pa° maung°/ 拜望. To worship, \pa°/ 拜. To pay a ceremonial visit, \pa° khak/ 拜客. To bathe, \zing° yok/ 淨浴. To catch, seize, arrest, \tsauh/ 捉. To prepare, to provide, \yui°-be°/ 預備. To move a thing, \°doong/ 動. Loose, unstable, \°doong °lau °doong/ 動佬動. Immovable, \°doong-°‘a ’veh-°doong/ 動也勿動. To remove (a residence), \pen/ 搬, or \pen-dzang/ 搬塲. To commence work, \°doong °seu/ 動手, or \khe koong/ 開工. To open school, \khe ‘auh/ 開學. To dismiss school, \faung° ‘auh/ 放學. A finger, \ih tsak tsih-deu/ 一隻指頭. A toe, \ih tsak kyak-tsih-deu/ 一隻脚指頭. A cup, \ih tsak pe-°ts/ 一隻杯子. A clock, \ih tsak z°-ming-tsoong/ 一隻自鳴鐘. A watch, \ih tsak piau/ 一隻表. A well, \ih tsak °tsing/ 一隻井. A basket, \ih tsak lan/ 一隻籃. An apple, \ih tsak bing-°koo/ 一隻平菓. A crab apple, \ih tsak hwo-‘oong/ 一隻花紅. A towel, \ih diau °seu-kyung/ 一條手巾. A life, \ih diau sing°-ming°/ 一條性命. A hill, mountain, \ih zoo° san/ 一座山. A board, \ih kwhe° °pan/ 一塊板.

\{Fok}/ (幅) is the classifier of paintings or engravings.

A painting, \ih fok wo°/ 一幅畫. A chart or map, \ih fok doo/ 一幅圖, or \ih fok di°-°li-doo/ 一幅地理圖. A picture, \ih fok wo° doo/ 一幅畫圖. One time, \ih we/ 一回, \ih thaung°/ 一盪. Two times, twice, \°liang we/ 兩回, or \°liang thaung°/ 雨盪. Whosoever, \van-i°/ 凡係. No matter who, \’veh lung° sa° nyung/ 勿論啥人. Whatsoever, no matter what, \’veh lung° sa°/ 勿論啥, \dzoe-bien°-sa°/ 隨便啥, or \’veh kyui-sa°/ 勿拘啥. Whichever, \dzoe-bien°/ 隨便. Whatever time you please, \dzoe-bien° °kyi-z/ 隨便幾時. Wet, \sak/ 濕. Dry, \koen/ 乾. Always, \dzang-tsaung/ 常庄, or \dzang-dzang/ 常常.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Z°-ming-tsoong kuh yoong°-deu °z peh nyung hyau°-tuh zung-kwaung. (2) I-tsak mau ’m-sa° yoong°-deu, ih ngan ’veh we° tsauh lau-°ts. (3) Ming-tsau °ngoo iau° tsheh chi° maung° bang-°yeu. (4) °Ngoo thing-tuh sien-sang ’m-sa° °hau °soo-°i le maung° maung°. (5) °Ngoo mung° mok-ziang° °zau vaung-°ts °kyi-z iau° °doong-°seu. (6) °Liang tsak °seu °yeu zeh tsak tsih deu, °liang tsak kyak °yeu zeh tsak kyak-tsih-deu. (7) Sang bing° meh tsoong-iau° °tshing i-sung we°-ts nyung kuh sing°-ming° °z iau° °kyung kuh. (8) °Zaung san °z van-nan, °‘au san °z yoong-yi°. (9) Di°-foong sing° iau° sa° nyung tan chi°? ’Veh lung° sa° nyung °khau-i tan chi°. (10) Kyung-ya°-deu iau° yui° be° °hau, we°-ts ming-tsau °tsau-zung-deu iau° °doong-sung. (11) Yien°-°dze chi° ok-tse ming-tsau chi°, dzoe-bien° noong° meh tso. (12) °Tsing °li °s °i-kyung koen tse, ’veh hyau°-tuh na°-nung tsoo°-deu. (13) Zing°-ts yok iau° yoong° °seu-°kyung kha koen sung-°thi. (14) Khan-khan °ngoo faung° nyan tsak bing-°koo la °lan °li, yien°-°dze pih-koo° °yeu °so-°ng tsak, ’veh hyau°-tuh sa° nyung tan-theh kuh. (15) °Tsh-di° piau °yeu-tuh °ma va°? °Tsh-di° yang° yang° °yeu tuh °ma kuh. (16) °Loong-°tsoong kuh z°-°thi °ngoo °i-°kyung hyau°-tuh, noong° ’veh pih te° °ngoo wo°. (17) Di°-°pung su ih ngan m-meh wo°-doo. (18) I-tsak pe-°ts °li °yeu sa° meh-z°? Pih-koo° °lang °s. (19) Tsoo° di°-tsak de-°ts iau° yoong° °kyi kwhe° °pan? (20) Di° sen tshaung tsoo° le ih ngan ’veh °hau, dzang-tsaung °doong-°lau °doong. (21) Chi° koo° hyih meh? Chi° koo°-°ts °liang we. (22) Sien-sang wo° ming-tsau ’veh °hau le, we°-ts iau° pen-dzang °lau. (23) Van-i° nyung yoong° sing meh °khau-°i dzung-koong z°-°thi.

(一) 自鳴鐘個用頭是撥人曉得辰光. (二) 伊隻貓無啥用頭一顔勿會捉老鼠. (三) 明朝我要出去望朋友. (四) 我聽得先生無啥好所以來望望. (五) 我問木匠造房子幾時要動手. (六) 兩隻手有十隻指頭兩隻脚有十隻脚指頭. (七) 生病末總要請醫生爲之人個性命是要緊個. (八) 上山是煩難下山是容易. (九) 第封信要啥人担去? 勿論啥人可以担去. (十) 今夜頭要預備好爲之明朝早辰頭要動身. (十一) 現在去或者明朝去隨便儂末哉. (十二) 井裏水已經乾哉勿曉得那能做頭. (十三) 淨之浴要用手巾揩乾身體. (十四) 纔纔我放廿隻平菓拉籃裏現在不過有十五隻勿曉得啥人担脫個. (十五) 此地錶有得賣否? 此地樣樣有得賣個. (十六) 攏總個事體我已經曉得儂勿必對我話. (十七) 第本書一顔無沒畫圖. (十八) 伊隻杯子裏有啥物事? 必過冷水. (十九) 做第隻檯子要用幾塊板. (二十) 第扇窗做來一顔勿好常庄動佬動. (廿一) 去過歇末? 去過之兩回. (廿二) 先生話明朝勿好來爲之要搬塲佬. (廿三) 凡係人用心末可以成功事體.

(Translate into Chinese.)

(1) When I have finished studying, I shall go to visit my friends. (2) No matter who comes; tell him I am busy (have affairs). (3) When the weather is wet I cannot go out to walk. (4) The pupils should not eat apples in the school room. (5) Children like to play the game of catching men. (6) The pupils read badly to-day; I think they did not prepare. (7) At what time does the school open, and at what time does it close? (8) I shall be pleased to have a conversation with you whenever you come. (9) This child does not want to study a bit; I think it would be best for him to go and do business. (10) I have already told you two or three times; do not forget. (11) Next month we shall remove our residence. (12) Near Shanghai there are no high hills, only grave mounds. (13) I cannot open this window; it is immovable. (14) Has the clock already struck? (15) How many eggs are there in the basket?

(一) 我讀罷之書要出去望朋友. (二) 勿論啥人來對伊話我有事體. (三) 天濕末我勿能彀出去跑路. (四) 拉學堂間裏學生子勿應該吃平菓. (五) 小囝歡喜做捉人個勃相. (六) 今朝學生子讀來勿好我想伊拉勿曾預備. (七) 啥辰光開學, 啥辰光放學? (八) 儂隨便幾時來我蠻歡喜對儂白話. (九) 第個小囝一顔勿歡喜讀書我想頂好伊出去做生意. (十) 我已輕對儂話兩三回勿要忘記. (十一) 下個月我伲要搬塲. (十二) 近上海無沒高山必過坟山. (十三) 第扇窗開勿來個動也勿動. (十四) 鐘已輕敲過末. (十五) 籃裏有幾個蛋?

Notes.

(1) In the fourth sentence of the First Exercise {’m-sa° °hau} means “not at all well.” (2) In the eleventh sentence of the First Exercise the expression {Dzoe-bien° noong° meh tse} is one very frequently used. It implies, “do it whenever and however you please” (3) In the fourteenth sentence of the First Exercise {Tan theh} means “take away.” We have already had the use of {Theh} after verbs, as {Thoeh-theh}, “to take off clothes.” It can be used with almost any verb of motion. We have {Peh theh}, “to give away.” {Chuh-theh}, “to eat up.” {Chi°-theh}, “to cast off, disown.” {Ma°-theh}, “to sell away, etc.” (4) In the fifteenth sentence of the First Exercise {Yang° yang°} repeated means, “Things of every sort.” (5) Note that the usual expression in Chinese to say you are busy is {°Ngoo °yeu z°-°thi}. It is never very polite to tell any one that you are busy. A person asking whether you were busy would say {maung va°}? “Are you busy?” (6) In the fifth sentence of the Second Exercise the game {Tsauh nyung}, frequently played by Chinese children, is referred to. (7) In the eighth sentence of the Second Exercise the clauses should be reversed. {Noong° dzoe-bien° °kyi-z-le} should come first. (8) In the ninth sentence of the Second Exercise “to go and do business” is {Chi° tsoo° sang-i°}. (9) In the fourteenth sentence of the Second Exercise {Tsoong khau koo° meh} is the usual way of asking the question. {Tsoong} is shortened form of {Z°-ming tsoong}.

LESSON XVIII

More Verbal Idioms

\{Siang}/ (相) is often placed before transitive verbs and usually gives the idea of mutual or reciprocal. In some cases it is reflexive. As instances of reciprocal action we have \{siang-°tang}/ (相打), “to fight with one another.” \{Siang-mo°}/ (相駡), “to revile one another.” \{siang-lien}/ (相聯), “to be connected together.” \{Siang-paung}/ (相幫), “to help one another.”

\{Khe}/ (開) or \{Khe-le}/ (開來) is used with many verbs to give the idea of spreading wide open. Thus \{Than-khe-le}/ (攤開來) means “to unroll a bundle.” \{Hyih-khe-le}/ (揭開來) means “to open a box.” \{Fung-khe}/ (分開), “to divide,” \{san°-khe}/ (散開), “to scatter wide cast.” \{Tshih-khe}/ (切開) or \{tshih-khe-le}/ (切開來) means “to cut open, etc.”

Not inclined to do a thing is expressed by the phrase \{’veh kau-hyung°}/ (勿高興). Thus \{’Veh kau-hyung° chi°}/ (勿高興去), “not inclined to go.”

VOCABULARY

To follow, \kung/ 跟. To tie, \vok/ 縛. To tie firmly, \vok-lau/ 縛牢, or \vok lau-dzu°/ 縛牢住. To desire, to expect, \maung°/ 望, or \po-maung°/ 把望. To bite, \°ngau/ 咬. To bark, \kyau/ 叫. To blow, \tsh/ 吹. To blow out, to extinguish, \tsh °iung/ 吹隱. To blow into a blaze or flame, \tsh yaung°/ 吹旺. To fly, \fi/ 飛. To explain, \°ka-seh/ 解釋. To forsake, desert, depart from, \li-khe/ 離開. To permit, \°hyui/ 許. To allow, \nyang°/ 讓. Colour, \ngan-suh/ 顏色. Variegated colours, \°ng-ngan-loh-suh/ 五顏六色. Thought or meaning, \i°-s°/ 意思. A thief, \ih kuh zuk/ 一個賊.

\{Mien°}/ (面) is used as the classifier for flat objects.

A drum, \ih mien° koo/ 一面鼓. Hope, \maung°-deu/ 望頭. Wind, \foong/ 風. Wine, \°tsieu/ 酒. Rope, \ih diau zung/, 一條繩 or \ih kung zung/ 一根繩.

\Tsung/ (尊) is the classifier denoting idols or cannon.

A Buddhist idol, \ih tsung veh/ 一尊佛, or \ih tsung boo-sah/ 一尊菩薩. A Taoist god or idol, \ih tsung zung-dau°/ 一尊神道. A piece of bread, \ih kwhe° men-deu/ 一塊饅頭. A piece of meat, \ih khwe° nyok/ 一塊肉.

\Khoo/ (顆) is the classifier used with plants, trees and flowers.

A tree, \ih khoo zu°/ 一顆樹. A flowering plant, \ih khoo hwo/ 一顆花. Cotton seed, \hwo-°ts/ 花子. A Chinese mile, \ih °li/ 一里, or \ih °li-loo°/ 一里路. To regret, to be placed in an embarrassing position, \nan-we-dzing/ 難爲情.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Di°-kuh °liang kuh ‘auh-sang-°ts °ngoo ’veh °hyui tsheh chi° beh-siang° we°-ts la° ‘auh-daung °li siang mo° °lau. (2) Di° kyui° seh-wo° kuh i°-s° °ngoo ’veh °toong °tshing sien-sang °ka-seh. (3) Di°-tsak °tiau fi le kau-le-°si. (4) Tsauh-dzak-°ts i-kuh zuh iau° yoong° ih kung zung vok-lau-°ts. (5) Di° khoo hwo kuh ngan suh ’man tshui°. (6) Ya°-°li kwhung° kuh z-‘eu° tung iau° tsh °iung. (7) °Ngoo faung° la° tshaung-°kheu laung° kuh ih tsang °ts-deu peh foong tsh-theh tse. (8) Zak-zen °tshing khak °lau m-meh °tsieu °z nan-we-dzing kuh. (9) ’Veh iau° pho°, di°-tsak °keu ’veh °ngau kuh. (10) °Ngoo tau° miau° °li khoen°-kyien° ih tsung veh °lau too-°hau boo-sah. (11) °Ngoo thing-tuh °yeu nyung la° khau °koo. (12) Di°-deu tau° °Zaung-°he °yeu °so-°ng °li-loo°. (13) Soe-zen di° khoo zu° ’man °hau khoen°, zen-r ’veh khe hwo kuh. (14) Zak-zen noong° iau° tau° san laung°, nyang° °ngoo kung noong° chi°. (15) Men-deu °tshing noong° tshih-khe-le peh ih kwhe° la° °ngoo chuh. (16) Bing° sang le ’man °dzoong, yien°-°dze i-sung m-meh maung°-deu. (17) Tsoong°-dien-nyung nau hwo-°ts san°-khe-le. (18) ‘Auh-sang-°ts beh-siang° ’man kau-hyung°, dok su ’veh da° kau-hyung°. (19) Li-khe-ts °Zaung-°he nan-meh °ngoo tau° Soo-tseu chi° tse. (20) °Ngoo po-maung° yi le, ’veh hyau°-tuh yi na°-nung wan ’veh zung le.

(一) 第個兩個學生子我勿許出去勃相爲之拉學堂裏相駡佬. (二) 第句說話個意思我勿懂請先生解釋. (三) 第隻鳥飛來高來死. (四) 捉着之一個賊要用一根繩縛牢之. (五) 第顆花個顔色蠻趣. (六) 夜裏睏個時候燈要吹隱. (七) 我放拉窗口上個一張紙頭撥風吹脫哉. (八) 若然請客佬無沒酒是難爲情個. (九) 勿要怕第隻狗勿咬個. (十) 我到廟裏看見一尊佛佬多化菩薩. (十一) 我聽得有人拉敲鼓. (十二) 第頭到上海有十五里路. (十三) 雖然第顆樹蠻好看然而勿開花個. (十四) 若然儂要到山上讓我跟儂去. (十五) 饅頭請儂切開來撥一塊拉我吃. (十六) 病生來蠻重現在醫生無沒望頭. (十七) 種田人拿花子散開來. (十八) 學生子勃相蠻高興讀書勿大高興. (十九) 離開之上海難末我到蘇州去哉. (二十) 我把望伊來勿曉得伊那能還勿曾來.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) The dog bit the sheep two or three times; it will probably die. (2) To-day there is no wind, and so it is not cold. (3) Men ought not to drink too much wine. (4) I have eaten a slice of meat and drunk a cup of tea, and now am able to walk. (5) Men can walk, only birds can fly. (6) There are many trees and flowers on the hill. (7) Many Chinese worship Buddhist and Taoist idols. (8) I wanted to follow you, but the teacher would not permit me. (9) Let me go and tell him that you have already returned. (10) I will use my knife and cut open the pear. (11) I heard the dogs barking in the night and so could not sleep. (12) Children like to play at beating the drum. (13) These flowers are of many different colours. (14) How many miles is it to Soochow? (15) When the pupils take an advanced lesson, the teacher should first explain it to them.

(一) 狗咬之羊兩三回恐怕要死脫. (二) 今朝無沒風所以勿冷. (三) 人勿應該多吃酒. (四) 我已經吃之一塊肉佬一碗茶佬現在走得動哉. (五) 人會走必過鳥會飛. (六) 山上有多化樹佬花. (七) 多化中國人拜菩薩佬神道. (八) 我要跟儂但是先生勿許我去. (九) 讓我去告訴伊儂已輕轉來哉. (十) 我要用我個刀切開第隻生梨. (十一) 夜裏我聽得狗垃拉叫所以睏勿着. (十二) 小囝歡喜敲鼓做勃相. (十三) 第顆花是五顔六色個. (十四) 到蘇州有幾化里路. (十五) 學生子要上書先生應該先對伊拉解釋.

Notes.

(1) In the Buddhist religion in China a Buddha or one of his manifestations is known as a {’veh}, the bodhisattvas are known as {Boo-sah}. (2) A Chinese mile is about one-third of an English mile. (3) In the sixteenth sentence of the First Exercise notice the expression {’man °dzoong}, “very heavy.” This is the way the Chinese speak of a serious illness. They also speak of a disease being light, {chung}, just as we do. (4) In the eighteenth sentence of the First Exercise {’veh da°} means “not very,” This is a very frequent expression. (5) In the seventh sentence of the First Exercise, {tshaung-°kheu laung°} means “on the window sill.”

LESSON XIX

Asking Questions, Expecting Negative and Affirmative Answers

In addition to the interrogative forms already given there are ways of asking questions when a negative, or when an affirmative answer is expected.

Thus when the negative answer is expected, the clause begins with \{°chi}/ (豈) and ends with \{nyi}/ (呢). Thus \{°Chi °yeu sa° yoong°-deu nyi}/ (豈有啥用頭呢). “Is it of any use?” It implies that it is not of any use and expects the negative answer. \{°Chi}/ (豈) corresponds to the Latin \{num}/, and implies No, or a negative of the proposition conveyed.

When the affirmative answer is expected the clause begins with \{°chi ’veh}/ (豈吥) and ends with the usual interrogative \{va°}/ (否).

Thus \{°Chi ’veh iung-ke tsoo° va°}/ (豈吥應該做否), “Ought you not to do it?” Implies that you ought to do it and expects the affirmative answer.

It will be seen that in this case also the \{°chi}/ (豈) expects the negative of the proposition conveyed, that is, the negative of a negative proposition which is an affirmative. In other words the answer is, “That you ought not not to do it,” or “You ought to do it.”

VOCABULARY

Every place or everywhere, \kauh tshu°/ 各處, or \kauh-tau°-lauh-tshu°/ 各到落處. Of course, \z°-zen/ 自然. Afterwards, hereafter, \°‘eu-°seu/ 後首, \°‘eu-le/ 後來, or \°i-°‘eu/ 以後. Until, \dzuk-tau°/ 直到; wait until, °tung-tau° 等到. Daily, \nyih nyih/ 日日, or \nyih-dzok/ 日逐. About, \iak-kwe/ 約親, or \iak-tsak/ 約酌. About the same (not much difference), \tsho-’veh-too/ 差吥多. Secretly, \‘en°-‘en°-°li/ 暗暗裏. True, \tsung/ 眞. False, \°ka/ 假. Secure, \°‘wung-taung°/ 穩當. A long time, \dzang-°yoen/ 長遠, \dzang-°yoen-tse/ 長遠哉, or \ta-z-tse/ 多時哉.

\{Phih}/ (疋) is the classifier denoting whole pieces of dry goods.

A piece of cloth, \ih phih poo°/ 一疋布. A piece of shirting, \ih phih yang poo°/ 一疋洋布. A piece of silk, \ih phih dzeu/ 一疋綢. A piece of satin, \ih phih doen°-°ts/ 一疋緞子. Grass, \°tshau/ 草. Vegetation in general, \hwo-°tshau-zu°-mok/ 花草樹木. Coal, \me/ 煤. To add, \ka/ 加. To add a little, \ka-°thien/ 加點. Honest, lau-zeh \老實/. A piece of land, \ih kwhe° di°-bi/ 一塊地皮. A piece of stone, \ih kwhe° zak-deu/ 一塊石頭. To pawn, \taung°/ 當, or \taung°-theh/ 當脫. To mortgage, \ah/ 押, or \ah-theh/ 押脫. To change a dollar into cash, \de°/ 兌. A ten cent piece, \ih kauh/ 一角. One cent, \ih fung/ 一分. Twenty cents, \°liang kauh/ 兩角, \si° khe/ 四開. A half a dollar, \pen° kwhe° yang-dien/ 半塊洋錢. Small money, \°siau kauh-°ts/ 小角子, or \°siau yang-dien/ 小洋錢. Change, \°tsau-deu/ 找頭. Ricksha coolie, \tsho-foo/ 車夫. A great many, \kyau-kwan/ 交關.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) We°-ts °lang °lau °hoo-loo °li iau° ka-°thien me. (2) °Ma °hau-ts, °tsau-deu iau° peh °ngoo. (3) ’Veh zung °zoo toong-yang-tsho iung-ke tah tsho-foo sien °kaung ding° peh yi °kyi kauh. (4) I-kuh nyung °i-kyung taung°-theh-ts i-kuh i-zaung. (5) °Ngoo iau° °ma i-kwhe° di°-bi dan°-°z °ngoo thing-tuk °i-kyung ah-theh tse. (6) °Mo ’man hwen-°hyi chuh °tshau. (7) °Ngoo pih-koo° °yeu pen° kwhe° yang-dien °soo-°i °ma-’veh-°chi. (8) Yi ’veh °khung lau-zeh wo° °soo-°i °ngoo ’veh °hau siang-sing°. (9) Noong° °chi ’veh iung-ke tsoo° dzuk-tau° tsoo° °hau va°? (10) °Ngoo soe-zen kauh-tau° lauh-tshu° zing °‘a zing-’veh-dzak. (11) Noong° wo° lau-zeh wo°, nyung z°-zen siang-sing° kuh. (12) Nyih nyih dok su z°-zen °khau-°i ‘auh kuh. (13) °Tung tau° noong° dok-wen °ts di°-°pung su nan-meh noong° we° wo° tsoong-kok wo°. (14) Di°-kuh °liang phih poo° kuh ngan-suh tsho-’veh-too ih yang° kuh. (15) ‘En°-‘en°-°li tsoo° z°-°thi °chi °yeu sa° yoong°-deu nyi? (16) Di°-deu tau° Soo-tseu °yeu °kyi-hau° °li soo? Iak-kwhe °yeu san pak °li-loo°. (17) Di°-kwhe° zak-deu iau° °pa le °’wung-taung° °tien. (18) Yi chi°-ts dzang-°yoen-tse wan ’veh zung °tsen le. (19) °Ngoo sien iau° ‘auh dok su °‘eu-le ‘auh °sia z°. (20) Hwo-°tshau-zu°-mok nyung nyung hwen-°hyi khoen°. (21) Doo° yang-dien de°-°ts °siau yang-dien iau° taung sing iung-we° °yeu too-hau° °siau kauh-°ts °z °ka kuh. (22) Tsung °lau °ka van-nan khoen°-tuh-tsheh. (23) Di°-°pung su °yeu kyau-kwan z° °ngoo suh-’veh-tsheh kuh.

(一) 爲之冷佬火爐裏要加點煤. (二) 買好之找頭要撥我. (三) 勿曾坐東洋車應該搭車夫先講定撥伊幾角. (四) 伊個人已經當脫之伊個衣裳. (五) 我要買伊塊地皮但是我聽得已經押脫哉. (六) 馬蠻歡喜吃草. (七) 我必過有半塊洋錢所以買勿起. (八) 伊勿肯老實話所以我勿好相信. (九) 儂豈勿應該做直到做好否? (十) 我雖然各到落處尋也尋勿着. (十一) 儂話老實話人自然相信個. (十二) 日日讀書自然可以學個. (十三) 等到儂讀完之第本書難末儂會話中國話. (十四) 第個兩疋布個顔色差勿多一樣個. (十五) 暗暗裏做事體豈有啥用頭呢? (十六) 第頭到蘇州有幾化里數? 約規有三百里路. (十七) 第塊石頭要擺來穩當點. (十八) 伊去之長遠哉還勿曾轉來. (十九) 我先要學讀書後來學寫字. (二十) 花草樹木人人歡喜看. (廿一) 大洋鈿兌之小洋錢要當心因爲有多化小角子是假個. (廿二) 眞佬假煩難看得出. (廿三) 第本書有交關字我識勿出個.

(Translate into Chinese)