Part 23

57. _vnder schelde_ means perhaps ‘in arms.’ Cf. ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 5691-3: _And yiff the sawdon off that land Myghte sloo Richard in that feeld With swerd or spere undyr scheeld_. Cf. also Wissmann’s note.

67-8. _libbe_ : _sibbe_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 11605-6: _þenne maȝen we libben mid sæhten & mid sibben_ (Wissmann).

69. _hi here_. The representatives of the OE. forms of the personal pronouns are usually very strictly adhered to. _þei_, _þe_ occurs twice (55 L and 1557 C), _sche_ once (380 L), ‘their’ and ‘them,’ not at all.

69, 70. _asoke_ : _toke_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 12114-16: _& sūme heo god wiðsoken & to haðenescipe token_ (Wissmann). Also ‘Lay.’ 29187-8: _for crist seolue he for soc, and to þon wursen he tohc_.

82, L. _hundes_. Cf. also 91 L, 634 C H, 887, 1465, etc. For a possible explanation of the term cf. ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 337-40: _Upon his creste a rede hounde. The tayle henge to the grounde. That was Sygnyfycacioun The hethene folke to brynge down._ Cf. 634 Note.

89, 90. _made_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 28067-8: _deoren swið hende, þa ure drihten make_ (Wissmann). The contracted form _made_ of L H, is that of the original as shown by the rime and rhythm.

92. _quic flen_ perhaps a trace of a primitive custom in this crystallized phrase (cf. also 1468 C).

98. _iseene_. Cf. Chaucer, ‘Knight’s Tale’ 65: _Now be we caytifs as it is wel seene_ (Wissmann).

100. _strong_ : _long_. Cf. ‘Havelok’ 2242-3: _Non so fayr, ne non so long, ne non so mikel ne non so strong_.

107, C. _stere_. Cf. Glossary.

109. Cf. the parallel historical incident where Aethelstan sets his brother Eadwine adrift, in Thorpe’s translation of Lappenberg’s England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings, II, iii, London, 1845 (Wissmann).

118. _wringinde_. Cf. ‘Havelok’ 152: _He wrungen hondes and wepen sore_ (Wissmann).

121-122. _wo_ : _þo_. A stereotyped couplet in romance. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 8429-30, 20383-4, 8677-8, ‘Sir Isumbras’ 380-1, 759-60, ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 6521-2.

123. _Horns_. Perhaps a scribal error, so common in this MS.; perhaps a trace of the OF. inflection with _-s_ in the nom. sing. Cf. _Horns_ 1560 H, _enimis_ 1023 C, 1024 H; also _page_ and _crois_ in Glossary.

127. _flowe_. Cf. ‘Proverbs of Alfred,’ v. 197 (M. and S. selections): _Uppe þe see þat floweþ_. Kölbing (Eng. Stud. vi. 154) thinks _flowe_ means ‘flood’ as distinguished from ‘ebb.’

128. _rowe_. The ‘ship’ was a ‘galeie,’ cf. 199, 1084, 1086, etc.: cf. also ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 2521-4: _They rowede hard, and sungge ther too With henelow and rumbelooo. The galeye wente also faste As quarrel dos off the arweblast._

131-2. _ywis_ : _ymis_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 19067-8: _for æuere heo wende ful iwis þat it weoren þe eorl Gorlois_.

134. _sprang_. Cf. ‘Owl and Nighting.’ 734: _Wane þe liȝt of daie springe_. Also ‘Ipomydon’ 776: _To-morrow, or the day sprynge_. Hence the modern word ‘dayspring.’ For reflexive phrase, _him sprong_, cf. 27 Note.

150, L. _dawes_, the natural phonetic development from OE. nom. accus. plur. _dagas_. The more usual forms _daies_, _dayes_, are formed by analogy with the singular.

161, C H. _hol and fer_. Cf. ‘Ass.’ 62 Cambr.: _so hol ne fer_.

168. _dales and dune_. A common collocation of words. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 27352-3: _iseȝen alle þa dales, alle þa dunes_ (Wissmann).

170. _blessing_. The accent on the second syllables of dissyllabic words as revealed by the rimes in ‘Horn’ is an interesting feature. This accent is no doubt in part to be explained as a French characteristic, in part as the survival of an OE. secondary accent. For further instances cf. 209-10, 219-20, 233-4, 239-40, 243-4, 253-4, 263-4, 359-60, 467-8, 529-30, 609-10, 859-60, 1169-70, 1235-6, etc.

174. _mild_. Cf. ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 6887-8: _Tho sayde to hym with mylde stevene_, also a frequent phrase in the ‘Assumption.’

176. _beoþ icumene_. For other examples of _beon_ as auxiliary cf. _beþ ygo_ 310 H, _am iorne_ 1228 C, etc. Cf. also ‘Lay.’ 13838-9: _whæt cnihten ȝe seon & whænnenen ȝe icumen beon_.

175 ff. Compare with Aylmer’s greeting the in many ways similar greeting of Vortiger to Hengest and Horsa. ‘Lay.’ 13826 ff.

180-2. _Ne sauȝ ihc ..._ Cf. 180-2 Note.

202. _sail and roþer_. Cf. ‘R. H.’ 60-61: _Kil naient auirum dunt a (!) seient aidanȝ sigle ne guuernad (!) dunt il seient naianȝ_.

204. _brymme_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 272: _ferde bi þere sæ brimme_ (Wissmann).

206. _honde bihynde_. Cf. Wissmann’s parallel citations from Alexander (Weber, as above I.) 2013 ff. and ‘Chron. of Engl.’ (Ritson II.) 873.

208. _spille_. Cf. ‘Havelok’ 242: _Helpe me nu in þis nede and late ye nouth mi bodi spille_ (Wissmann).

210. _Niþing_. Cf. Wissmann’s note.

221. _schulle_. Cf. Wissmann’s note and citation from ‘Oct. Imp.’ (Weber III.). 535. _to blowe swyþe schylle_.

239 ff. Horn’s education. Cf. the similar scene in the later romance, ‘Ipomydon’ 32 ff., which, like ‘Rich. C. de L.,’ has many traits in common with King Horn, and was no doubt influenced by King Horn. (Weber, as above, II, pp. 281 ff.):

_A feyrer child myght no man see_ _Tholomew a clerk he toke,_ _That taught the chyld vppon the boke,_ _Bothe to synge and to rede;_ _And after he taught hym other dede;_ _Aftirward to serve in halle_ _Bothe to grete and to smalle_ _Before the kyng mete to kerve,_ _Hye and lowe feyre to serve:_ _Bothe of howndis and haukis game_ _Aftir he taught hym, all and same._ _In se, in feld, and eke in ryuère_ _In wodde to chase the wild dere_ _And in the feld to ryde a stede_ _That all men had joy of his dede_

Verses 67-70 of ‘Ipomydon’ remind more directly of the French version, ‘R. H,.’ so that perhaps it was by this version of the Horn story that the composer of ‘Ipomydon’ was influenced.

244. _Of wude and of riuere_. Cf. the similar phrase in ‘R. H.’ 377: _De bois e de riuere, refait il autre tal_.

247 ff. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 4893 ff.: _Brennes wes swiðe hende [v] his hap wes þe betere. Brennes cuðe on hundes, Brennes cuðe on hauekes, he cuðe mid his honden hanlie þa harpe._

250. _Cupe serue_. Cf. ‘Ipomydon’ (as above) 295, where the princess says to Ipomydon, “_Of the cuppe ye shall serve me_,” and 320 where Ipomydon does serve with the cup. Cf. also ‘R. H.’ 471: _Horn serui le rei bien de la cupe acel ior_.

264 ff. Cf. the apparently borrowed scene in ‘Rich. C. de L.’ vv. 879 ff., where the princess falls in love with the captive Richard and bids the jailer, “_And aftir soper, in the evenyng, To my chaumbyr thow hym bryng In the atyr of a squyer_” (909-11).

266. _He_ = ‘she’ as elsewhere (OE. _hēo_): _mest in þoȝte_. For similar phrase cf. Wissmann 254 Note.

268 _wexe wild_. A popular word combination. Cf. ‘Proverbs of Hendyng’ (Böddeker’s ed.) 121: _Ne wax þou nout to wilde_ (Wissmann).

275. _Bi daie ne bi niȝte_. Cf. ‘Erl of Tolous’ 42: _Be dayes and be nyght_. ‘Launfal’ 412: _Be dayes ne be nyȝt_. ‘Lay.’ 13829: _bi dæie no bi nihtes_, etc.

282. _him þuȝte_. Cf. Wissmann’s note with incorrect reference to ‘Lay.’ 312. See present volume, 268 Note.

300. _wed broþer_. Cf. Glossary.

315. _sette him on bedde_. The usual mode of entertainment. Cf. ‘Beues of Hampton’ (E.E.T.S.) 1090; ‘Guy of W.’ (E.E.T.S.) 3043; ‘Sir Eglamour’ 679: _sche sett hym on hur beddys syde_.

319 ff. For other instances of the maiden wooing the man see ‘Beues of H.’ 1093 ff.; ‘Amis and Amiloun’ 550 ff.: ‘Sir Eglamour’ 674 ff., etc.

321. _trewþe pliȝte_. Cf. ‘Sir Eglamour’ 674: _Therto ther trowthys they plyght_. ‘Erl of Tolous’ 210: _Therto my trouth y plyght_, etc., frequently.

333. _bi one ribbe_. Not clear. Cf. Wissmann’s Note, also Kölbing (Engl. Stud. vi. 155), who translates _bi_, ‘_im bezug auf_,’ ‘with reference to.’

341. _fule þeof_. Cf. ‘Havelok’ 1780: _Goth henne swiþe fule þeues_ (Wissmann).

350. _mote þu deie_. Cf. ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 6858: _God geve the wel evyl pyne_; 6862, _God geve you wel evyl endyng_.

364. _hou one_. Cf. 559 C H, 650 C H, also Glossary. The OE. weak form _āna_ seems to have the same experience as _seolfa_, ‘self.’

366. _vs wroþe_. _wroþe_ means ‘fearful’ (Mätzner).

373. _makede hire bliþe_. Cf. ‘Havelok’ 2244, ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 1606 (Wissmann).

378. _squieres wise_. Cf. 264 Note.

379, C. _pleie_. Cf. ‘Lyb. Disc.’ 25-26: _As hyt befelle upon a day To wode he wente on hys play_.

387-8. _kyng on benche_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 14963-4: _& heo gon scenchen, on þas kinges benche_. Also ‘Ipomydon’ 229: _Of þe cuppe ye shall serve me_. Cf. also 1185.

403. _On knes he him sette_. The conventional mode of salutation. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 22147-8: _Comen to þan ki[n]ge, & setten an heore cneowen_. Cf. also ‘Lay.’ 13821 and ‘King of Tars.’ 719: _& gret hir feir vpon his kne_, also 90, 221. ‘Guy of Warwick’ 161-2: _Gye on his kneys sone hym sett, And that mayden feyre he grett_. ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 891-3, 1591; ‘Ypotis’ 15: _On his kne he hym sette. Well fayr þe emperour þer he grette._ ‘Ipomydon’ 267-8: _Ipomydon on knees hym sette And the lady feyre grette_. 187-8: _Vppon {his} knees he hym sette, And þe kyng full feyr he grette_. Cf. also 902-3, also ‘Erl of Tolous’ 1066: _To the emperour he knelyd blyve_. Cf. Wissmann’s Note.

405-6. _of his feire siȝte ..._ Cf. ‘R. H.’ 1053: _De la belte de horn tute la chambre resplent_. Compare with this the flame which came from Havelok’s mouth when he slept.

420. _honde_. Cf. ‘Ipomydon’ 2164: _Ipomydon toke hyr by the hond_. Cf. also ‘Havelok’ 408; ‘Amis and Am.’ 550 ff.; ‘Guy of W.’ 217 ff.; ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 891-3: _Fayr he grette that lady bryght, And sayde to her with herte free, What is thy wille, Lady, with {me}_.

425. _ofte heo hine custe ..._ Cf. ‘Lay.’ 5012-14: _bitwixen hire ærmes heo hine nom, ofte heo hine clupte, & ofte heo hine custe_.

436. _liþe_. Cf. ‘Life of Alex.’ 431: _He wol solace me and lythe and in this care make me blythe_, and ‘Will. de Shoreham’ (ed. Wright), p. 19: _and lytheth oure pyne_.

437. _wiþute strif_. Cf. ‘Erl of Tolous’ 240: _Wythoute any stryfe_. ‘Ipomydon’ 1607-8: _He sayd, he wold haue hyr to wyffe, If she wold withouten stryff_.

440. _plist_. Cf. 10 Note: _trewþe_. Cf. 321 Note, also Wissmann’s Note.

441-2. _biþoȝte_ : _miȝte_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 28410-11: _Modred þa þohte, what he don mihte_ (Wissmann).

450, H. _þy fader fundlyng_. An instance of the preservation of the OE. ‘irregular’ genitive form. Cf. also 116 C H, 951 H; _moder_ 1485 C.

451. _... cunde_. ‘It would not be in keeping with thy rank’ (Mätzner).

452. _welde_. Cf. 324.

454. _wedding_. Cf. Wissmann’s ref. to Grimm, Rechtsalt. 439.

458. _iswoȝe_. Swoons are frequent in mediaeval romance. Cf. ‘Ipomydon’ 873-8: _Uppon hyr bedde she gan downe falle On swoone, afore hyr maydens alle_. Cf. also Wissmann’s Note.

464. _stere_. Cf. ‘Ritson’ III. 35, 825: _Ther myght no man hure stere_ (Wissmann).

473, C. _þat swete þing_. Cf. ‘Ipomydon’ 1021: _Than sory was that swete thynge_. ‘King of Tars.’ 374: _For Maries loue, þat swete þing_; ‘Lyb. Disc.’ 2127, ‘Fl. and Bl.’ 272 T, etc.

474. _swoȝning_. Cf. ‘Ipomydon’ 875: _And whan she roos of swounynge_.

478, C. _seue niȝt_, a ‘week,’ like ‘fortnight.’

480. _cuppe_ : _vppe_. Cf. also 1205-6, where the couplet is a stereotyped one and does not fit.

482. _foreward_. Cf. ‘Erl of Tolous’: _Yschall hold thy forward {god}_; also ‘Lay.’ III. 177 (Wissmann).

485. _adun falle_. Cf. 403 Note.

486. _halle_. Cf. ‘Havelok’ 157: _Bifore þe king into þe halle_ (Wissmann).

492. _bede_. Cf. Wissmann’s Note.

506. _mid þe beste_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 20449: _cniht mid þam beste_, also 23259.

520. _derling_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ A. 28342: _i-sloȝen is Angell þe king, þe wes min aȝen deorling_.

524. _sprang_. Cf. 134 Note, also ‘Lay.’ A. 28314: _ase þe dæi gon lihte_.

526. _þuȝte lang_. ‘Lay.’ A. 28297: _feouwertyne niht him þuhte to lōg_.

537. _fel a knes_. Cf. 403 Note.

562, C. _þuȝte god_. Cf. ‘Life of Alex.’ 1145 (Wissmann); also ‘Ipomydon’ 599: _And of his comyng she was glad_; and ‘Lay.’ 13832; _for eouwer cumen ich æm bliðe_.

572. _vnbynd me of my pine_. Cf. ‘Fl. and Bl.’ 308: _of care vnbynde_.

573-4. _stille_ : _wille_. Cf. ‘Seven Sages’ (Weber III.) 485 (Wissmann).

581. _mestere_. Cf. ‘Sir Eglamour’ 252, The knight must accomplish “_dedes of armys thre_” before he can marry the princess. Cf. the similar conditions in ‘Guy of Warwick.’

586, L. _forsake_, ‘give up,’ ‘renounce.’ Cf. Wissmann’s Note and Ritson II. 70 ff., 159.

595. _gold ring_. The ring element is almost invariably present in mediaeval romance. Cf. ‘Guy of W.’ 7264; ‘Sir Eglamour’ 617-21; ‘Ipomydon’ 2060 ff.; ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 1635 ff.; ‘Erl of Tolous’ 392, 1029, 1077; ‘Fl. and Bl.’ etc. Cf. also discussion of the subject in Child’s Engl. and Scot. Metr. Ballads I. pp. 194 ff.

607, C. _of drad_. Cf. ‘Havelok’ 278: _Al Engelond was of him adrad_ (Wissmann).

619. _Leue at hire he nam_. Cf. ‘Ipomydon’ 745-6: _They toke there leve at the quene. And wente forthe all by dene._

624. _blak so eny cole_. Cf. ‘Ipomydon’ 2182: _rede as any blode_. ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 1515: _Vpon a stede whyt so mylke_. ‘Ipomydon’ 645: _That one_ (steed) _was white as any mylke_. ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 824: _ded as ony stone_. ‘K. Horn’ 532 L H: _red so eny glede_.

628. _gan denie_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 27441: _þa eorðen gon to dunien_ (Wissmann). ‘Beowulf’ 226: _syrcan hrysedon_.

631-2. _while_ : _myle_. Cf. Wissmann’s Note with parallel references to ‘Lay.’ I. 248; ‘Squyr of Lowe Degree’ 489; ‘Lyb. Disc.’ 5, v. 103 (Ritson II.); also Wolfram’s Parz. 132, 16.

634. _heþene hunde_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 28982, 29202, etc.: _heðene hundes alle_; ‘King of Tars.’ 92 (Ritson II.).

637-8. Cf. 44 Note.

640. _wordes bolde_. Cf. ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 2407: _And I say thee wordes bold_.

641-2. _wynne_ : _inne_. Cf. ‘Chron. of Engl.’ 465-6: _Engelond to bywynne And sle that ther weren ynne_ (Wissmann).

643. _swerd gripe_. Cf. ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 4471: _Her wepene he gunne þer to gripe_; also 5070.

649-50. _Abute horn al one_. Cf. ‘Beues’ 3885, 4403: _Al aboute þai gonne þringe_. Also ‘Guy of W.’ 1072: _And þey aboute syr Gye can goo_.

659, H. _maister_ gen. sing. Another trace of French influence on this text, the French gen. sing. without ending. Cf. _enimis_ 1024 H, Horns 123 L.

678, L H. _lite stounde_. Cf. ‘Life of Alex.’ 947; ‘Chron. of Engl.’ 469 (Wissmann).

681, C. _wile iȝolde_. Cf. ‘worth while.’ Cf. Wissmann’s parallel citations; ‘Life of Alex.’ 734; ‘Chron. of Eng.’ 871, etc.

684. _huntinge_. Cf. ‘Erl of Tolous’ 937: _He rod on huntyng on a day_. ‘Guy of W.’ 1315: _On huntyng Gye went on a day_. Hunting was a favourite amusement at the time of the Danish invasions, as we know from the life of Alfred.

692, C. _sat on þe sunne_. The sun shone in the bower. Cf. Wissmann’s citation from The Squire of L. D.: _Anone that lady, fayr and fre, Vndyd a pynne of yvere, And wyd the windowes open set; The sonne schone in at her closet_.

710. _turne þine sweuene_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 25573: _Let þu mi sweuen to selþen iturnen_ (Wissmann).

716. _treuþe iþe pliȝte_. Cf. 321 Note.

729. _bi sture_ refers to one of the rivers Stour. Cf. like opinions of Mätzner and Wissmann.

731 ff. Cf. ‘Guy of W.’ 3065 ff.; ‘Amis and Amil.’ 781 ff.; and ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 1000, for other instances of betrayal.

734. _berne_. Not clear. Cf. Mätzner, Ae. Sprachproben, p. 219.

740. _Vnder couerture_. Cf. ‘Life of Alex.’ 549: _In he cam to here bur and crape under hire couertour_ (Wissmann).

767-8, L H. Meaning somewhat obscure. Cf. Wissmann’s Note with somewhat parallel citation from ‘The Squire of L. D.’. 507 ff.: _his drawen swerd in his hande, There was no more with him wolde stande_.

779. _haue wel godneday_. Common form of parting salutation. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 26002, 32187 (Wissmann); also ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 106: _Lemman haue thou good day_. ‘Ipomydon’ 463: _Have good day; noue wille I fare_, etc.

780. _No leng abiden_. Cf. ‘King of Tars.’ 283, 314, 760: _The messengers nold no leng abide_. Also ‘Yw. and Gaw.’ (Ritson I.) 2673-4: _He said, No lenger dwell I ne may Beleves wele, and haves goday_. Cf. also ‘Assumption’ 142 C, 288 A.

783-4. _wune þere_ : _seue ȝere_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 29437-8, also 30088-9 (Wissmann). Seven years, like seven days, is a period of time conventional in romance. Cf. ‘Squire of L. D.’ 117: _I haue thee loved this seven yere_. Also ‘Beues’ 1274, 3835, 3897, etc. Cf. also Grimm, Rechtsalt. 214.

798. _Kep wel_. Cf. ‘Beues’ 2372: _I pray þe kepe wel Iosian_.

808. _westene londe_. Ireland, without a doubt. Westnesse as distinguished from estnesse; Aylmer’s kingdom as distinguished from Murry’s.

809, L H. _stonde_, spring up, rise. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 20509: _wind stod_.

827 ff. Cf. the description of the coming of Hengest (‘Lay.’ 13785 ff.).

829. _Also mot i sterue_. For other forms of asseveration cf. 179, 197, 365, 437, 709, 1131, 1259, etc.

831. _Ne saȝ i neure_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 13830-1: _bi dæie no bi nihtes ne sæh ich nauere ær swulche cnihtes_. Cf. also 180-2, also ‘Beowulf’ 246-7: _Næfre ic māran geseah eorla ofer eorþan þonne is ēower sum_.

834. Cf. 403 Note.

836. Cf. ‘Lay’ 13816 ff.

838, L. _hauen to done_. Cf. ‘Seven Sages’ 452: _With me ne hadde he neuer to done_. ‘Life of Alex.’ 1429: _There he hadde thought to done, Ac he hit aleyde sone_ (Wissmann).

839. _bitak ... to werie_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 3021 (Wissmann).

841. _faireste man_. ‘Lay.’ 13797-8: _þis weoren þe færeste men þat auere her comen_.

848. _Tak him þine glorie_. Cf. Wissmann, Note, also Kölbing (Engl. Stud. vi, 156). The glove had many significations. It might be used as a sign of challenge (cf. ‘Erl of Tolous’ 1100); or it might signify a handing over of authority from a superior to a subordinate (Grimm, Rechtsalt. 154, 4). It is in this latter way that Kölbing believes the word to be used here in Horn. When a prince for any reason left his land, he must leave some one behind, _to hold the court_ (‘Sir Tristrem,’ v. 1985), and must supply this one with the badge of authority. This opinion of Kölbing’s seems very plausible. It is interesting, however, to note two other uses of the glove. Cf. ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 5696-1: _Thertoo I holde, Thertoo my glove_ (= ‘make agreement’). And ‘R. H.’ 909-11 C: _E horn uent cuntre li cumme il iest costumez, E lespée e les gaunz sire dist ca donez, Issil soleit faire ainz quil fust encusez_. The clue to the meaning might be suggested by either one of these phrases. One thing seems certain; in our poem (K. H.) the king’s meaning is that Horn should be left at home. This is the meaning in R. H. 2324-6: _Si alez doneer k’od vus ne le menez, K’il est de belté issi inluminez. Ke vus là ù il ert, petit serrez preisez._

861, C. _site stille_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 28173, 24866: _sitteð adun stille cnihtes inne halle_ (Wissmann).

867 ff. Regarding the custom of single combat, cf. ‘Publ. of Mod. Lang. Assoc. of America’ xv. pp. 228, 230. Cf. also the triple combat in ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 5691 ff. Cf. also the Arundel MS. version (French) of ‘Havelok,’ in which Havelok overcomes Hadulf in single combat and thus regains his Danish kingdom.

876-7. _þat on_ : _þat oþer_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 29215-16: _him seoluen he heol þat ane, Isembard þat oðer_.

881-2. _to rede_ : _alle dede_. Cf. ‘Havelok’ 118: _Louerd what schal me to rede_; Böddeker, G. L., ix. 16, _sone, what shal me to rede_ (Wissmann). Also ‘Lay.’ 13904-5: _her-of þou most ræden, oðer alle we beoð dæden_.

886. _wiþ_ used in the OE. sense ‘against.’ Cf. the use of _on_ (= ‘in’) and _at_, 619 Note. (= ‘from’) in Glossary.

895, H. _ros of bedde_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 6717: _þe king aros of bedde_ (Wissmann).

904, H. _to gedere smiten_. ‘Lay.’ 25605: _heo smiten heom to-gaderen_ (Wissmann).

909. _on a grene_. Inconsistent with ‘_at Cristesmasse_,’ v. 853.

911 ff. Cf. Wissmann’s Note.

921-2. _King Mory_. This is one of several references to a fuller, longer tale, in which Murry must have played a more important rôle. Cf. vv. 4 ff. and the abrupt introduction of Arnoldin, 1561.

925. _agrise_. Cf. ‘King of Tars.’ 1202: _so sore hem gan agrise_.

931. _rynge_. Unlike the ring in the Scotch ballads and in H. C. the ring in this version serves as a protection.

933-4. _smerte_. Cf. ‘Havelok’ 2646: _þorw þe brest unto þe herte þe dint bigan ful sore to smerte_ (Wissmann).

935. _sturne_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 25841, 6732 (Wissmann).

947-8, H. _stounde_ : _grounde_. Cf. ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 4537-8: _Soone, withinne a lytyl stounde The moste party yede to grounde_.

952. _fader_. OE. gen. sing. Cf. 116 ‘C. H.’

964 ff. Cf. the similar offer made to Brennes by Sequin, ‘Lay.’ 4919 ff.

974. _lofte_. In the sense ‘women’s apartments’ seems to be of Norse origin. Cf. Skeat, Etymol. Dict., also Wissmann, 928 Note. Cf. also 1050 L. It seems probable that the women’s apartments were in the ‘tower.’ Cf. also Kölbing (Engl. Stud. vi. 155).

1002-3. _dude_ seems to be used in the modern, intensive sense, and not as ‘cause to’ or ‘put.’

1010-11. For similar situations cf. ‘Guy of W.’ 1315-16: _On huntyng Gye went on a day, He mett a palmer by the way_. Also ‘Erl of Tolous’ 937-8: _He rode on huntyng on a day, A marchand mett he be þe way_. Cf. also ‘Beues’ 1300 ff.

1021-2. _wedde_ : _bedde_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 31126-7 B: _he þat maide weddede, and nam hire to his bedde_.

1024, H. _enimis_. Perhaps trace of OF. nom. sing. ending in _-s_, due to French scribe. Cf. 123 Note.

1034. _bidere_, error for _bitere_ (?).

1056. _wringe_. Cf. ‘Ipomydon’ 876: _Hir handes fast gan she wrynge_.

1068. _linne_. Hortative (?).

1073. _kniȝt mid þe beste_. A common phrase. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 20449, etc.

1077-8. _sonde_ : _londe_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 28676-7: _and sende his sonde wide ȝeond his londe_.

1089. _striken_. Stratmann suggests ‘strip.’

1091-2, H. _yronge_ : _ysonge_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 29441-2: _no belle irungen. no masse isunge._

1093. _word bigan to springe_. Cf. ‘Havel.’ 959: _of him ful wide þe word sprong_. ‘Lay.’ 26242: _Wel wide sprong þas eorles word_ (Wissmann). Also ‘King of Tars.’ 1065: _þe word wel wide sprong_. ‘Lyb. Disc.’ 264 ff.: _Hys name ys spronge wide_.

1102. _sprunge of stone_. The simile is one of quickness that of a spark from the stone in striking a light, like modern “quick as a flash.” Cf. _He sprange als any spark one glede_, ‘Sir Isumbras,’ 451.

1103-4. _mette_ : _grette_. A very common rime. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 31041-2: _þer he hine mette and fæire hine grette_. ‘Beues’ 2051-2: _þar wiþ a palmer he mette, And swiþe faire he him grette_.

1117. _nolde_. Cf. ‘Lay’ 28900: _and seiden þat he nolde_.

1118 L. _ispused wiþ golde_. Reference, probably, to an old custom of buying the bride.

1121. _Myd strencþe_. Cf. ‘Squire of L. D.’ 443 (Wissmann).

1132 ff. _chaungi wede_. Compare with this ‘Beues’ 2051 ff., where Beues meets a palmer, learns from him the news, exchanges garments with him, and in disguise goes to see Iosiane after an absence of seven years. Disguises are an almost universal feature of these mediaeval tales. Cf. Brian’s disguise in ‘Pierre de Langt.’ (Rolls Series), pp. 248-350. Cf. also disguises in ‘Guy of W.’, ‘Layamon’ (17637 ff.), ‘Ypomydon,’ ‘Rich. C. de L.,’ ‘Isumbras,’ etc. They are frequent in Germanic story from the stories of Thor down.

1134. _sclauyne_. Cf. ‘Rich. C. de L.’ 611-12: _with pyke and with sclavyn, As palmers were in Paynim_.

1139. _horn his_ = Hornes, evidently due to scribe’s mistake in hearing.

1144. _bicolmede_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 17700-1, _iblæcched he hæfde his licame: swulc ismitte of cole_.

1147-8. _gateward_. Cf. ‘Ipomydon’ 245-6: _They com to the castelle-gate, The porter was redy there at_.

1155. _abugge_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 3841, 8159 (Wissm.).

1158, L. _rake_. Cf. ‘Beues’ 2183: _Let me wiþ þe reke_.

1164. _ȝerne_. Cf. Ritson, II. 25, 589: _þe mayde cryde yerne_ (Wissm.).

1184 ff. Cf. the story of Brian, ‘Lay.’ III., pp. 234-8: Brian, disguised as a palmer, enters the banqueting hall. Galarne, his sister, the queen, serves the guests to drink from a bowl. She recognizes Brian, and gives him a ring in token of recognition.

1185-6. _benche_ : _schenche_. Cf. ‘Lay.’ 14963-4: _& heo gon scenchen on þas kinges benche_. Cf. also ‘Beowulf,’ 1226-54.